A study was conducted at Bako Agricultural Research Centre to evaluate the feeding value of Pennisetum purpureum Silage (PPS) as basal diet when offered sole or in mixture with Natural Grass Hay (NGH) on voluntary feed intake, digestibility, degradability, milk yield and composition of crossbred dairy cattle. Ten dairy cows (Horro X Friesian) with similar milk yield (6.2-8.5 kg d-1), initial body weight of 307.99±8.53 kg (mean ± SEM), early stage of lactation, but differing in parities were used in a switch over 5X5 double Latin square design. There were five periods each composed of 30 days, 15 days for adaptation and the remaining 15 days for data collection. Treatments were NGH and PPS at a ratio of 100:0 (T1), 75:25 (T2), 50:50 (T3), 25:75 (T4) and 0:100% (T5), respectively. The basal diets were fed ad libitum. All animals were fed concentrate mix (49.5% maize grain + 49.5% noug seed cake + 1% salt) at a level of 0.5 kg/l of milk and additional 100 gram mineral mixtures was added for each cows daily into feed trough. Results of chemical analysis and degradability studies of experimental feeds indicated that PPS (CP=13.85%, ME=10.22 (MJKg-1DM) had better nutritive value than NGH (CP=11.72% and ME=7.98 (MJKg-1 DM). Ruminal in Sacco degradation characteristics observed for PPS were good indicative of being better basal feed than NGH. The daily DM, CP, and ME intake were highly significant (P<0.001) among the treatments with the highest intake observed when cows were fed sole PPS (T5). Apparent DM digestibility of T5 (66.1) were higher (P<0.001) than T1 (63.4), T2 (63.6), T3 (64.1) and T4 (64.9%). Crude protein and neutral detergent fiber digestibility coefficient were not affected by the different dietary treatments (P>0.05). Daily milk yield was higher (P<0.01) for T4 (6.60) and T5 (6.89) as compared to T1 (6.28 l/d). Composition of all milk constituents were not significantly (P>0.05) different among dietary treatments. Mean daily live weight loss was not significantly (P>0.05) different among treatments. Therefore, the result demonstrated that PPS had better feeding value as compared to the NGH for crossbred lactating dairy cows and can be conserved and used especially in the dry season when conventional roughages are in short supply and low in CP content.
| Published in | American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering (Volume 5, Issue 6) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.bio.20170506.12 |
| Page(s) | 121-130 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Basal Diet, Crossbred, Degradability, Digestibility, Hay, Intake, Silage and Ruminant
| [1] | Legesse G., 2008. Productive and economic performance of small ruminants in two production systems of the highlands of Ethiopia. University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany, PhD Dissertation. 78p. |
| [2] | Bogale S, Melaku S, and Yami A, 2008. Potential use of crop residues as livestock feed resources under smallholder farmer’s conditions in Bale highlands of Ethiopia. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 8: 107–114. |
| [3] | Hindrichsen IK, Osuji PO, Odenyo AA, Madsen J, and Hvelplund T., 2004. Effect of supplementation of maize stover with foliage of various tropical multipurpose trees and Lablab purpureus on intake, rumen fermentation, digesta kinetics and microbial protein supply of sheep. Animal Feed Science Technology, 113: 83–96. |
| [4] | Emebet M, Zeleke M, 2008. Characteristics and constraints of crossbred dairy cattle production in lowland areas of Eastern Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 20 (4): 7. |
| [5] | Babayemi, O. J., Ekokotu O. A. and Inyang U. A., 2009. Evaluation of ensiled cassava peels together with Albiziasaman pods. In: Animal Agriculture and the Global Food Challenges. pp. 544-546. Proc. 34th Annual Conf. Nig. Soc. for Animal Production. |
| [6] | Smith T., 2001. Surviving the dry season. Livestock Talk, a Newsletter of the Livestock Production and Animal Health Programmes of DFID. October 2001. 1p. |
