This review paper summarizes the available literature regarding the analysis of human gait of with reference to age and its effect on the performance. The ability to walk upright on two legs (bipedalism) is the root of what it means to be human and each person displays personal peculiarities in their walking pattern. According to the studies, muscle activity changes with the deviation of gait pattern in different condition and even for different individuals. It has been found that a vivid knowledge about the kinetics and kinematics of human gait improves the understanding of proper mechanisms of walking and has found to be helpful. Studies also suggest that the determinants of gait from decades are never closely being observed which is needed and can be productive. Gait is altered by different factors especially age, gender, working conditions etc. Walking pattern or more precisely the parameters of gait are affected by different load carriage conditions. Aging has a great impact on gait variability. With increase in age gait parameters like step length becomes smaller and step width also becomes wider, even pelvic mobility also decreases which in turn slower the walking speed. A significant difference of gait initiation speed, hip and knee angles has been found between males and females. A few studies have shown a wide range of differences of human walking pattern between different populations. It varies from country to country, even region to region in a particular country due to differences found in the body composition which is again affected by various important factors like climate, food habit, landscapes etc.
| Published in | Advances in Applied Physiology (Volume 1, Issue 2) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.aap.20160102.12 |
| Page(s) | 24-30 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Gait, Load Carriage, Ageing, Industries
| [1] | Al-Obaidi, S., Wall, J. C., Al-Yaqoub, A., & Al-Ghanim, M. (2003). Basic gait parameters: A comparison of reference data for normal subjects 20 to 29 years of age from Kuwait and Scandinavia. Journal of rehabilitation research and development, 40 (4), 361-366. |
| [2] | Anderson, F. C., & Pandy, M. G. (2003). Individual muscle contributions to support in normal walking. Gait & posture, 17 (2), 159-169. |
| [3] | Ayyappa, E. (1997). Normal Human Locomotion, Part 1: Basic Concepts and Terminolo`gy. JPO: Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, 9 (1), 10-17. |
| [4] | Balasubramanian, C. K., Clark, D. J., & Gouelle, A. (2015). Validity of the Gait Variability Index in older adults: effect of aging and mobility impairments. Gait & posture, 41(4), 941-946. |
| [5] | Basmajian, J. V. (1985). Muscles alive 5th edition. William & Willkins, Baltmore. |
| [6] | BenAbdelkader, C. and L. Davis (2002). "Detection of people carrying objects: A motion-based recognition approach." Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition p. 0378. |
| [7] | Bhattacharya, A., Greathouse, L., Warren, J., Li, Y., Dimov, M., Applegate, H., & Lemasters, G. (1997). An ergonomic walkthrough observation of carpentry tasks: a pilot study. Applied occupational and environmental hygiene, 12 (4), 278-287. |
| [8] | Birrell, S. A., Hooper, R. H., & Haslam, R. A. (2007). The effect of military load carriage on ground reaction forces. Gait & posture, 26 (4), 611-614. |
| [9] | Boakes, J. L., & Rab, G. T. (2006). Muscle activity during walking. Human Walking. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. |
| [10] | Boschman, J. S., van der Molen, H. F., Sluiter, J. K., & Frings-Dresen, M. H. (2012). Musculoskeletal disorders among construction workers: a one-year follow-up study. BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 13 (1), 196. |
| [11] | Boulgouris, N. V., D. Hatzinakos, et al. (2005). "Gait recognition: a challenging signal processing technology for biometric identification." IEEE Signal Processing Magazine: 78-90. |
| [12] | Callisaya, M. L., Blizzard, L., Schmidt, M. D., Martin, K. L., McGinley, J. L., Sanders, L. M., & Srikanth, V. K. (2011). Gait, gait variability and the risk of multiple incident falls in older people: a population-based study. Age and ageing, 40 (4), 481-487. |
