An Appraisal of Heavy Metal Distribution in Surface Water and Groundwater in the Vicinity of a Salt Mine

Kana Aisha Abubakar; Isah Muhammad Awwal; Kana r Ahmad Abubaka

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13

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An Appraisal of Heavy Metal Distribution in Surface Water and Groundwater in the Vicinity of a Salt Mine

Kana Aisha Abubakar, Isah Muhammad Awwal, Kana r Ahmad Abubaka

Published in American Journal of Water Science and Engineering (Volume 9, Issue 1)

Received: 20 October 2022 Accepted: 16 November 2022 Published: 20 March 2023

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Abstract

Water quality is a big concern for the humankind as it is the most important natural resource. The quality of water is affected by anthropogenic activities carried which could render it unsuitable for human consumption. The present study assessed heavy metal distribution and toxicity in surface and groundwater resources of an area characterized by salt mining from brine ponds. Samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC) elemental compositions of: Ba, Mn, Fe, Cu, Sr, and Zn to assess their spatial distribution, sources, variability, toxicity and possible health risks. Median concentrations of Ba, Mn, Fe, Cu, Sr, and Zn in surface water was: 0.28, 3.63, 2.23, 0.03, 0.14 and 0.05 respectively while for groundwater, median concentration was: 0.65, 0.20, 1.16, 0.03, 0.83 and 0.11 respectively. In terms of suitability, concentrations of Mn, Fe and Sr in surface water, and that of Sr, in groundwater raises some quality concerns since they are all present in concentrations above the permissible limits for drinking water. Results of Corelation and Principal Component Analyses showed that source and mobility of these metals is linked to both geogenic (host rock weathering) and anthropogenic activities mainly associated with salt mining and processing in the region of a saline pond. Spatial distribution of concentration of these metals also shows higher concentrations in the immediate region of the salt mine especially in groundwater.

Published in	American Journal of Water Science and Engineering (Volume 9, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13
Page(s)	17-25
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Heavy Metals, Salt Mining, Water Quality, Correlation Analysis, Principal Component Analysis

References

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APA Style

Kana Aisha Abubakar, Isah Muhammad Awwal, Kana r Ahmad Abubaka. (2023). An Appraisal of Heavy Metal Distribution in Surface Water and Groundwater in the Vicinity of a Salt Mine. American Journal of Water Science and Engineering, 9(1), 17-25. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13

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ACS Style

Kana Aisha Abubakar; Isah Muhammad Awwal; Kana r Ahmad Abubaka. An Appraisal of Heavy Metal Distribution in Surface Water and Groundwater in the Vicinity of a Salt Mine. Am. J. Water Sci. Eng. 2023, 9(1), 17-25. doi: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13

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AMA Style

Kana Aisha Abubakar, Isah Muhammad Awwal, Kana r Ahmad Abubaka. An Appraisal of Heavy Metal Distribution in Surface Water and Groundwater in the Vicinity of a Salt Mine. Am J Water Sci Eng. 2023;9(1):17-25. doi: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13,
  author = {Kana Aisha Abubakar and Isah Muhammad Awwal and Kana r Ahmad Abubaka},
  title = {An Appraisal of Heavy Metal Distribution in Surface Water and Groundwater in the Vicinity of a Salt Mine},
  journal = {American Journal of Water Science and Engineering},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {17-25},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajwse.20230901.13},
  abstract = {Water quality is a big concern for the humankind as it is the most important natural resource. The quality of water is affected by anthropogenic activities carried which could render it unsuitable for human consumption. The present study assessed heavy metal distribution and toxicity in surface and groundwater resources of an area characterized by salt mining from brine ponds. Samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC) elemental compositions of: Ba, Mn, Fe, Cu, Sr, and Zn to assess their spatial distribution, sources, variability, toxicity and possible health risks. Median concentrations of Ba, Mn, Fe, Cu, Sr, and Zn in surface water was: 0.28, 3.63, 2.23, 0.03, 0.14 and 0.05 respectively while for groundwater, median concentration was: 0.65, 0.20, 1.16, 0.03, 0.83 and 0.11 respectively. In terms of suitability, concentrations of Mn, Fe and Sr in surface water, and that of Sr, in groundwater raises some quality concerns since they are all present in concentrations above the permissible limits for drinking water. Results of Corelation and Principal Component Analyses showed that source and mobility of these metals is linked to both geogenic (host rock weathering) and anthropogenic activities mainly associated with salt mining and processing in the region of a saline pond. Spatial distribution of concentration of these metals also shows higher concentrations in the immediate region of the salt mine especially in groundwater.},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - An Appraisal of Heavy Metal Distribution in Surface Water and Groundwater in the Vicinity of a Salt Mine
AU  - Kana Aisha Abubakar
AU  - Isah Muhammad Awwal
AU  - Kana r Ahmad Abubaka
Y1  - 2023/03/20
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13
T2  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
SP  - 17
EP  - 25
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1875
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13
AB  - Water quality is a big concern for the humankind as it is the most important natural resource. The quality of water is affected by anthropogenic activities carried which could render it unsuitable for human consumption. The present study assessed heavy metal distribution and toxicity in surface and groundwater resources of an area characterized by salt mining from brine ponds. Samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC) elemental compositions of: Ba, Mn, Fe, Cu, Sr, and Zn to assess their spatial distribution, sources, variability, toxicity and possible health risks. Median concentrations of Ba, Mn, Fe, Cu, Sr, and Zn in surface water was: 0.28, 3.63, 2.23, 0.03, 0.14 and 0.05 respectively while for groundwater, median concentration was: 0.65, 0.20, 1.16, 0.03, 0.83 and 0.11 respectively. In terms of suitability, concentrations of Mn, Fe and Sr in surface water, and that of Sr, in groundwater raises some quality concerns since they are all present in concentrations above the permissible limits for drinking water. Results of Corelation and Principal Component Analyses showed that source and mobility of these metals is linked to both geogenic (host rock weathering) and anthropogenic activities mainly associated with salt mining and processing in the region of a saline pond. Spatial distribution of concentration of these metals also shows higher concentrations in the immediate region of the salt mine especially in groundwater.
VL  - 9
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Kana Aisha Abubakar

Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
Isah Muhammad Awwal

Department of Geology and Mining, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria
Kana r Ahmad Abubaka

Nasarawa State Water Board Headquarters, Lafia, Nigeria

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APA Style

Kana Aisha Abubakar, Isah Muhammad Awwal, Kana r Ahmad Abubaka. (2023). An Appraisal of Heavy Metal Distribution in Surface Water and Groundwater in the Vicinity of a Salt Mine. American Journal of Water Science and Engineering, 9(1), 17-25. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13

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ACS Style

Kana Aisha Abubakar; Isah Muhammad Awwal; Kana r Ahmad Abubaka. An Appraisal of Heavy Metal Distribution in Surface Water and Groundwater in the Vicinity of a Salt Mine. Am. J. Water Sci. Eng. 2023, 9(1), 17-25. doi: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13

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AMA Style

Kana Aisha Abubakar, Isah Muhammad Awwal, Kana r Ahmad Abubaka. An Appraisal of Heavy Metal Distribution in Surface Water and Groundwater in the Vicinity of a Salt Mine. Am J Water Sci Eng. 2023;9(1):17-25. doi: 10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13,
  author = {Kana Aisha Abubakar and Isah Muhammad Awwal and Kana r Ahmad Abubaka},
  title = {An Appraisal of Heavy Metal Distribution in Surface Water and Groundwater in the Vicinity of a Salt Mine},
  journal = {American Journal of Water Science and Engineering},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {17-25},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajwse.20230901.13},
  abstract = {Water quality is a big concern for the humankind as it is the most important natural resource. The quality of water is affected by anthropogenic activities carried which could render it unsuitable for human consumption. The present study assessed heavy metal distribution and toxicity in surface and groundwater resources of an area characterized by salt mining from brine ponds. Samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC) elemental compositions of: Ba, Mn, Fe, Cu, Sr, and Zn to assess their spatial distribution, sources, variability, toxicity and possible health risks. Median concentrations of Ba, Mn, Fe, Cu, Sr, and Zn in surface water was: 0.28, 3.63, 2.23, 0.03, 0.14 and 0.05 respectively while for groundwater, median concentration was: 0.65, 0.20, 1.16, 0.03, 0.83 and 0.11 respectively. In terms of suitability, concentrations of Mn, Fe and Sr in surface water, and that of Sr, in groundwater raises some quality concerns since they are all present in concentrations above the permissible limits for drinking water. Results of Corelation and Principal Component Analyses showed that source and mobility of these metals is linked to both geogenic (host rock weathering) and anthropogenic activities mainly associated with salt mining and processing in the region of a saline pond. Spatial distribution of concentration of these metals also shows higher concentrations in the immediate region of the salt mine especially in groundwater.},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - An Appraisal of Heavy Metal Distribution in Surface Water and Groundwater in the Vicinity of a Salt Mine
AU  - Kana Aisha Abubakar
AU  - Isah Muhammad Awwal
AU  - Kana r Ahmad Abubaka
Y1  - 2023/03/20
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13
T2  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
JF  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
JO  - American Journal of Water Science and Engineering
SP  - 17
EP  - 25
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1875
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20230901.13
AB  - Water quality is a big concern for the humankind as it is the most important natural resource. The quality of water is affected by anthropogenic activities carried which could render it unsuitable for human consumption. The present study assessed heavy metal distribution and toxicity in surface and groundwater resources of an area characterized by salt mining from brine ponds. Samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC) elemental compositions of: Ba, Mn, Fe, Cu, Sr, and Zn to assess their spatial distribution, sources, variability, toxicity and possible health risks. Median concentrations of Ba, Mn, Fe, Cu, Sr, and Zn in surface water was: 0.28, 3.63, 2.23, 0.03, 0.14 and 0.05 respectively while for groundwater, median concentration was: 0.65, 0.20, 1.16, 0.03, 0.83 and 0.11 respectively. In terms of suitability, concentrations of Mn, Fe and Sr in surface water, and that of Sr, in groundwater raises some quality concerns since they are all present in concentrations above the permissible limits for drinking water. Results of Corelation and Principal Component Analyses showed that source and mobility of these metals is linked to both geogenic (host rock weathering) and anthropogenic activities mainly associated with salt mining and processing in the region of a saline pond. Spatial distribution of concentration of these metals also shows higher concentrations in the immediate region of the salt mine especially in groundwater.
VL  - 9
IS  - 1
ER  -

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