Geophysical Investigation for Post Foundation Studies at Ikekogbe Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria

Aigbedion Isaac; Bawallah Musa; Ilugbo Stephen; Osaigbovo Aize Diana; Diana Emmanuela Kehinde; Ihewkwumere Chinenyeollins; Igbinoba Collins; Patrick Promise Uduak; Amagbamwan Ebenihita

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajere.20190402.14

Geophysical Investigation for Post Foundation Studies at Ikekogbe Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria

Aigbedion Isaac, Bawallah Musa, Ilugbo Stephen, Osaigbovo Aize Diana, Diana Emmanuela Kehinde, Ihewkwumere Chinenyeollins, Igbinoba Collins, Patrick Promise Uduak, Amagbamwan Ebenihita

Published in American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics (Volume 4, Issue 2)

Received: 18 May 2019 Accepted: 26 June 2019 Published: 8 July 2019

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Abstract

This research showed the significance of electrical resistivity method for foundation studies at Ikekogbe Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. The aim of the study is to assess the building in the area that was intensively affected by cracks resulting in structural instability. The Electrical Resistivity method involved three techniques; Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), 2-D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Horizontal Profiling (HP) which covers a pilot test of 60 meters. Eight (8) VES were carried out using Schlumberger array with current electrode spacing varying from 1 to 40 m, with 2-D ERT using Dipole-Dipole electrode array with inter-station separation of 5 m and an expansion factor that varied from 1 to 5 and HP using Wenner array with an electrode spacing of 5 m interval. The results obtained from the VES delineated three geoelectric units which comprise of topsoil, clayey sand and sandstone formation. The 2 D imaging (Dipole-Dipole) gave information on the subsurface characteristic in the area with low apparent resistivity which indicates low competence material. The Wenner profile is characterised by low resistivity. All the results correlate well with one another showing that all the techniques used are complemented and also deduced that the failures of these buildings arise from incompetent clay materials and lateral inhomogeneity. Evidence has shown that a suspected weak zone cut across the study area and the weak zones contributed a great deal to the cracks observed on the classroom block. The presence of clay materials beneath the classroom also contributed to the cracks observed. It is therefore recommended that future engineering construction should consider possible weak zones before designing or imposed structure as such can instigate failure in the proposed structure.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics (Volume 4, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajere.20190402.14
Page(s)	73-83
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Dipole Dipole, Geoelectric Section, Wenner Profiling, Incompetent Materials, Foundation Integrity

References

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[2]	Adelusi A. O., Akinlalu A. A., Nwachukwu A. I. (2013). Integrated geophysical investigation for post construction studies of buildings around School of Science area, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Southwestern, Nigeria. Int. J. of Physical Sciences. 8 (15): 657 669.
[3]	Ako, B. D and Olorunfemi, M. O. (1989). Geoelectric Survey for Groundwater in the Newer Basalts of Vom, Plateau State. Journal of Mining and Geology, Vol. 25, Nos 1 & 2, pp. 247- 250.
[4]	Akintorinwa, O. J. and Adeusi, F. A (2009). Integration of Geophysical and Geotechnical Investigations for a Proposed Lecture Room Complex at the Federal University of Technology, Akure, SW, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences Vol. 2 (3), pp 241-254.
[5]	Aigbedion I. (2007). Geophysical investigation of road failures using electromagnetic profile, along UhieleUwenlegbe road, Ekopma, Edo State, Nigeria Middle East Journal of scientific research, 2 (3), 1–4.
[6]	Dippro for Windows Dippro TM Version 4.0 Processing and Interpretation software for Dipole Dipole electrical resistivity data. KIGAM, Daejon, South Korea; 2000.
[7]	Ilugbo S. O., Adebo A. B., Ajayi O. A, Adewumi O. O and Edunjobi H O. (2018). Geophysical and Geotechnical Studies of a Proposed Structure at Akure, Southwestern Nigeria, Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, 2 (2): 1-12.
[8]	Okwueze E. E. (1996). Preliminary Findings of the groundwater resources potential from a Regional Geoeletric Survey of the Obudu Basement area Nigeria, Glob Journal pure Applied Science, 2 (2), 201–210.
[9]	Kogbe, C. A. (1978). Geology of Niger Elizabelt publishing company Lagos-Nigeria.
[10]	Okeke O. C., Onyekuru S. O., Uduehi G. and Israel H. O. (2011). Geology and hydrogeology of Northern Ishan district, Edo State, Southwestern Nigeria, Vol. 1 (1), 1–11.
[11]	Oyedele K. F., Oladele S. and Adedoyin O. (2011). Application of geophysical and geotechnical methods to site characterization for construction purposes at Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria. J. Earth Sci. Geotech. Eng. 1 (1): 87-100.
[12]	Ozegin, K. O., Bawallah, M. A., Ilugbo S. O., Olaogun, S. O., Oyedele, A. A., and Iluore, K. (2019). Susceptibilty Test for Road Construction: A Case Study of Shake Road, Irrua, Edo State, Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: H Environment & Earth Science, Vol. 19 (1), 45–53.
[13]	Salufu S. O. (2014). The geology of Ekpoma, Journal of Science, Ekp, Vol 1 (10), 11–132.
[14]	Salufu S. O and Ujuanbi O. (2015). The Geology And Structural Geology OfEkpoma And Irrua: Implication For TheHydrology And Hydrogeologic Setting Of The Areas, Nigerian Annals Of Natural Sciences, Vol. 15 (1), Pp. 131–138.
[15]	Sharma V. P. (1997). Environmental and engineering geophysics. Published by Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom. 40–45.
[16]	Vander Velpen B. P. A. (2004). Win RESIST Version 1.0 Resistivity Depth Sounding Interpretation Software. M.Sc. Research Project, ITC, Delf Netherland.