| [13] | Chee, H. L., & Rampal, K. G. (2004). Work-related musculoskeletal problems among women workers in the semiconductor industry in Peninsular Malaysia. International Journal of Occupational and environmental health, 10 (1), 63-71. |
| [14] | Chee, H. L., & Rampal, K. G. (2004). Work-related musculoskeletal problems among women workers in the semiconductor industry in Peninsular Malaysia. International Journal of Occupational and environmental health, 10 (1), 63-71. |
| [15] | Cheung, C. K., & Hong, Y. (2000). The effect of load carriage on gait pattern and trunk posture in school children. In ISBS-Conference Proceedings Archive (Vol. 1, No. 1). |
| [16] | Chow, D. H., Kwok, M. L., Au-Yang, A. C., Holmes, A. D., Cheng, J. C., Yao, F. Y., & Wong, M. S. (2005). The effect of backpack load on the gait of normal adolescent girls. Ergonomics, 48 (6), 642-656. |
| [17] | Chow, D. H., Kwok, M. L., Cheng, J. C., Lao, M. L., Holmes, A. D., Au-Yang, A. & Wong, M. S. (2006). The effect of backpack weight on the standing posture and balance of schoolgirls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and normal controls. Gait & posture, 24 (2), 173-181. |
| [18] | Crosbie, J., & Ko, V. (2000). Changes in the temporal and distance parameters of gait evoked by negotiation of curbs. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 46 (2), 103-112. |
| [19] | Dalén, Å., Nilsson, J., & Thorstensson, A. (1978). Factors influencing a prolonged foot march. |
| [20] | DeVita, P., Helseth, J., & Hortobagyi, T. (2007). Muscles do more positive than negative work in human locomotion. Journal of Experimental Biology, 210 (19), 3361-3373. |
| [21] | Frimenko, R., Goodyear, C., & Bruening, D. (2015). Interactions of sex and aging on spatiotemporal metrics in non-pathological gait: a descriptive meta-analysis. Physiotherapy. |
| [22] | Hageman, P. A. (1995). Gait characteristics of healthy elderly: a literature review. Issues on Aging, 18 (2), 14-18. |
| [23] | Hageman, P. A., & Blanke, D. J. (1986). Comparison of gait of young women and elderly women. Physical Therapy, 66 (9), 1382-1387. |
| [24] | Hailey, D. and J. A. Tomie (2000). "An assessment of gait analysis in the rehabilitation of children with walking difficulties." Disabil Rehabil 22 (6): 275-80. |
| [25] | Hong, Y., & Brueggemann, G. P. (2000). Changes in gait patterns in 10-year-old boys with increasing loads when walking on a treadmill. Gait & posture, 11 (3), 254-259. |
| [26] | Hunter, J. P., Marshall, R. N., & McNair, P. J. (2005). Relationships between ground reaction force impulse and kinematics of sprint-running acceleration. J Appl Biomech, 21 (1), 31-43. |
| [27] | Ivanenko, Y. P., Poppele, R. E., & Lacquaniti, F. (2004). Five basic muscle activation patterns account for muscle activity during human locomotion. The Journal of physiology, 556 (1), 267-282. |
| [28] | Jansen et al., 1982, Normal gait of young and old men and women, ground reaction force measurement on a trademill, Acta orthop. scand. |
| [29] | JURČEVIĆ LULIĆ, T. A. N. J. A., Sušić, A., & Kodvanj, J. (2010). Biomechanical analysis of walking: Effects of gait velocity and arm swing amplitude. Periodicum biologorum, 112(1), 13-17. |
| [30] | Kadaba, M. P., Ramakrishnan, H. K., & Wootten, M. E. (1990). Measurement of lower extremity kinematics during level walking. Journal of orthopaedic research, 8(3), 383-392. |
| [31] | Kale, A., N. Cuntoor, et al. (2003). "Gait analysis for human identification." in 4th Int. Conf. Audio-and-Video-Based Person Authentication, Guilford, UK: 706-714. |
| [32] | Kang, H. G., & Dingwell, J. B. (2008). Separating the effects of age and walking speed on gait variability. Gait & posture, 27 (4), 572-577. |
| [33] | khalil AL-Qato, A. (2012). The Influence of Backpacks on Students backs A Cross-Sectional Study of Schools in Tulkarm District (Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Graduate Studies The Influence of Backpacks on Students backs A Cross-Sectional Study of Schools in Tulkarm District By AlaaOsaid khalil AL-Qato Supervisor Dr. Khalil Issa Co-Supervisor Prof. Gassan Abu-Hijleh This Thesis is submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Public Health, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University). |
