Television Directors’ Visual Focus on Sport Games: An Eye-Tracking Study

Anthony S. C. Huang

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ash.20160206.15

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Television Directors’ Visual Focus on Sport Games: An Eye-Tracking Study

Anthony S. C. Huang

Published in Advances in Sciences and Humanities (Volume 2, Issue 6)

Received: 10 August 2016 Accepted: 19 August 2016 Published: 20 October 2016

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Abstract

With the advent of digital media, live television sports broadcast became an important training for future sports communication professionals. Sports TV directors will usually direct all broadcast sports visual contents, in the training of student (future) sports TV directors, they must first have solid background knowledge of the sports itself, be familiar with sports TV directing and their sports onscreen visual focus should be the most important aspect of all. The current study is an exploratory and pioneering eye-tracking study in sports communication that combined sports TV directing with eye-tracking methodology, examining the visual focus of sport TV directors on volleyball games, with a Cognitive Load theoretical framework. It attempts to fill the gap in the sports communication and education literature, comparing and analyzing the differences between senior and junior students with sports TV directing experiences, examining their visual focus of the Business Enterprise Volleyball Games. Results found that (1) Visual focus differences were found among senior and junior student sport TV directors. The eyes of senior students, with more than two years of sports and games training, scanned at a faster speed than junior students; (2) Visual focus of senior students were more detailed as they focused on sports athletes’ movement and close-up shots; (3) Panoramic shots of sports games allows TV directors to have an overall visual pace and a better interpretation of the game. Application of the cognitive load theory can further explain the differences in visual focus among the senior and junior students. The more sports expertise, familiarity with the players they have in their long term memory, the more onsite performance and observation they would have in handling the complexity of the game. Results of the current study served as a benchmark for future research and contributed to the education and training of sport communicators.

Published in	Advances in Sciences and Humanities (Volume 2, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ash.20160206.15
Page(s)	86-91
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Sports TV Director, Eye Tracking, Visual Focus, Cognitive Load, Sportscast

References

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[3]	Ayres, P., & Sweller, J. (2005). The split-attention principle in multimedia learning. In R. E. Mayer (Ed), The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (pp. 135-146). New York: Cambridge University Press.
[4]	Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1996). Cognitive load while learning to use a computer program. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10, 151-170.
[5]	De Koning, B. B., Tabbers, H. K., Rikers, R. M. J. P., & Paas, F. (2011). Attention cueing in an instructional animation: The role of presentation speed. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 41-45.
[6]	Jones, S. J., Fong, C. J., Torres, L. G., Yoo, J. H., Decker, M. L., & Robinson, D. H. (2010). Productivity in educational psychology journals from 2003-2008. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 35, 11-16.
[7]	Mayer, R. E., & Moreno, R. (2003). Nine ways to reduce cognitive load in multimedia learning, Educational Psychologist, 38 (1), 43-52.
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Anthony S. C. Huang. (2016). Television Directors’ Visual Focus on Sport Games: An Eye-Tracking Study. Advances in Sciences and Humanities, 2(6), 86-91. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ash.20160206.15

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Anthony S. C. Huang. Television Directors’ Visual Focus on Sport Games: An Eye-Tracking Study. Adv. Sci. Humanit. 2016, 2(6), 86-91. doi: 10.11648/j.ash.20160206.15

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Anthony S. C. Huang. Television Directors’ Visual Focus on Sport Games: An Eye-Tracking Study. Adv Sci Humanit. 2016;2(6):86-91. doi: 10.11648/j.ash.20160206.15

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@article{10.11648/j.ash.20160206.15,
  author = {Anthony S. C. Huang},
  title = {Television Directors’ Visual Focus on Sport Games: An Eye-Tracking Study},
  journal = {Advances in Sciences and Humanities},
  volume = {2},
  number = {6},
  pages = {86-91},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ash.20160206.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ash.20160206.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ash.20160206.15},
  abstract = {With the advent of digital media, live television sports broadcast became an important training for future sports communication professionals. Sports TV directors will usually direct all broadcast sports visual contents, in the training of student (future) sports TV directors, they must first have solid background knowledge of the sports itself, be familiar with sports TV directing and their sports onscreen visual focus should be the most important aspect of all. The current study is an exploratory and pioneering eye-tracking study in sports communication that combined sports TV directing with eye-tracking methodology, examining the visual focus of sport TV directors on volleyball games, with a Cognitive Load theoretical framework. It attempts to fill the gap in the sports communication and education literature, comparing and analyzing the differences between senior and junior students with sports TV directing experiences, examining their visual focus of the Business Enterprise Volleyball Games. Results found that (1) Visual focus differences were found among senior and junior student sport TV directors. The eyes of senior students, with more than two years of sports and games training, scanned at a faster speed than junior students; (2) Visual focus of senior students were more detailed as they focused on sports athletes’ movement and close-up shots; (3) Panoramic shots of sports games allows TV directors to have an overall visual pace and a better interpretation of the game. Application of the cognitive load theory can further explain the differences in visual focus among the senior and junior students. The more sports expertise, familiarity with the players they have in their long term memory, the more onsite performance and observation they would have in handling the complexity of the game. Results of the current study served as a benchmark for future research and contributed to the education and training of sport communicators.},
 year = {2016}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Television Directors’ Visual Focus on Sport Games: An Eye-Tracking Study
AU  - Anthony S. C. Huang
Y1  - 2016/10/20
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ash.20160206.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ash.20160206.15
T2  - Advances in Sciences and Humanities
JF  - Advances in Sciences and Humanities
JO  - Advances in Sciences and Humanities
SP  - 86
EP  - 91
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-0984
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ash.20160206.15
AB  - With the advent of digital media, live television sports broadcast became an important training for future sports communication professionals. Sports TV directors will usually direct all broadcast sports visual contents, in the training of student (future) sports TV directors, they must first have solid background knowledge of the sports itself, be familiar with sports TV directing and their sports onscreen visual focus should be the most important aspect of all. The current study is an exploratory and pioneering eye-tracking study in sports communication that combined sports TV directing with eye-tracking methodology, examining the visual focus of sport TV directors on volleyball games, with a Cognitive Load theoretical framework. It attempts to fill the gap in the sports communication and education literature, comparing and analyzing the differences between senior and junior students with sports TV directing experiences, examining their visual focus of the Business Enterprise Volleyball Games. Results found that (1) Visual focus differences were found among senior and junior student sport TV directors. The eyes of senior students, with more than two years of sports and games training, scanned at a faster speed than junior students; (2) Visual focus of senior students were more detailed as they focused on sports athletes’ movement and close-up shots; (3) Panoramic shots of sports games allows TV directors to have an overall visual pace and a better interpretation of the game. Application of the cognitive load theory can further explain the differences in visual focus among the senior and junior students. The more sports expertise, familiarity with the players they have in their long term memory, the more onsite performance and observation they would have in handling the complexity of the game. Results of the current study served as a benchmark for future research and contributed to the education and training of sport communicators.
VL  - 2
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Anthony S. C. Huang

