Distribution of Some Trace Metals in Bitter Leaf (<i>Vernonia amygdalina</i>) Obtained in Oil Exploration Area of Ibeno, Nigeria

Emmanuel Isaac Uwah; Namnso Charles Udoaka; Uduak Aniesua Essiett

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajqcms.20200401.12

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Distribution of Some Trace Metals in Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Obtained in Oil Exploration Area of Ibeno, Nigeria

Emmanuel Isaac Uwah, Namnso Charles Udoaka, Uduak Aniesua Essiett

Published in American Journal of Quantum Chemistry and Molecular Spectroscopy (Volume 4, Issue 1)

Received: 30 March 2020 Accepted: 3 May 2020 Published: 27 August 2020

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Abstract

Levels of some trace metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ni, Pb and Cd) in Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) obtained in Ibeno, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria were quantified using standard procedures. Soil samples as well as roots and leaves samples of the plant were collected from three locations (Okoroitak, Inua Eyet Ikot, Iwuo Okpom) in Ibeno, where intensive oil exploration activities are carried out. Samples were equally collected from Mbiabam Ibiono where there is no oil exploration, to serve as the controls. The results revealed that the metal levels in the soil ranged from < 0.06 mg/kg Cd to 8316.72±3.09 mg/kg Fe, those in the roots of the plant ranged from < 0.001 mg/kg Cd to 450.48±3.08 mg/kg Fe and those in the leaves, ranged from < 0.001mg/kg Cd to 1650.36±5.46 mg/kg Fe. The corresponding metal levels in the control samples were generally low compared to those of the study area. This could be attributed to the absence of oil exploration activities in the control area. Analysis of the metals pollution status of the plant using transfer factor (TF) revealed the trend: Cu > Pb > Zn >Cr > Mn > Ni > Cd > Fe. The levels of all the investigated metals in the analyzed V. amygdalina samples were lower than the WHO maximum permissible limits of the metals in plants and hence, the suitability of the analyzed V. amygdalina for human consumption in whatever form, at the time of the study.

Published in	American Journal of Quantum Chemistry and Molecular Spectroscopy (Volume 4, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajqcms.20200401.12
Page(s)	7-16
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Quantification, Trace Metals, Contamination, Vernonia amygdalina, Oil Exploration, Ibeno

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Emmanuel Isaac Uwah, Namnso Charles Udoaka, Uduak Aniesua Essiett. (2020). Distribution of Some Trace Metals in Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Obtained in Oil Exploration Area of Ibeno, Nigeria. American Journal of Quantum Chemistry and Molecular Spectroscopy, 4(1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajqcms.20200401.12

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ACS Style

Emmanuel Isaac Uwah; Namnso Charles Udoaka; Uduak Aniesua Essiett. Distribution of Some Trace Metals in Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Obtained in Oil Exploration Area of Ibeno, Nigeria. Am. J. Quantum Chem. Mol. Spectrosc. 2020, 4(1), 7-16. doi: 10.11648/j.ajqcms.20200401.12

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AMA Style

Emmanuel Isaac Uwah, Namnso Charles Udoaka, Uduak Aniesua Essiett. Distribution of Some Trace Metals in Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Obtained in Oil Exploration Area of Ibeno, Nigeria. Am J Quantum Chem Mol Spectrosc. 2020;4(1):7-16. doi: 10.11648/j.ajqcms.20200401.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajqcms.20200401.12,
  author = {Emmanuel Isaac Uwah and Namnso Charles Udoaka and Uduak Aniesua Essiett},
  title = {Distribution of Some Trace Metals in Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Obtained in Oil Exploration Area of Ibeno, Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Quantum Chemistry and Molecular Spectroscopy},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {7-16},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajqcms.20200401.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajqcms.20200401.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajqcms.20200401.12},
  abstract = {Levels of some trace metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ni, Pb and Cd) in Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) obtained in Ibeno, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria were quantified using standard procedures. Soil samples as well as roots and leaves samples of the plant were collected from three locations (Okoroitak, Inua Eyet Ikot, Iwuo Okpom) in Ibeno, where intensive oil exploration activities are carried out. Samples were equally collected from Mbiabam Ibiono where there is no oil exploration, to serve as the controls. The results revealed that the metal levels in the soil ranged from  Pb > Zn >Cr > Mn > Ni > Cd > Fe. The levels of all the investigated metals in the analyzed V. amygdalina samples were lower than the WHO maximum permissible limits of the metals in plants and hence, the suitability of the analyzed V. amygdalina for human consumption in whatever form, at the time of the study.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Distribution of Some Trace Metals in Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Obtained in Oil Exploration Area of Ibeno, Nigeria
AU  - Emmanuel Isaac Uwah
AU  - Namnso Charles Udoaka
AU  - Uduak Aniesua Essiett
Y1  - 2020/08/27
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajqcms.20200401.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajqcms.20200401.12
T2  - American Journal of Quantum Chemistry and Molecular Spectroscopy
JF  - American Journal of Quantum Chemistry and Molecular Spectroscopy
JO  - American Journal of Quantum Chemistry and Molecular Spectroscopy
SP  - 7
EP  - 16
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-7308
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajqcms.20200401.12
AB  - Levels of some trace metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ni, Pb and Cd) in Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) obtained in Ibeno, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria were quantified using standard procedures. Soil samples as well as roots and leaves samples of the plant were collected from three locations (Okoroitak, Inua Eyet Ikot, Iwuo Okpom) in Ibeno, where intensive oil exploration activities are carried out. Samples were equally collected from Mbiabam Ibiono where there is no oil exploration, to serve as the controls. The results revealed that the metal levels in the soil ranged from  Pb > Zn >Cr > Mn > Ni > Cd > Fe. The levels of all the investigated metals in the analyzed V. amygdalina samples were lower than the WHO maximum permissible limits of the metals in plants and hence, the suitability of the analyzed V. amygdalina for human consumption in whatever form, at the time of the study.
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Emmanuel Isaac Uwah

Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
Namnso Charles Udoaka

Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
Uduak Aniesua Essiett

Department of Botany and Ecological Studies, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

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Emmanuel Isaac Uwah, Namnso Charles Udoaka, Uduak Aniesua Essiett. (2020). Distribution of Some Trace Metals in Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Obtained in Oil Exploration Area of Ibeno, Nigeria. American Journal of Quantum Chemistry and Molecular Spectroscopy, 4(1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajqcms.20200401.12

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ACS Style

Emmanuel Isaac Uwah; Namnso Charles Udoaka; Uduak Aniesua Essiett. Distribution of Some Trace Metals in Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Obtained in Oil Exploration Area of Ibeno, Nigeria. Am. J. Quantum Chem. Mol. Spectrosc. 2020, 4(1), 7-16. doi: 10.11648/j.ajqcms.20200401.12

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AMA Style

Emmanuel Isaac Uwah, Namnso Charles Udoaka, Uduak Aniesua Essiett. Distribution of Some Trace Metals in Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Obtained in Oil Exploration Area of Ibeno, Nigeria. Am J Quantum Chem Mol Spectrosc. 2020;4(1):7-16. doi: 10.11648/j.ajqcms.20200401.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ajqcms.20200401.12,
  author = {Emmanuel Isaac Uwah and Namnso Charles Udoaka and Uduak Aniesua Essiett},
  title = {Distribution of Some Trace Metals in Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Obtained in Oil Exploration Area of Ibeno, Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Quantum Chemistry and Molecular Spectroscopy},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {7-16},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajqcms.20200401.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajqcms.20200401.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajqcms.20200401.12},
  abstract = {Levels of some trace metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ni, Pb and Cd) in Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) obtained in Ibeno, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria were quantified using standard procedures. Soil samples as well as roots and leaves samples of the plant were collected from three locations (Okoroitak, Inua Eyet Ikot, Iwuo Okpom) in Ibeno, where intensive oil exploration activities are carried out. Samples were equally collected from Mbiabam Ibiono where there is no oil exploration, to serve as the controls. The results revealed that the metal levels in the soil ranged from  Pb > Zn >Cr > Mn > Ni > Cd > Fe. The levels of all the investigated metals in the analyzed V. amygdalina samples were lower than the WHO maximum permissible limits of the metals in plants and hence, the suitability of the analyzed V. amygdalina for human consumption in whatever form, at the time of the study.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Distribution of Some Trace Metals in Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) Obtained in Oil Exploration Area of Ibeno, Nigeria
AU  - Emmanuel Isaac Uwah
AU  - Namnso Charles Udoaka
AU  - Uduak Aniesua Essiett
Y1  - 2020/08/27
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajqcms.20200401.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajqcms.20200401.12
T2  - American Journal of Quantum Chemistry and Molecular Spectroscopy
JF  - American Journal of Quantum Chemistry and Molecular Spectroscopy
JO  - American Journal of Quantum Chemistry and Molecular Spectroscopy
SP  - 7
EP  - 16
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2994-7308
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajqcms.20200401.12
AB  - Levels of some trace metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ni, Pb and Cd) in Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) obtained in Ibeno, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria were quantified using standard procedures. Soil samples as well as roots and leaves samples of the plant were collected from three locations (Okoroitak, Inua Eyet Ikot, Iwuo Okpom) in Ibeno, where intensive oil exploration activities are carried out. Samples were equally collected from Mbiabam Ibiono where there is no oil exploration, to serve as the controls. The results revealed that the metal levels in the soil ranged from  Pb > Zn >Cr > Mn > Ni > Cd > Fe. The levels of all the investigated metals in the analyzed V. amygdalina samples were lower than the WHO maximum permissible limits of the metals in plants and hence, the suitability of the analyzed V. amygdalina for human consumption in whatever form, at the time of the study.
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download