| [7] | Higashiyama MandHirata M., 2006. Analysis of a Japanese Black Cattle-rearing system utilizing abahiagrass (Paspalumnotatum Flügge) pasture: 3. In take from pasture. Grassland Science, 52: 117–126. |
| [8] | Wong C. C., 2000. The place of silage in ruminant production in the humid tropics. Silage Making in the Tropics with Particular Emphasis on Smallholders. FOA. 161http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/X8486E/x8486e04.htm. |
| [9] | International Livestock Research Institute, 2001. ILRI 2000-2001: Deciphering the code of life to benefit the poor. ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya. 22-25p. |
| [10] | Solomon Melaku, 2001. Evaluation of selected multipurpose trees as feed supplement in teff (Eragrostis teff) straw based feeding of Menze sheep. PhD. Thesis, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany. 194p. |
| [11] | Tessema Zewdu, Baars RMT, 2004. Chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility and ruminal degradation of Napier grass mixed with different levels of Sesbaniasesban (L.) Merr. Animal Feed Science Technology, 117: 29-41. |
| [12] | Wakene Negassa, 2001. Assessment of important physicochemical properties of Alfisols under different management systems in Bako area, Western Ethiopia. An MSc Thesis Presented to the School of Graduate Studies of Alemeya University Ethiopia. 93p. |
| [13] | Tilley, J. M. A. and R. A. Terry, 1963. A two-stage technique for in Vitro digestion of forage crops. Journal of the British Grassland Society, 18: 104. |
| [14] | McDonald, P., Edwards. R. A, Greenhalgh. J. D and Morgan C. A, 2002. Animal Nutrition 6th edition. Longman. United Kingdom. 607p. |
| [15] | McDonald, 1981. Model based on Journal Agricultural Science Camb, 96: 251-252. |
| [16] | AOAC (Association of Analytical Chemist), 1990. Official methods of Analysis. 15th edition. AOAC Inc, Arlington, Virginia, USA. |
| [17] | Van Soest, P. J. and J. B. Robertson, 1985. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in Relation to animal Nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74: 3583-3597. |
| [18] | AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists), 1995. Official Methods of Analysis. pp. 5-13. (16th edition), Washington DC, USA. |
| [19] | SAS (Statistical Analysis System), 2002. SAS Institute Inc, NC, USA. |
| [20] | Van Soest, P. J, 1994. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant, Comstock Publishing Associates. A division of Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London. |
| [21] | Ørskov, E. R., F. D. De B Hovell and F. Mould, 1980. The use of nylon-bag technique for the evaluation of feedstuffs. Tropical Animal Production, 5: 195-213. |
| [22] | Seyoum Bediye, 1995. Evaluation of nutritive values of herbaceous, legumes, browse species and oil seed cake using chemical analysis, in vitro digestibility and nylon bag techniques. An MSc Thesis Presented to the School of Graduate Studies of Alemaya University of Agriculture. 209p. |
| [23] | McDonald, 1981. Model based on Journal Agricultural Science Camb, 96: 251-252. |
| [24] | Van Soest, P. J., 1967. Nutritional ecology of the Ruminant. Cornell University. O and B Books, Inc. USA, 1982. |
| [25] | Arelovich, HM, Abney CS, Vizcarra JA, Galyean PAS M, 2008. Effects of Dietary Neutral Detergent Fiber on Intakes of Dry Matter and Net Energy by Dairy and Beef Cattle: Analysis of Published Data. The Professional Animal Scientis, 24: 375–383. |
| [26] | Steinshamn. H, 2010. Effect of forage legumes on feed intake, milk production and milk quality a review. Animal Science Papers and Reports. 28 (3): 195-206. |
| [27] | Olorunnisomo, O. A., & Ibhaze, G. A., 2013. Original Research Article Milk Yield and Feed Conversion of Sokoto Gudali Cows Fed Napier Grass Ensiled with Cassava Peel. Agricultura tropica et subtropica, 46 (4): 123-128. |