Department of Sport Information and Communication, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan

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APA Style

Anthony S. C. Huang. (2016). Television Directors’ Visual Focus on Sport Games: An Eye-Tracking Study. Advances in Sciences and Humanities, 2(6), 86-91. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ash.20160206.15

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ACS Style

Anthony S. C. Huang. Television Directors’ Visual Focus on Sport Games: An Eye-Tracking Study. Adv. Sci. Humanit. 2016, 2(6), 86-91. doi: 10.11648/j.ash.20160206.15

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AMA Style

Anthony S. C. Huang. Television Directors’ Visual Focus on Sport Games: An Eye-Tracking Study. Adv Sci Humanit. 2016;2(6):86-91. doi: 10.11648/j.ash.20160206.15

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@article{10.11648/j.ash.20160206.15,
  author = {Anthony S. C. Huang},
  title = {Television Directors’ Visual Focus on Sport Games: An Eye-Tracking Study},
  journal = {Advances in Sciences and Humanities},
  volume = {2},
  number = {6},
  pages = {86-91},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ash.20160206.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ash.20160206.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ash.20160206.15},
  abstract = {With the advent of digital media, live television sports broadcast became an important training for future sports communication professionals. Sports TV directors will usually direct all broadcast sports visual contents, in the training of student (future) sports TV directors, they must first have solid background knowledge of the sports itself, be familiar with sports TV directing and their sports onscreen visual focus should be the most important aspect of all. The current study is an exploratory and pioneering eye-tracking study in sports communication that combined sports TV directing with eye-tracking methodology, examining the visual focus of sport TV directors on volleyball games, with a Cognitive Load theoretical framework. It attempts to fill the gap in the sports communication and education literature, comparing and analyzing the differences between senior and junior students with sports TV directing experiences, examining their visual focus of the Business Enterprise Volleyball Games. Results found that (1) Visual focus differences were found among senior and junior student sport TV directors. The eyes of senior students, with more than two years of sports and games training, scanned at a faster speed than junior students; (2) Visual focus of senior students were more detailed as they focused on sports athletes’ movement and close-up shots; (3) Panoramic shots of sports games allows TV directors to have an overall visual pace and a better interpretation of the game. Application of the cognitive load theory can further explain the differences in visual focus among the senior and junior students. The more sports expertise, familiarity with the players they have in their long term memory, the more onsite performance and observation they would have in handling the complexity of the game. Results of the current study served as a benchmark for future research and contributed to the education and training of sport communicators.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Television Directors’ Visual Focus on Sport Games: An Eye-Tracking Study
AU  - Anthony S. C. Huang
Y1  - 2016/10/20
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ash.20160206.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ash.20160206.15
T2  - Advances in Sciences and Humanities
JF  - Advances in Sciences and Humanities
JO  - Advances in Sciences and Humanities
SP  - 86
EP  - 91
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2472-0984
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ash.20160206.15
AB  - With the advent of digital media, live television sports broadcast became an important training for future sports communication professionals. Sports TV directors will usually direct all broadcast sports visual contents, in the training of student (future) sports TV directors, they must first have solid background knowledge of the sports itself, be familiar with sports TV directing and their sports onscreen visual focus should be the most important aspect of all. The current study is an exploratory and pioneering eye-tracking study in sports communication that combined sports TV directing with eye-tracking methodology, examining the visual focus of sport TV directors on volleyball games, with a Cognitive Load theoretical framework. It attempts to fill the gap in the sports communication and education literature, comparing and analyzing the differences between senior and junior students with sports TV directing experiences, examining their visual focus of the Business Enterprise Volleyball Games. Results found that (1) Visual focus differences were found among senior and junior student sport TV directors. The eyes of senior students, with more than two years of sports and games training, scanned at a faster speed than junior students; (2) Visual focus of senior students were more detailed as they focused on sports athletes’ movement and close-up shots; (3) Panoramic shots of sports games allows TV directors to have an overall visual pace and a better interpretation of the game. Application of the cognitive load theory can further explain the differences in visual focus among the senior and junior students. The more sports expertise, familiarity with the players they have in their long term memory, the more onsite performance and observation they would have in handling the complexity of the game. Results of the current study served as a benchmark for future research and contributed to the education and training of sport communicators.
VL  - 2
IS  - 6
ER  -

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