Environmental Damage Caused by Wastewater Discharge into the Lake Manzala in Egypt

Ahmed Ismail; Hiroshan Hettiarachchi

doi:doi:10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14

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Environmental Damage Caused by Wastewater Discharge into the Lake Manzala in Egypt

Ahmed Ismail, Hiroshan Hettiarachchi

Published in American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering (Volume 5, Issue 6)

Received: 11 November 2017 Accepted: 22 November 2017 Published: 25 December 2017

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Abstract

Lake Manzala is a brackish lake in northeastern Egypt on the Nile Delta. It is the largest of the northern Delta lakes of Egypt. The Lake is exposed to high inputs of pollutants from industrial, domestic, and agricultural sources. Climate gases and large amounts of particulate matter, nutrients, bacteria, heavy metals, and toxic organics are transported to the Lake through the wastewater discharge. Water samples were collected and subjected to physicochemical analysis and microbiological study. Results have shown great changes in physical and chemical properties of water including: temperature (13.5°C in winter -32°C in summer), pH (7.8-9.2), dissolved oxygen (2.5-12.8 mgl^-1), total dissolved solids (1033-43406 mgl^-1), total suspended solids (120-387 mgl^-1), ammonia (2.5-32.3 mgl^-1), nitrite (0-0.076 mgl^-1), nitrate (0.01-7.88 mgl^-1), phosphate (0.26-2.37 mgl^-1), Fe (0.01-0.63 mgl^-1), Zn (0-0.35 mgl^-1), Cu (0.01-0.91 mgl^-1), Cn (0.002-0.029 mgl^-1) and Ni (0-0.002 mgl^-1). Results, also, showed a quit great density of total viable bacterial count and indicator organisms including total Coli forms, fecal coli forms, Aeromonas spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Vibrio spp. It is concluded that water in Lake Manzala is highly damaged and the phenomena need more attention in order to reduce the pollution load that reaches the Mediterranean Sea.

Published in	American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering (Volume 5, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14
Page(s)	141-150
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Lake Manzala, Wastewater, Water Quality, Heavy Metals, Bacterial Indicators

References

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APA Style

Ahmed Ismail, Hiroshan Hettiarachchi. (2017). Environmental Damage Caused by Wastewater Discharge into the Lake Manzala in Egypt. American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 5(6), 141-150. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14

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Ahmed Ismail; Hiroshan Hettiarachchi. Environmental Damage Caused by Wastewater Discharge into the Lake Manzala in Egypt. Am. J. BioSci. Bioeng. 2017, 5(6), 141-150. doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14

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AMA Style

Ahmed Ismail, Hiroshan Hettiarachchi. Environmental Damage Caused by Wastewater Discharge into the Lake Manzala in Egypt. Am J BioSci Bioeng. 2017;5(6):141-150. doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14

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@article{10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14,
  author = {Ahmed Ismail and Hiroshan Hettiarachchi},
  title = {Environmental Damage Caused by Wastewater Discharge into the Lake Manzala in Egypt},
  journal = {American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering},
  volume = {5},
  number = {6},
  pages = {141-150},
  doi = {10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.bio.20170506.14},
  abstract = {Lake Manzala is a brackish lake in northeastern Egypt on the Nile Delta. It is the largest of the northern Delta lakes of Egypt. The Lake is exposed to high inputs of pollutants from industrial, domestic, and agricultural sources. Climate gases and large amounts of particulate matter, nutrients, bacteria, heavy metals, and toxic organics are transported to the Lake through the wastewater discharge. Water samples were collected and subjected to physicochemical analysis and microbiological study. Results have shown great changes in physical and chemical properties of water including: temperature (13.5°C in winter -32°C in summer), pH (7.8-9.2), dissolved oxygen (2.5-12.8 mgl-1), total dissolved solids (1033-43406 mgl-1), total suspended solids (120-387 mgl-1), ammonia (2.5-32.3 mgl-1), nitrite (0-0.076 mgl-1), nitrate (0.01-7.88 mgl-1), phosphate (0.26-2.37 mgl-1), Fe (0.01-0.63 mgl-1), Zn (0-0.35 mgl-1), Cu (0.01-0.91 mgl-1), Cn (0.002-0.029 mgl-1) and Ni (0-0.002 mgl-1). Results, also, showed a quit great density of total viable bacterial count and indicator organisms including total Coli forms, fecal coli forms, Aeromonas spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Vibrio spp. It is concluded that water in Lake Manzala is highly damaged and the phenomena need more attention in order to reduce the pollution load that reaches the Mediterranean Sea.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Environmental Damage Caused by Wastewater Discharge into the Lake Manzala in Egypt
AU  - Ahmed Ismail
AU  - Hiroshan Hettiarachchi
Y1  - 2017/12/25
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14
T2  - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
JF  - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
JO  - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
SP  - 141
EP  - 150
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5893
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14
AB  - Lake Manzala is a brackish lake in northeastern Egypt on the Nile Delta. It is the largest of the northern Delta lakes of Egypt. The Lake is exposed to high inputs of pollutants from industrial, domestic, and agricultural sources. Climate gases and large amounts of particulate matter, nutrients, bacteria, heavy metals, and toxic organics are transported to the Lake through the wastewater discharge. Water samples were collected and subjected to physicochemical analysis and microbiological study. Results have shown great changes in physical and chemical properties of water including: temperature (13.5°C in winter -32°C in summer), pH (7.8-9.2), dissolved oxygen (2.5-12.8 mgl-1), total dissolved solids (1033-43406 mgl-1), total suspended solids (120-387 mgl-1), ammonia (2.5-32.3 mgl-1), nitrite (0-0.076 mgl-1), nitrate (0.01-7.88 mgl-1), phosphate (0.26-2.37 mgl-1), Fe (0.01-0.63 mgl-1), Zn (0-0.35 mgl-1), Cu (0.01-0.91 mgl-1), Cn (0.002-0.029 mgl-1) and Ni (0-0.002 mgl-1). Results, also, showed a quit great density of total viable bacterial count and indicator organisms including total Coli forms, fecal coli forms, Aeromonas spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Vibrio spp. It is concluded that water in Lake Manzala is highly damaged and the phenomena need more attention in order to reduce the pollution load that reaches the Mediterranean Sea.
VL  - 5
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Ahmed Ismail

Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Port Said, Port Said, Egypt
Hiroshan Hettiarachchi

Institute for Integrated Management of Material Fluxes and of Resources, United Nations University (UNU-FLORES), Dresden, Germany

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Ahmed Ismail, Hiroshan Hettiarachchi. (2017). Environmental Damage Caused by Wastewater Discharge into the Lake Manzala in Egypt. American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 5(6), 141-150. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14

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ACS Style

Ahmed Ismail; Hiroshan Hettiarachchi. Environmental Damage Caused by Wastewater Discharge into the Lake Manzala in Egypt. Am. J. BioSci. Bioeng. 2017, 5(6), 141-150. doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14

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AMA Style

Ahmed Ismail, Hiroshan Hettiarachchi. Environmental Damage Caused by Wastewater Discharge into the Lake Manzala in Egypt. Am J BioSci Bioeng. 2017;5(6):141-150. doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14

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@article{10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14,
  author = {Ahmed Ismail and Hiroshan Hettiarachchi},
  title = {Environmental Damage Caused by Wastewater Discharge into the Lake Manzala in Egypt},
  journal = {American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering},
  volume = {5},
  number = {6},
  pages = {141-150},
  doi = {10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.bio.20170506.14},
  abstract = {Lake Manzala is a brackish lake in northeastern Egypt on the Nile Delta. It is the largest of the northern Delta lakes of Egypt. The Lake is exposed to high inputs of pollutants from industrial, domestic, and agricultural sources. Climate gases and large amounts of particulate matter, nutrients, bacteria, heavy metals, and toxic organics are transported to the Lake through the wastewater discharge. Water samples were collected and subjected to physicochemical analysis and microbiological study. Results have shown great changes in physical and chemical properties of water including: temperature (13.5°C in winter -32°C in summer), pH (7.8-9.2), dissolved oxygen (2.5-12.8 mgl-1), total dissolved solids (1033-43406 mgl-1), total suspended solids (120-387 mgl-1), ammonia (2.5-32.3 mgl-1), nitrite (0-0.076 mgl-1), nitrate (0.01-7.88 mgl-1), phosphate (0.26-2.37 mgl-1), Fe (0.01-0.63 mgl-1), Zn (0-0.35 mgl-1), Cu (0.01-0.91 mgl-1), Cn (0.002-0.029 mgl-1) and Ni (0-0.002 mgl-1). Results, also, showed a quit great density of total viable bacterial count and indicator organisms including total Coli forms, fecal coli forms, Aeromonas spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Vibrio spp. It is concluded that water in Lake Manzala is highly damaged and the phenomena need more attention in order to reduce the pollution load that reaches the Mediterranean Sea.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Environmental Damage Caused by Wastewater Discharge into the Lake Manzala in Egypt
AU  - Ahmed Ismail
AU  - Hiroshan Hettiarachchi
Y1  - 2017/12/25
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14
T2  - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
JF  - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
JO  - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
SP  - 141
EP  - 150
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5893
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20170506.14
AB  - Lake Manzala is a brackish lake in northeastern Egypt on the Nile Delta. It is the largest of the northern Delta lakes of Egypt. The Lake is exposed to high inputs of pollutants from industrial, domestic, and agricultural sources. Climate gases and large amounts of particulate matter, nutrients, bacteria, heavy metals, and toxic organics are transported to the Lake through the wastewater discharge. Water samples were collected and subjected to physicochemical analysis and microbiological study. Results have shown great changes in physical and chemical properties of water including: temperature (13.5°C in winter -32°C in summer), pH (7.8-9.2), dissolved oxygen (2.5-12.8 mgl-1), total dissolved solids (1033-43406 mgl-1), total suspended solids (120-387 mgl-1), ammonia (2.5-32.3 mgl-1), nitrite (0-0.076 mgl-1), nitrate (0.01-7.88 mgl-1), phosphate (0.26-2.37 mgl-1), Fe (0.01-0.63 mgl-1), Zn (0-0.35 mgl-1), Cu (0.01-0.91 mgl-1), Cn (0.002-0.029 mgl-1) and Ni (0-0.002 mgl-1). Results, also, showed a quit great density of total viable bacterial count and indicator organisms including total Coli forms, fecal coli forms, Aeromonas spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Vibrio spp. It is concluded that water in Lake Manzala is highly damaged and the phenomena need more attention in order to reduce the pollution load that reaches the Mediterranean Sea.
VL  - 5
IS  - 6
ER  -

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