| [28] | Gwayumba W., Christensen D. A., and Mc Kinnon J. J., Yu P., 2002. Dry matter intake, digestibility and milk yield by Friesian cows fed two Napier grass varieties. Asian- Australian Journal of Animal Science, 15 (4): 516-521. |
| [29] | Rai, S. N., B. N. Gupta, and T. K. Walli, 1989. Influence of ammoniated (urea) wheat straw with different levels of supplementation on intake, digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen balance in growing buffaloes calves. World Buffalo Congress, ICAR, New Delhi, India. 205p. |
| [30] | Purushothaman, S., Kumar, A., and Tiwari, D. P., 2008. Effect of feeding calcium salts of palm oil fatty acids on performance of lactating crossbred cows. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 21 (3). 376. |
| [31] | Dey, A., and De, P. S., 2014. Influence of Condensed Tannins from Ficus bengalensis Leaves on Feed Utilization, Milk Production and Antioxidant Status of Crossbred Cows. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27 (3): 342-348. |
| [32] | Gatenby, R. M., 2002. Sheep, The tropical agriculturalist, Macmillan, Oxford, UK. 144p. |
| [33] | Kempton T J, Nolan J V and Leng R A, 1979 Protein nutrition of growing lambs. Effect on nitrogen digestion of supplementing a low- protein-cellulosic- diet with either, urea, casein or formaldehyde-treated casein. British Journal of Nutrition. 42: 303. |
| [34] | Tesfaye Hagos, 2007. Supplementation of Afar Rams with Graded Levels of Mixtures of Protein and Energy Sources: Effects on Feed Intake, Digestibility, Live Weight and Carcass Parameters. An MSc Thesis Presented to School of Graduate Studies Haramaya University Ethiopia. 24p. |
| [35] | Mulu Moges, 2005. Effect of feeding different levels of breweries dried grain on live weight gain and carcass characteristics of Wogera sheep fed on hay basal diet. |
| [36] | Wambui, C. C., S. A. Abdulrazak and Q. Noordin, 2006. The effect of supplementing urea treated maize stover with tithonia, calliandra and sesbania to growing goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 18 (5): 64. |
| [37] | Ranjhan S. K, 1997. Animal Nutrition in the Tropics. 4th ed. Vikas publishing house Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India. |
| [38] | Van Soest, P. J. Nutritional ecology of the Ruminant. Cornell University. O and B Books, Inc. USA, 1982. |
| [39] | Grovum, W. L. and William, J. V., 1977. Rate of passage of digesta in sheep. The effect of food intake on mathematical prediction of the kinetics of digesta in the reticulo-rumen and intestines. British Journal of Nutrition, 38: 425-436. |
| [40] | Osuji, P. O., and A. A. Odenyo, 1997. The role of legume forages as supplements to low quality roughages. ILRI experience. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 69: 27-38. |
| [41] | Mpairwe, D. R., E. N. Sabitii, and J. S. Mugerwa, 1998. Effect of dried Gliricidia sepium leaf supplement on feed intake, digestibility and nitrogen retention in sheep fed dried KW4 Napier grass (Penniseteum purpureum) adlib. Agroforestry System, 41: 139-150. |
| [42] | Agricultural Research Council (ARC), 1990. The nutrient requirement of ruminant livestock. Common Wealth Agricultural Bureaux. Slough, England. UK. |
| [43] | Arigbede, O. M., J. E. N. Olatunji, O. A. Isah, T. O. Bawala and K. A. Oseni, 2006. Performance of West Africa dwarf goats fed Panicum maximum basal diet with different protein supplements. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 5 (10): 795-799. |
| [44] | Lonsdale C, 1989. Raw materials for animal feed compounders and farmers. Chalcombe Publications Great Britain, 17-47p. |
| [45] | Preston, T. R. and A. R. Leng, 1986. Supplementation of diets based on fibrous residues and byproducts. pp. 373-413. In: F. Sundstøl and E. Owens (eds.), straw and Other Fibrous By products as Feeds. Development in animal and veterinary sciences (The Netherlands), No. 14. Elsevier science publisher BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. |