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APA Style

Aigbedion Isaac, Bawallah Musa, Ilugbo Stephen, Osaigbovo Aize Diana, Diana Emmanuela Kehinde, et al. (2019). Geophysical Investigation for Post Foundation Studies at Ikekogbe Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics, 4(2), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20190402.14

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ACS Style

Aigbedion Isaac; Bawallah Musa; Ilugbo Stephen; Osaigbovo Aize Diana; Diana Emmanuela Kehinde, et al. Geophysical Investigation for Post Foundation Studies at Ikekogbe Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. Am. J. Environ. Resour. Econ. 2019, 4(2), 73-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajere.20190402.14

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AMA Style

Aigbedion Isaac, Bawallah Musa, Ilugbo Stephen, Osaigbovo Aize Diana, Diana Emmanuela Kehinde, et al. Geophysical Investigation for Post Foundation Studies at Ikekogbe Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. Am J Environ Resour Econ. 2019;4(2):73-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajere.20190402.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ajere.20190402.14,
  author = {Aigbedion Isaac and Bawallah Musa and Ilugbo Stephen and Osaigbovo Aize Diana and Diana Emmanuela Kehinde and Ihewkwumere Chinenyeollins and Igbinoba Collins and Patrick Promise Uduak and Amagbamwan Ebenihita},
  title = {Geophysical Investigation for Post Foundation Studies at Ikekogbe Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics},
  volume = {4},
  number = {2},
  pages = {73-83},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajere.20190402.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20190402.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajere.20190402.14},
  abstract = {This research showed the significance of electrical resistivity method for foundation studies at Ikekogbe Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. The aim of the study is to assess the building in the area that was intensively affected by cracks resulting in structural instability. The Electrical Resistivity method involved three techniques; Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), 2-D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Horizontal Profiling (HP) which covers a pilot test of 60 meters. Eight (8) VES were carried out using Schlumberger array with current electrode spacing varying from 1 to 40 m, with 2-D ERT using Dipole-Dipole electrode array with inter-station separation of 5 m and an expansion factor that varied from 1 to 5 and HP using Wenner array with an electrode spacing of 5 m interval. The results obtained from the VES delineated three geoelectric units which comprise of topsoil, clayey sand and sandstone formation. The 2 D imaging (Dipole-Dipole) gave information on the subsurface characteristic in the area with low apparent resistivity which indicates low competence material. The Wenner profile is characterised by low resistivity. All the results correlate well with one another showing that all the techniques used are complemented and also deduced that the failures of these buildings arise from incompetent clay materials and lateral inhomogeneity. Evidence has shown that a suspected weak zone cut across the study area and the weak zones contributed a great deal to the cracks observed on the classroom block. The presence of clay materials beneath the classroom also contributed to the cracks observed. It is therefore recommended that future engineering construction should consider possible weak zones before designing or imposed structure as such can instigate failure in the proposed structure.},
 year = {2019}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Geophysical Investigation for Post Foundation Studies at Ikekogbe Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
AU  - Aigbedion Isaac
AU  - Bawallah Musa
AU  - Ilugbo Stephen
AU  - Osaigbovo Aize Diana
AU  - Diana Emmanuela Kehinde
AU  - Ihewkwumere Chinenyeollins
AU  - Igbinoba Collins
AU  - Patrick Promise Uduak
AU  - Amagbamwan Ebenihita
Y1  - 2019/07/08