| [34] | Kimura, T., Kobayashi, H., Nakayama, E., & Hanaoka, M. (2007). Effects of aging on gait patterns in the healthy elderly. Anthropological Science, 115 (1), 67-72. |
| [35] | Kinoshita, H. (1985). Effects of different loads and carrying systems on selected biomechanical parameters describing walking gait. Ergonomics, 28 (9), 1347-1362. |
| [36] | Kirtley, C. (2006). Clinical Gait Analysis: Theory and Practice, Churchill Livingstone. |
| [37] | Knapik, J., Harman, E., & Reynolds, K. (1996). Load carriage using packs: a review of physiological, biomechanical and medical aspects. Applied ergonomics, 27 (3), 207-216. |
| [38] | Kumar, D., Manal, K. T., & Rudolph, K. S. (2013). Knee joint loading during gait in healthy controls and individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 21 (2), 298-305. |
| [39] | Lee, S. (2011). Combined effects of high-heeled shoes and load carriage on gait and posture in young healthy women (Doctoral dissertation, University of Ottawa). |
| [40] | Lee, S., & Li, J. X. (2014). Effects of High-Heeled Shoes and Asymmetrical Load Carrying on Lower-Extremity Kinematics During Walking in Young Women. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 104 (1), 58-65. |
| [41] | Lehmann, J. and B. DeLateur (1990). Gait analysis: diagnosis and management Philadelphia, Saunders. |
| [42] | Ling, W., Axen, K., & Houston, V. (2001). The influence of load carrying methods on gait of healthy women. New York UNIV NY DEPT OF PHYSICAL THERAPY. |
| [43] | Lockhart, T. E., Smith, J. L., & Woldstad, J. C. (2005). Effects of aging on the biomechanics of slips and falls. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 47 (4), 708-729. |
| [44] | Lu, M. L., Kincl, L., Lowe, B., Succop, P., & Bhattacharya, A. (2015). Muscular activity of lower limb muscles associated with working on inclined surfaces. Ergonomics, 58 (2), 278-290. |
| [45] | Majumdar, D., Pal, M. S., & Majumdar, D. (2010). Effects of military load carriage on kinematics of gait. Ergonomics, 53 (6), 782-791. |
| [46] | Martin, P. E., & Nelson, R. C. (1986). The effect of carried loads on the walking patterns of men and women. Ergonomics, 29 (10), 1191-1202. |
| [47] | Meerding, W. J., IJzelenberg, W., Koopmanschap, M. A., Severens, J. L., & Burdorf, A. (2005). Health problems lead to considerable productivity loss at work among workers with high physical load jobs. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 58 (5), 517-523. |
| [48] | Menz, H. B., Lord, S. R., & Fitzpatrick, R. C. (2003). Age‐related differences in walking stability. Age and ageing, 32 (2), 137-142. |
| [49] | Meo, S. A., Alsaaran, Z. F., Alshehri, M. K., Khashougji, M. A., Almeterk, A. A. Z., Almutairi, S. F., & Alsaeed, S. F. (2013). Work-Related musculoskeletal symptoms among building construction workers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 29 (6), 1394. |
| [50] | Mulder, T., B. Nienhuis, et al. (1998). "Clinical gait analysis in a rehabilitation context: some controversial issues." Clin Rehabil 12(2): 99-106. |
| [51] | Neeraja, T., Lal, B. I., & Swarochish, C. (2014). THE FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MSDs AMONG CONSTRUCTION WORKERS. Journal of human ergology, 43 (1), 1-8. |
| [52] | Neptune, R. R., Zajac, F. E., & Kautz, S. A. (2004). Muscle force redistributes segmental power for body progression during walking. Gait & posture, 19 (2), 194-205. |
| [53] | Öberg, T., Karsznia, A., & Öberg, K. (1993). Basic gait parameters: reference data for normal subjects, 10-79 years of age. Journal of rehabilitation research and development, 30, 210-210. |
| [54] | O'brien, M., Power, K., Sanford, S., Smith, K., & Wall, J. (1983). Temporal gait patterns in healthy young and elderly females. Physiother Can, 35 (6), 323-26. |
| [55] | Owings, T. M., & Grabiner, M. D. (2004). Variability of step kinematics in young and older adults. Gait & posture, 20 (1), 26-29. |