| [46] | Singh, G. P. and S. J. Oosting, 1992. A model describing the energy value of straw. Indian Dairyman XLIV: 322-327. |
| [47] | Pathak, N. N., 2005. Comparison of feed intake, digestibility of nutrients and performance of cattle (B. indicus and B. indicus XB. Taurus crosses) and buffaloes (Swamp and India). In: A. A., Ayantunde, S. Fernandez-Rivera and G Mc Crabb (eds.), Coping with Feed Scarcity in Smallholder Livestock Systems in Developing Countries. Animal Science group, Waginigen, UR, The Nezerlands, University of Reading, UK, ETH. Zurick Swizerland and ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya. 306p. |
| [48] | Varvikko, T. and H. Khalilli, 1993. Wilted tagasaste (Chemae cytisus palmensis) forage as a replacement for a concentrate supplement for lactating crossbred Fresian X Zebu (Boran) dairy cows fed low quality native hay. Anim. Feed Sci. and Technol., 40: 239-250. |
| [49] | Getu Kitaw, 2006. Replacement of formulated Concentrate mix with Vetch (Vicia dasycarpa) hay to Lactating crossbred dairy cows fed on urea treated wheat straw. An MSc Thesis Presented to the School of Graduate Studies of Alemaya University. 44p. |
| [50] | Tesfaye Feyisa, 2011. Effect of Supplementation with Different Proportion of Breweries Dried Grain and Maize Bran Mixtures on Feed Intake and Digestibility, In Crossbred Dairy Cows Fed Natural Grass Hay Basal Diet. An Msc Thesis Presented to School of Graduate Studies Haramaya University Ethiopia. 26p. |
| [51] | Lapenga, K. O., C. Ebong and J. Opuda-Asibo, 2009. Effect of feed supplementation on weight gain and carcass characteristics of intact male Mubende goats fed Napier grass (Pennistum purpureum) ad libitum in Uganda. Journal of animal and veterinary advances, 8 (10): 2004-2008. |
| [52] | Adugna Tolera and F. Sundstøl, 2000. Supplementation of graded levels of Desmodium intortum hay to sheep feeding on maize stover harvested at three stage of maturity. Feed intake, digestibility and body weight change. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 85: 239-257. |
| [53] | Ash, A. J. and Norton, B. W, 1987. Productivity of Australian cashmere goats grazing Pangola grass pastures and supplemented with untreated and formaldehyde treated protein meals. Australian Journal of Exp. Agricutural, 27: 779-784. |
| [54] | Khalilli, H., T. Varvikko and S. Crosse, 1992. The effect of forage type and level of concentrate digestibility supplementation on food intake, diet digestibility and milk production of crossbred cows (Bos Taurus X Bosindicus). Anim. Prod. 54: 183-189. |
| [55] | Matiwos Solomon, Solomon Melaku, Adugna Tolera, 2008. Supplementation of cottonseed meal on feed intake, digestibility, and live weight and carcass parameters of Sidama goats. Livestock Production Science, 119: 137-144. |
| [56] | Ndlovu, L. R., 1992. Complementarities of forages in ruminant digestion. Theoretical considerations. pp. 17-24. In: J. E. S. Stares, A. N. Said and J. A. Kategile (eds.), the complementarities of feed resources for animal production in Africa. Proc. of the joint feed research net workshop held in Gaborone, Botswana, 4-8 December 1991. AFRNET, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. |
| [57] | Adu, I. F., Fajemisin B. A. and Adamu A. M., 1992. The utilization of sorghum stover fed to sheep as influenced by urea or graded levels of lablab supplementation. pp. 367-374. In: B. Rey, S. H. Lebbie and L. Reynolds (eds.), Small Ruminant Research and Development in Africa. Proc. of the First Biannual Conference of the African Small Ruminant Research Network held in Nairobi, Kenya, 10-14 December 1990. ILCA (International Livestock Center for Africa). Nairobi, Kenya. |
| [58] | Milis, C., and D. Liamadis, 2007. Effect of protein levels, main protein non forage fiber source on digestibility, N-balance and energy value of sheep rations. Journal of animal Veterinary Advance, 6 (1): 68-75. |
| [59] | Chantiratikul, A., Piyanete, C. and Chumpawadee, S., 2009. Effect of dietary Phosphorous on nutrient and Phosphorous digestibility in Thai-Indigenous X Brahma crossbred cattle. Medwell, publishing. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8 (8): 1558-1562. |
| [60] | HirutYirga, 2008. Supplementation of concentrate mix to Hararghe Highland sheep fed a basal diet of urea treated maize stover: Effect on feed utilization, live weight change and carcass characteristics. An MSc Thesis Presented to the School of Graduate Studies of Haramaya University. 75p. |
| [61] | Adebabay Kebede, Firew Tegegne, Zeleke Mekuriaw and Azage Tegegne, 2009. pp. 123. On-Farm Evaluation of the Effect of Concentrate and Urea Treated Wheat Straw Supplementation on Milk Yield and Milk Composition of Local Cows. In: Zelalem Yilma and Aynalem Haile (Eds). Proceedings of the 17th Annual conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP) held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, September 24 to 26, 2009. ESAP, Addis Ababa. |
| [62] | Promma, S., I. Tasaki, B. Cheva-Isarakul, T. Indratula, 1994. Effect of feeding neutralized urea treated rice straw on milk production of crossbred Holstien cows. Asian-Astralian Journal Animal Science, 7: 493-498. |
| [63] | Nega Tolla, Pravee Vijchulata, Pornsri Chairatanayuth and Suwapong Sawsdiphanich, 2006. Milk yield and milk compositions of lactating cows fed hay and concentrate supplement with/without cottonseed cake and/or Bole (Lake Soil). Kasetsart Journal Nat. Science, 40: 657-667. |
| [64] | Khalilli, H., T. Varvikko and S. Crosse, 1992. The effect of forage type and level of concentrate digestibility supplementation on food intake, diet digestibility and milk production of crossbred cows (Bos Taurus X Bos indicus). Anim. Prod. 54: 183-189. |
| [65] | Rehrahie Mesifen and I. Ledin, 2004. Assessment of the treatment and the use of urea treated straw for cattle feeding in Selale, central Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Animal Production, 4 (1): 23-32. |
APA Style
Tesfaye Mediksa. (2017). Comparison of In Sacco Rumen Dry Matter Degradability and Feeds intake and Digestion of Crossbred Dairy Cows (Holestian Friesian X Horro) Supplemented with Concentrate Diet. American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 5(6), 121-130. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20170506.12
ACS Style
Tesfaye Mediksa. Comparison of In Sacco Rumen Dry Matter Degradability and Feeds intake and Digestion of Crossbred Dairy Cows (Holestian Friesian X Horro) Supplemented with Concentrate Diet. Am. J. BioSci. Bioeng. 2017, 5(6), 121-130. doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20170506.12
AMA Style
Tesfaye Mediksa. Comparison of In Sacco Rumen Dry Matter Degradability and Feeds intake and Digestion of Crossbred Dairy Cows (Holestian Friesian X Horro) Supplemented with Concentrate Diet. Am J BioSci Bioeng. 2017;5(6):121-130. doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20170506.12
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.bio.20170506.12,
author = {Tesfaye Mediksa},
title = {Comparison of In Sacco Rumen Dry Matter Degradability and Feeds intake and Digestion of Crossbred Dairy Cows (Holestian Friesian X Horro) Supplemented with Concentrate Diet},
journal = {American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering},
volume = {5},
number = {6},
pages = {121-130},
doi = {10.11648/j.bio.20170506.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20170506.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.bio.20170506.12},
abstract = {A study was conducted at Bako Agricultural Research Centre to evaluate the feeding value of Pennisetum purpureum Silage (PPS) as basal diet when offered sole or in mixture with Natural Grass Hay (NGH) on voluntary feed intake, digestibility, degradability, milk yield and composition of crossbred dairy cattle. Ten dairy cows (Horro X Friesian) with similar milk yield (6.2-8.5 kg d-1), initial body weight of 307.99±8.53 kg (mean ± SEM), early stage of lactation, but differing in parities were used in a switch over 5X5 double Latin square design. There were five periods each composed of 30 days, 15 days for adaptation and the remaining 15 days for data collection. Treatments were NGH and PPS at a ratio of 100:0 (T1), 75:25 (T2), 50:50 (T3), 25:75 (T4) and 0:100% (T5), respectively. The basal diets were fed ad libitum. All animals were fed concentrate mix (49.5% maize grain + 49.5% noug seed cake + 1% salt) at a level of 0.5 kg/l of milk and additional 100 gram mineral mixtures was added for each cows daily into feed trough. Results of chemical analysis and degradability studies of experimental feeds indicated that PPS (CP=13.85%, ME=10.22 (MJKg-1DM) had better nutritive value than NGH (CP=11.72% and ME=7.98 (MJKg-1 DM). Ruminal in Sacco degradation characteristics observed for PPS were good indicative of being better basal feed than NGH. The daily DM, CP, and ME intake were highly significant (P0.05). Daily milk yield was higher (P0.05) different among dietary treatments. Mean daily live weight loss was not significantly (P>0.05) different among treatments. Therefore, the result demonstrated that PPS had better feeding value as compared to the NGH for crossbred lactating dairy cows and can be conserved and used especially in the dry season when conventional roughages are in short supply and low in CP content.},
year = {2017}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Comparison of In Sacco Rumen Dry Matter Degradability and Feeds intake and Digestion of Crossbred Dairy Cows (Holestian Friesian X Horro) Supplemented with Concentrate Diet AU - Tesfaye Mediksa Y1 - 2017/12/07 PY - 2017 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20170506.12 DO - 10.11648/j.bio.20170506.12 T2 - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering JF - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering JO - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering SP - 121 EP - 130 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2328-5893 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20170506.12 AB - A study was conducted at Bako Agricultural Research Centre to evaluate the feeding value of Pennisetum purpureum Silage (PPS) as basal diet when offered sole or in mixture with Natural Grass Hay (NGH) on voluntary feed intake, digestibility, degradability, milk yield and composition of crossbred dairy cattle. Ten dairy cows (Horro X Friesian) with similar milk yield (6.2-8.5 kg d-1), initial body weight of 307.99±8.53 kg (mean ± SEM), early stage of lactation, but differing in parities were used in a switch over 5X5 double Latin square design. There were five periods each composed of 30 days, 15 days for adaptation and the remaining 15 days for data collection. Treatments were NGH and PPS at a ratio of 100:0 (T1), 75:25 (T2), 50:50 (T3), 25:75 (T4) and 0:100% (T5), respectively. The basal diets were fed ad libitum. All animals were fed concentrate mix (49.5% maize grain + 49.5% noug seed cake + 1% salt) at a level of 0.5 kg/l of milk and additional 100 gram mineral mixtures was added for each cows daily into feed trough. Results of chemical analysis and degradability studies of experimental feeds indicated that PPS (CP=13.85%, ME=10.22 (MJKg-1DM) had better nutritive value than NGH (CP=11.72% and ME=7.98 (MJKg-1 DM). Ruminal in Sacco degradation characteristics observed for PPS were good indicative of being better basal feed than NGH. The daily DM, CP, and ME intake were highly significant (P0.05). Daily milk yield was higher (P0.05) different among dietary treatments. Mean daily live weight loss was not significantly (P>0.05) different among treatments. Therefore, the result demonstrated that PPS had better feeding value as compared to the NGH for crossbred lactating dairy cows and can be conserved and used especially in the dry season when conventional roughages are in short supply and low in CP content. VL - 5 IS - 6 ER -
Information
Email: