The Effects of Salt and Water Loading on Kidney Function in Healthy Undergraduates

Ehmann Peter J.; Brush Christopher J.; Bozzini Brittany; Dowden Robert A.; Ogilvie Anna; Wisniewski Paul J.; Bernard Laura P.; Merrill Gary F.

doi:doi:10.11648/j.aap.20190402.11

The Effects of Salt and Water Loading on Kidney Function in Healthy Undergraduates

Ehmann Peter J., Brush Christopher J., Bozzini Brittany, Dowden Robert A., Ogilvie Anna, Wisniewski Paul J., Bernard Laura P., Merrill Gary F.

Published in Advances in Applied Physiology (Volume 4, Issue 2)

Received: 8 October 2019 Accepted: 6 November 2019 Published: 17 November 2019

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Abstract

Rutgers University juniors and seniors enrolled in Systems Physiology Laboratory (01:146:356) Spring, 2019. One-hundred forty-five students volunteered to test the effects of salt and water loading on kidney function. Students were investigated beginning at 8:40 a.m., 1:40 p.m., and 6:40 p.m. They were approximately evenly distributed between male and female genders and were of multiple cultural/ethnic backgrounds. Upon entering the laboratory baseline data were collected. Approximately half of the volunteers then consumed 200 mL of a 2.0% NaCl solution (n=77). The others directly consumed 1.0 L of tap water (n=68). Upon entering the laboratory baseline data were collected. The others directly consumed 1.0 L of tap water. Kidney function was monitored each 30 minutes for the next 90 minutes. Under baseline conditions, urine osmolality was elevated in all students (≥ 280 mOsm/kg) but was significantly (P<0.05) greater in the 8:40 a.m. group than in either of the p.m. groups. Urine specific gravity and sodium excretion were also elevated in the 8:40 a.m. group compared to the others. Urine flow rate was least in the 8:40 group and greatest in the 1:40 p.m. group. We conclude that in these students renal function was influenced by a diurnal pattern. We also conclude that without compelling incentives (e.g. financial, grade-influencing) it was virtually impossible to get students to comply with pre-experimental instructions (e.g. no salt-laden meals after 6:00 p.m. before the day of experimentation).

Published in	Advances in Applied Physiology (Volume 4, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.aap.20190402.11
Page(s)	11-18
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Dehydration, Salt Loading, Urine Osmolality, Water Balance, Water Loading, Sodium Excretion, Urine Flow

References

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APA Style

Ehmann Peter J., Brush Christopher J., Bozzini Brittany, Dowden Robert A., Ogilvie Anna, et al. (2019). The Effects of Salt and Water Loading on Kidney Function in Healthy Undergraduates. Advances in Applied Physiology, 4(2), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aap.20190402.11

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ACS Style

Ehmann Peter J.; Brush Christopher J.; Bozzini Brittany; Dowden Robert A.; Ogilvie Anna, et al. The Effects of Salt and Water Loading on Kidney Function in Healthy Undergraduates. Adv. Appl. Physiol. 2019, 4(2), 11-18. doi: 10.11648/j.aap.20190402.11

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AMA Style

Ehmann Peter J., Brush Christopher J., Bozzini Brittany, Dowden Robert A., Ogilvie Anna, et al. The Effects of Salt and Water Loading on Kidney Function in Healthy Undergraduates. Adv Appl Physiol. 2019;4(2):11-18. doi: 10.11648/j.aap.20190402.11

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@article{10.11648/j.aap.20190402.11,
  author = {Ehmann Peter J. and Brush Christopher J. and Bozzini Brittany and Dowden Robert A. and Ogilvie Anna and Wisniewski Paul J. and Bernard Laura P. and Merrill Gary F.},
  title = {The Effects of Salt and Water Loading on Kidney Function in Healthy Undergraduates},
  journal = {Advances in Applied Physiology},
  volume = {4},
  number = {2},
  pages = {11-18},
  doi = {10.11648/j.aap.20190402.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aap.20190402.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.aap.20190402.11},
  abstract = {Rutgers University juniors and seniors enrolled in Systems Physiology Laboratory (01:146:356) Spring, 2019. One-hundred forty-five students volunteered to test the effects of salt and water loading on kidney function. Students were investigated beginning at 8:40 a.m., 1:40 p.m., and 6:40 p.m. They were approximately evenly distributed between male and female genders and were of multiple cultural/ethnic backgrounds. Upon entering the laboratory baseline data were collected. Approximately half of the volunteers then consumed 200 mL of a 2.0% NaCl solution (n=77). The others directly consumed 1.0 L of tap water (n=68). Upon entering the laboratory baseline data were collected. The others directly consumed 1.0 L of tap water. Kidney function was monitored each 30 minutes for the next 90 minutes. Under baseline conditions, urine osmolality was elevated in all students (≥ 280 mOsm/kg) but was significantly (P<0.05) greater in the 8:40 a.m. group than in either of the p.m. groups. Urine specific gravity and sodium excretion were also elevated in the 8:40 a.m. group compared to the others. Urine flow rate was least in the 8:40 group and greatest in the 1:40 p.m. group. We conclude that in these students renal function was influenced by a diurnal pattern. We also conclude that without compelling incentives (e.g. financial, grade-influencing) it was virtually impossible to get students to comply with pre-experimental instructions (e.g. no salt-laden meals after 6:00 p.m. before the day of experimentation).},
 year = {2019}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - The Effects of Salt and Water Loading on Kidney Function in Healthy Undergraduates
AU - Ehmann Peter J.
AU - Brush Christopher J.
AU - Bozzini Brittany
AU - Dowden Robert A.
AU - Ogilvie Anna
AU - Wisniewski Paul J.
AU - Bernard Laura P.
AU - Merrill Gary F.
Y1 - 2019/11/17
PY - 2019
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aap.20190402.11
DO - 10.11648/j.aap.20190402.11
T2 - Advances in Applied Physiology
JF - Advances in Applied Physiology
JO - Advances in Applied Physiology
SP - 11
EP - 18
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2471-9714
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aap.20190402.11
AB - Rutgers University juniors and seniors enrolled in Systems Physiology Laboratory (01:146:356) Spring, 2019. One-hundred forty-five students volunteered to test the effects of salt and water loading on kidney function. Students were investigated beginning at 8:40 a.m., 1:40 p.m., and 6:40 p.m. They were approximately evenly distributed between male and female genders and were of multiple cultural/ethnic backgrounds. Upon entering the laboratory baseline data were collected. Approximately half of the volunteers then consumed 200 mL of a 2.0% NaCl solution (n=77). The others directly consumed 1.0 L of tap water (n=68). Upon entering the laboratory baseline data were collected. The others directly consumed 1.0 L of tap water. Kidney function was monitored each 30 minutes for the next 90 minutes. Under baseline conditions, urine osmolality was elevated in all students (≥ 280 mOsm/kg) but was significantly (P<0.05) greater in the 8:40 a.m. group than in either of the p.m. groups. Urine specific gravity and sodium excretion were also elevated in the 8:40 a.m. group compared to the others. Urine flow rate was least in the 8:40 group and greatest in the 1:40 p.m. group. We conclude that in these students renal function was influenced by a diurnal pattern. We also conclude that without compelling incentives (e.g. financial, grade-influencing) it was virtually impossible to get students to comply with pre-experimental instructions (e.g. no salt-laden meals after 6:00 p.m. before the day of experimentation).
VL - 4
IS - 2
ER -

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Author Information

Ehmann Peter J.

Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA
Brush Christopher J.

Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA
Bozzini Brittany

Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA
Dowden Robert A.

Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA
Ogilvie Anna

Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA
Wisniewski Paul J.

Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA
Bernard Laura P.

Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA
Merrill Gary F.

Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA

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APA Style

Ehmann Peter J., Brush Christopher J., Bozzini Brittany, Dowden Robert A., Ogilvie Anna, et al. (2019). The Effects of Salt and Water Loading on Kidney Function in Healthy Undergraduates. Advances in Applied Physiology, 4(2), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aap.20190402.11

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ACS Style

Ehmann Peter J.; Brush Christopher J.; Bozzini Brittany; Dowden Robert A.; Ogilvie Anna, et al. The Effects of Salt and Water Loading on Kidney Function in Healthy Undergraduates. Adv. Appl. Physiol. 2019, 4(2), 11-18. doi: 10.11648/j.aap.20190402.11

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AMA Style

Ehmann Peter J., Brush Christopher J., Bozzini Brittany, Dowden Robert A., Ogilvie Anna, et al. The Effects of Salt and Water Loading on Kidney Function in Healthy Undergraduates. Adv Appl Physiol. 2019;4(2):11-18. doi: 10.11648/j.aap.20190402.11

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@article{10.11648/j.aap.20190402.11,
  author = {Ehmann Peter J. and Brush Christopher J. and Bozzini Brittany and Dowden Robert A. and Ogilvie Anna and Wisniewski Paul J. and Bernard Laura P. and Merrill Gary F.},
  title = {The Effects of Salt and Water Loading on Kidney Function in Healthy Undergraduates},
  journal = {Advances in Applied Physiology},
  volume = {4},
  number = {2},
  pages = {11-18},
  doi = {10.11648/j.aap.20190402.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aap.20190402.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.aap.20190402.11},
  abstract = {Rutgers University juniors and seniors enrolled in Systems Physiology Laboratory (01:146:356) Spring, 2019. One-hundred forty-five students volunteered to test the effects of salt and water loading on kidney function. Students were investigated beginning at 8:40 a.m., 1:40 p.m., and 6:40 p.m. They were approximately evenly distributed between male and female genders and were of multiple cultural/ethnic backgrounds. Upon entering the laboratory baseline data were collected. Approximately half of the volunteers then consumed 200 mL of a 2.0% NaCl solution (n=77). The others directly consumed 1.0 L of tap water (n=68). Upon entering the laboratory baseline data were collected. The others directly consumed 1.0 L of tap water. Kidney function was monitored each 30 minutes for the next 90 minutes. Under baseline conditions, urine osmolality was elevated in all students (≥ 280 mOsm/kg) but was significantly (P<0.05) greater in the 8:40 a.m. group than in either of the p.m. groups. Urine specific gravity and sodium excretion were also elevated in the 8:40 a.m. group compared to the others. Urine flow rate was least in the 8:40 group and greatest in the 1:40 p.m. group. We conclude that in these students renal function was influenced by a diurnal pattern. We also conclude that without compelling incentives (e.g. financial, grade-influencing) it was virtually impossible to get students to comply with pre-experimental instructions (e.g. no salt-laden meals after 6:00 p.m. before the day of experimentation).},
 year = {2019}
}

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