| [56] | Paroczai, R., Bejek, Z., Illyés2, László Kocsis1, Rita M. Kiss3Physical Education and Sport Vol. 4, No 1, 2006, pp. 49–58 GAIT PARAMETERS OF HEALTHY, ELDERLY PEOPLE. |
| [57] | Piecha, J. (2008). Gait Motor Disturbances in Neurological Diseases Diagnosis. Berlin, Springer. |
| [58] | Pietraszewski, B., WINIARSKI, S., & Jaroszczuk, S. (2012). Threedimensional human gait pattern–reference data for normal men. Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics, 14 (3), 9-16. |
| [59] | Pinder, A. D. J., Reid, A., & Monnington, S. (2001). Musculoskeletal problems in bricklayers, carpenters and plasterers: Literature review and results of site visits. Health and Safety Laboratory. |
| [60] | Raptopoulos, L. S. C., Dutra, M. S., Pinto, F. A. D. N. C., & de Pina Filho, A. C. (2006). Alternative approach to modal gait analysis through the Karhunen–Loève decomposition: An application in the sagittal plane. Journal of biomechanics, 39(15), 2898-2906. |
| [61] | Rose, J., & Gamble, J. G. (2006). Human walking third edition. |
| [62] | Ryu, T., Choi, H. S., Choi, H., & Chung, M. K. (2006). A comparison of gait characteristics between Korean and Western people for establishing Korean gait reference data. International journal of industrial ergonomics, 36(12), 1023-1030. |
| [63] | Senden, R., Grimm, B., Heyligers, I. C., Savelberg, H. H. C. M., & Meijer, K. (2009). Acceleration-based gait test for healthy subjects: reliability and reference data. Gait & posture, 30 (2), 192-196. |
| [64] | Van Emmerik, R. E., McDermott, W. J., Haddad, J. M., & Van Wegen, E. E. H. (2005). Age-related changes in upper body adaptation to walking speed in human locomotion. Gait & Posture, 22 (3), 233-239. |
| [65] | Wall, J. C., & Brunt, D. (1997). Clinical gait analysis: Temporal and distance parameters. Assessment in occupational therapy and physical therapy. Philadelphia (PA): WB Saunders, 435-47. |
| [66] | Wall, J. C., & Scarbrough, J. (1997). Use of a multimemory stopwatch to measure the temporal gait parameters. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 25 (4), 277-281. |
| [67] | Wall, J. C., Hogan, D. B., Turnbull, G. I., & Fox, R. A. (1990). The kinematics of idiopathic gait disorder. A comparison with healthy young and elderly females. Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine, 23 (3), 159-164. |
| [68] | Watelain, E., Barbier, F., Allard, P., Thevenon, A., & Angué, J. C. (2000). Gait pattern classification of healthy elderly men based on biomechanical data. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 81 (5), 579-586. |
| [69] | Winter, D. A., Patla, A. E., Frank, J. S., & Walt, S. E. (1990). Biomechanical walking pattern changes in the fit and healthy elderly. Physical therapy, 70(6), 340-347. |
| [70] | Yoo, J. H., & Nixon, M. S. (2011). Automated markerless analysis of human gait motion for recognition and classification. Etri Journal, 33 (2), 259-266. |
| [71] | Zoss, A., & Kazerooni, H. (2006). Design of an electrically actuated lower extremity exoskeleton. Advanced Robotics, 20 (9), 967-988. |
APA Style
Arundhati Guha Thakurta, Rauf Iqbal, H. V. Bhasin, Amitabha De, Shreya Maulik. (2016). Human Gait with Reference to Age, Gender and Impact of Load: A Review. Advances in Applied Physiology, 1(2), 24-30. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aap.20160102.12
ACS Style
Arundhati Guha Thakurta; Rauf Iqbal; H. V. Bhasin; Amitabha De; Shreya Maulik. Human Gait with Reference to Age, Gender and Impact of Load: A Review. Adv. Appl. Physiol. 2016, 1(2), 24-30. doi: 10.11648/j.aap.20160102.12
AMA Style
Arundhati Guha Thakurta, Rauf Iqbal, H. V. Bhasin, Amitabha De, Shreya Maulik. Human Gait with Reference to Age, Gender and Impact of Load: A Review. Adv Appl Physiol. 2016;1(2):24-30. doi: 10.11648/j.aap.20160102.12
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.aap.20160102.12,
author = {Arundhati Guha Thakurta and Rauf Iqbal and H. V. Bhasin and Amitabha De and Shreya Maulik},
title = {Human Gait with Reference to Age, Gender and Impact of Load: A Review},
journal = {Advances in Applied Physiology},
volume = {1},
number = {2},