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20190402.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajere.20190402.14
T2  - American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics
JF  - American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics
JO  - American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics
SP  - 73
EP  - 83
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-787X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20190402.14
AB  - This research showed the significance of electrical resistivity method for foundation studies at Ikekogbe Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. The aim of the study is to assess the building in the area that was intensively affected by cracks resulting in structural instability. The Electrical Resistivity method involved three techniques; Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), 2-D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Horizontal Profiling (HP) which covers a pilot test of 60 meters. Eight (8) VES were carried out using Schlumberger array with current electrode spacing varying from 1 to 40 m, with 2-D ERT using Dipole-Dipole electrode array with inter-station separation of 5 m and an expansion factor that varied from 1 to 5 and HP using Wenner array with an electrode spacing of 5 m interval. The results obtained from the VES delineated three geoelectric units which comprise of topsoil, clayey sand and sandstone formation. The 2 D imaging (Dipole-Dipole) gave information on the subsurface characteristic in the area with low apparent resistivity which indicates low competence material. The Wenner profile is characterised by low resistivity. All the results correlate well with one another showing that all the techniques used are complemented and also deduced that the failures of these buildings arise from incompetent clay materials and lateral inhomogeneity. Evidence has shown that a suspected weak zone cut across the study area and the weak zones contributed a great deal to the cracks observed on the classroom block. The presence of clay materials beneath the classroom also contributed to the cracks observed. It is therefore recommended that future engineering construction should consider possible weak zones before designing or imposed structure as such can instigate failure in the proposed structure.
VL  - 4
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Aigbedion Isaac

Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Bawallah Musa

Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Ilugbo Stephen

Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
Osaigbovo Aize Diana

Department of Physics, Ambrose Ali University Ekpoma, Edo, Nigeria
Diana Emmanuela Kehinde

Department of Physics, Ambrose Ali University Ekpoma, Edo, Nigeria
Ihewkwumere Chinenyeollins

Department of Physics, Ambrose Ali University Ekpoma, Edo, Nigeria
Igbinoba Collins

Department of Physics, Ambrose Ali University Ekpoma, Edo, Nigeria
Patrick Promise Uduak

Department of Physics, Ambrose Ali University Ekpoma, Edo, Nigeria
Amagbamwan Ebenihita

Department of Physics, Ambrose Ali University Ekpoma, Edo, Nigeria

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Aigbedion Isaac, Bawallah Musa, Ilugbo Stephen, Osaigbovo Aize Diana, Diana Emmanuela Kehinde, et al. (2019). Geophysical Investigation for Post Foundation Studies at Ikekogbe Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics, 4(2), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20190402.14

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ACS Style

Aigbedion Isaac; Bawallah Musa; Ilugbo Stephen; Osaigbovo Aize Diana; Diana Emmanuela Kehinde, et al. Geophysical Investigation for Post Foundation Studies at Ikekogbe Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. Am. J. Environ. Resour. Econ. 2019, 4(2), 73-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajere.20190402.14

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AMA Style

Aigbedion Isaac, Bawallah Musa, Ilugbo Stephen, Osaigbovo Aize Diana, Diana Emmanuela Kehinde, et al. Geophysical Investigation for Post Foundation Studies at Ikekogbe Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. Am J Environ Resour Econ. 2019;4(2):73-83. doi: 10.11648/j.ajere.20190402.14

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajere.20190402.14,
  author = {Aigbedion Isaac and Bawallah Musa and Ilugbo Stephen and Osaigbovo Aize Diana and Diana Emmanuela Kehinde and Ihewkwumere Chinenyeollins and Igbinoba Collins and Patrick Promise Uduak and Amagbamwan Ebenihita},
  title = {Geophysical Investigation for Post Foundation Studies at Ikekogbe Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics},
  volume = {4},
  number = {2},
  pages = {73-83},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajere.20190402.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20190402.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajere.20190402.14},
  abstract = {This research showed the significance of electrical resistivity method for foundation studies at Ikekogbe Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. The aim of the study is to assess the building in the area that was intensively affected by cracks resulting in structural instability. The Electrical Resistivity method involved three techniques; Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), 2-D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Horizontal Profiling (HP) which covers a pilot test of 60 meters. Eight (8) VES were carried out using Schlumberger array with current electrode spacing varying from 1 to 40 m, with 2-D ERT using Dipole-Dipole electrode array with inter-station separation of 5 m and an expansion factor that varied from 1 to 5 and HP using Wenner array with an electrode spacing of 5 m interval. The results obtained from the VES delineated three geoelectric units which comprise of topsoil, clayey sand and sandstone formation. The 2 D imaging (Dipole-Dipole) gave information on the subsurface characteristic in the area with low apparent resistivity which indicates low competence material. The Wenner profile is characterised by low resistivity. All the results correlate well with one another showing that all the techniques used are complemented and also deduced that the failures of these buildings arise from incompetent clay materials and lateral inhomogeneity. Evidence has shown that a suspected weak zone cut across the study area and the weak zones contributed a great deal to the cracks observed on the classroom block. The presence of clay materials beneath the classroom also contributed to the cracks observed. It is therefore recommended that future engineering construction should consider possible weak zones before designing or imposed structure as such can instigate failure in the proposed structure.},
 year = {2019}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Geophysical Investigation for Post Foundation Studies at Ikekogbe Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
AU  - Aigbedion Isaac
AU  - Bawallah Musa
AU  - Ilugbo Stephen
AU  - Osaigbovo Aize Diana
AU  - Diana Emmanuela Kehinde
AU  - Ihewkwumere Chinenyeollins
AU  - Igbinoba Collins
AU  - Patrick Promise Uduak
AU  - Amagbamwan Ebenihita
Y1  - 2019/07/08
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20190402.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajere.20190402.14
T2  - American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics
JF  - American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics
JO  - American Journal of Environmental and Resource Economics
SP  - 73
EP  - 83
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-787X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajere.20190402.14
AB  - This research showed the significance of electrical resistivity method for foundation studies at Ikekogbe Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. The aim of the study is to assess the building in the area that was intensively affected by cracks resulting in structural instability. The Electrical Resistivity method involved three techniques; Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), 2-D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Horizontal Profiling (HP) which covers a pilot test of 60 meters. Eight (8) VES were carried out using Schlumberger array with current electrode spacing varying from 1 to 40 m, with 2-D ERT using Dipole-Dipole electrode array with inter-station separation of 5 m and an expansion factor that varied from 1 to 5 and HP using Wenner array with an electrode spacing of 5 m interval. The results obtained from the VES delineated three geoelectric units which comprise of topsoil, clayey sand and sandstone formation. The 2 D imaging (Dipole-Dipole) gave information on the subsurface characteristic in the area with low apparent resistivity which indicates low competence material. The Wenner profile is characterised by low resistivity. All the results correlate well with one another showing that all the techniques used are complemented and also deduced that the failures of these buildings arise from incompetent clay materials and lateral inhomogeneity. Evidence has shown that a suspected weak zone cut across the study area and the weak zones contributed a great deal to the cracks observed on the classroom block. The presence of clay materials beneath the classroom also contributed to the cracks observed. It is therefore recommended that future engineering construction should consider possible weak zones before designing or imposed structure as such can instigate failure in the proposed structure.
VL  - 4
IS  - 2
ER  -

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