The burgeoning field of space exploration presents a unique landscape of technological challenges and risks. This research paper delves into the critical task of mitigating these risks to ensure mission success, crew safety, and the advancement of scientific knowledge. The paper begins by outlining the inherent technological complexities of space exploration endeavours. Harsh environments characterized by extreme temperatures, radiation exposure, and microgravity necessitate the development of robust and reliable spacecraft, life support systems, and scientific instrumentation. Next, the research focuses on specific technological risk areas. It examines challenges like single-event upsets (SEUs) induced by cosmic radiation in electronic components, the potential for cascading failures in complex systems, and the limitations of current propulsion technologies and their impact on mission timelines and feasibility. Furthermore, the paper explores the growing importance of automation and artificial intelligence (AI) in space exploration. While these technologies offer significant benefits in terms of autonomy, data analysis, and decision-making, they also introduce new risk factors. The research will address concerns regarding software bugs, unintended consequences of AI decision-making, and the need for robust fault tolerance mechanisms. Risk mitigation strategies form the core of this research. The paper will analyse approaches such as rigorous design verification and validation processes, redundancy in critical systems, and the implementation of fault detection and isolation (FDI) techniques. Additionally, the research will explore the potential of advanced materials science to create radiation-resistant electronics and spacecraft components. The importance of international collaboration in managing technology risks in space exploration is emphasized. Sharing best practices, pooling technical expertise, and establishing standardized protocols for risk assessment and mitigation will be crucial for advancing space exploration endeavours. Finally, the paper concludes by proposing a framework for a comprehensive technology risk management program in space exploration. This framework will encompass elements like proactive risk identification, continuous risk assessment throughout the mission lifecycle, and the development of adaptable mitigation strategies. By implementing such a framework, stakeholders can ensure the long-term success and sustainability of space exploration activities.

Space Exploration, Technological Risks, Risk Mitigation, Automation and AI, Radiation-resistant Electronics