pages = {24-30},
doi = {10.11648/j.aap.20160102.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aap.20160102.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.aap.20160102.12},
abstract = {This review paper summarizes the available literature regarding the analysis of human gait of with reference to age and its effect on the performance. The ability to walk upright on two legs (bipedalism) is the root of what it means to be human and each person displays personal peculiarities in their walking pattern. According to the studies, muscle activity changes with the deviation of gait pattern in different condition and even for different individuals. It has been found that a vivid knowledge about the kinetics and kinematics of human gait improves the understanding of proper mechanisms of walking and has found to be helpful. Studies also suggest that the determinants of gait from decades are never closely being observed which is needed and can be productive. Gait is altered by different factors especially age, gender, working conditions etc. Walking pattern or more precisely the parameters of gait are affected by different load carriage conditions. Aging has a great impact on gait variability. With increase in age gait parameters like step length becomes smaller and step width also becomes wider, even pelvic mobility also decreases which in turn slower the walking speed. A significant difference of gait initiation speed, hip and knee angles has been found between males and females. A few studies have shown a wide range of differences of human walking pattern between different populations. It varies from country to country, even region to region in a particular country due to differences found in the body composition which is again affected by various important factors like climate, food habit, landscapes etc.},
year = {2016}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Human Gait with Reference to Age, Gender and Impact of Load: A Review AU - Arundhati Guha Thakurta AU - Rauf Iqbal AU - H. V. Bhasin AU - Amitabha De AU - Shreya Maulik Y1 - 2016/01/18 PY - 2016 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aap.20160102.12 DO - 10.11648/j.aap.20160102.12 T2 - Advances in Applied Physiology JF - Advances in Applied Physiology JO - Advances in Applied Physiology SP - 24 EP - 30 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2471-9714 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aap.20160102.12 AB - This review paper summarizes the available literature regarding the analysis of human gait of with reference to age and its effect on the performance. The ability to walk upright on two legs (bipedalism) is the root of what it means to be human and each person displays personal peculiarities in their walking pattern. According to the studies, muscle activity changes with the deviation of gait pattern in different condition and even for different individuals. It has been found that a vivid knowledge about the kinetics and kinematics of human gait improves the understanding of proper mechanisms of walking and has found to be helpful. Studies also suggest that the determinants of gait from decades are never closely being observed which is needed and can be productive. Gait is altered by different factors especially age, gender, working conditions etc. Walking pattern or more precisely the parameters of gait are affected by different load carriage conditions. Aging has a great impact on gait variability. With increase in age gait parameters like step length becomes smaller and step width also becomes wider, even pelvic mobility also decreases which in turn slower the walking speed. A significant difference of gait initiation speed, hip and knee angles has been found between males and females. A few studies have shown a wide range of differences of human walking pattern between different populations. It varies from country to country, even region to region in a particular country due to differences found in the body composition which is again affected by various important factors like climate, food habit, landscapes etc. VL - 1 IS - 2 ER -
Information
Email: