To identify chemical composition of lick soil and function of soil ingested by common warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus), the study was conducted in Gassi Controlled Area (GCHA); southwestern and in Haro Aba Diko Controlled Hunting Area (HADCHA) northeastern Dabena Valley Forest from May 2016 to June 2018. Top soil samples licked by common warthog were taken from 2.5 cm diameter, 20 cm deep soil cores, from five evenly spaced locations around the periphery of the central 60x60 m grid in each feeding plot. Soil samples were dried under shade for one week and then kept at 28°C until analyzed. Samples were homogenized and sieved through 2 mm mesh. The mean proportion of organic carbon in Menjiko (t= 5.21, df=1, P<0.01) and in Gimbicho (t= –4.08, df=1, P
Published in | American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering (Volume 9, Issue 1) |
DOI | 10.11648/j.bio.20210901.13 |
Page(s) | 13-20 |
Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Chemical Composition Common Warthog, Functions, Ingested, Lick Soils
[1] | Alemayehu Edossa, Afework Bekele, Habte Jebessa Debella 2020. Social Organization and Activity Patterns of Common Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus Gmelin, 1788) in Dabena Valley Forest, Western Ethiopia. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 5: 173-181. doi: 10.11648/j.eeb.20200504.18. |
[2] | Ali, Y. S. A. 2014. The impact of soil erosion in the upper Blue Nile on downstream reservoir sedimentation. Ph D thesis submitted to Delft University of Technology and the academic board of the UNESCO–the Institute for water education. Pp. 1–190. |
[3] | Augustine, D. J., Mcnaughton, S. J. and Frank, D. A. 2003. Feedbacks between soil nutrients and large herbivores in a managed savanna ecosystem. Ecol. Appl. 13: 1325–1337. |
[4] | Awulachew Bekele Seleshi, Aster Denekew Yilma, Mekonnen Loulseged, Loiskandl, W., Mekonnen Ayana and Tena Alamirew 2007. Water resources and irrigation development in Ethiopia. I. Wat. Manag. Inst. 123: 1–78. |
[5] | Ayotte, J. B. 2004. Ecological importance of licks to four ungulate species in North–central British Columbia. Mc. S. thesis submitted to the University of Northern British Columbia. 1–134. |
[6] | Ayotte, J. B., Parker, K. L., Arocena, J. M. and Gillingham, M. P. 2006. Chemical composition of lick soils: functions of soil ingestion by four ungulate species. J. Mamm. 87: 878–888. |
[7] | Ayotte, J. B., Parker, K. L., and Gillinghad, M. P. 2008. Use of natural licks by four species of ungulates in Northern British Columbia. J. Mammal. 89: 1041–1050. |
[8] | Azhar, B., Zakaria, M., Yusof, E. and Leong, P. C. 2008. Efficiency of fixed width transects and line transects based distance sampling to survey Red Jungle fowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) in Peninsular Malaysia. J. Sust. Devel. 2: 63–73. |
[9] | Beck, J. L. and Peek, J. M. 2005. Great basin summer range forage quality: do plant nutrients meet elk requirements? W. N. Amer. Natur. 65: 516–527. |
[10] | Bekhuis, P. D. B. M., De Jong, C. B. and Prins, H. H. T. 2008. Diet selection and density estimates of forest buffalo in Campo–Ma’an National Park, Cameroon. Afr. J. Ecol. 46: 668–675. |
[11] | Betrie, G. D., Mohaded, Y. A., van Griensven, A. and Srinivasan, R. 2011. Sediment management modelling in the Blue Nile Basin using SWAT model. Hydrol. Eart. Syst. Sci. 15: 807–818. |
[12] | Chew, M. Y., Hymeir, K., Nosrat, R. and Shahfiz, M. A. 2014. Relation between grasses and large herbivores at the Ulu Muda salt licks, Peninsular Malaysia. J. Trop. For. Sci. 26: 554–559. |
[13] | Fitsum Merid 2002. National Nile Basin water quality monitoring baseline report for Ethiopia: Nile Basin initiative trans boundary environmental action project. Pp. 1–82. |
[14] | Gilmore, M. P., Griffiths, B. M. and Bowler, M. 2020. The socio-cultural significance of mineral licks to the Maijuna of the Peruvian Amazon: implications for the sustainable management of hunting. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 16: 59 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-020-00412-1 |
[15] | Goheen, J. R., Palmer, T. M., Charles, G. K., Helgen, K. M. and Kinyua, S. N. 2013. Piecewise disassembly of a large–herbivore community across a rainfall. Plos one8: 1–16. |
[16] | Hon, J. and Shibata, S. 2013. Temporal partitioning by animals visiting salt licks. I. J. Envir. Sci. Devel. 4: 44–48. |
[17] | Jokinen, M. E., Verhage, M., Anderson, R. and Manzer, D. 2016. Frequency and timing ofuse of mineral licks by forest ungulates in southwest Alberta. Alb. Conser. Assoc. 101: 1–46. |
[18] | King, A., Behie, A. M., Hon, N. and Rawson, B. M. 2016. Patterns of salt lick use by mammals and birds in northeastern Cambodia. Camb. J. Nat. His. 1: 40–50. |
[19] | Klaus, G., Klaus–Hugi, C. and Schmid, B. 1998. Geophagy by large mammals at natural licks in the rain forest of the Dzanga National Park, Central African Republic. J. Trop. Ecol. 14: 829–839. |
[20] | Lameed, A. J. and Adetola, J. O. 2012. Species–diversity utilization of salt lick sites at Borgu Sector of Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria. Biodiver. Enrich. Diver. Wor. 2: 36–62. |
[21] | Matsubayashi, H., Lagan, P., Majalap, N., Tangah, J., Rafiah, J., Sukor, A. and Kitayama, k. 2006. Importance of natural licks for the mammals in Bornean inland tropical rain forests. Ecol Res. 1–7. DOI 10.1007/s11284–006–0313–4. |
[22] | Montenegro, O. L. 2004. Natural licks as keystone resources for wildlife and people in Amazonia. PhD thesis submitted to University of Florida. Pp. 1–45. |
[23] | Nielsen, S. E., Johnson, C. J., Heard, D. C. and Boyce, M. S. 2005. Can models of presence/absence be used to scale abundance? Two case studies considering extremes in life history. Ecograph. 28: 197–208. |
[24] | Oliver, W. L. R. 1995. Taxonomy and conservation status of the suiformes: an overview. Ibex J. M. E. 3: 3–5. |
[25] | Panichev, A. M., Popov, V. K., Chekryzhov, I. Y., Seryodkin, I. V., Sergievich, A. A. and Golokhvast, K. S. 2017. Geological nature of mineral licks and the reasons forge geophagy among animals. Biogeosci. 14: 2767–2779. |
[26] | Ping, X., Li, C., Jianga, Z., Liuc, W. and Zhuc, H. 2011. Sexual difference in seasonal patterns of salt lick use by south China sika deer Cervus Nippon. Mamm. Biol. 76: 196–200. |
[27] | Poole, K. G., Bachmann, K. D. and Teske, I. E. 2010. Mineral lick use by GPS radio–collared mountain goats in Southeastern British Columbia. W. N. Amer. Nat. 70: 208–217. |
[28] | Ramachandran, K. K., Balagopalan, M. and Nair, V. 1995. Use pattern and chemical characterization of the natural salt licks in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary. KFRI 94: 1–18. |
[29] | Sach F, Dierenfeld E. S, Langley-Evans, S. C, Watts, M. J, and Yon, L. 2019. African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana) as an example of a herbivore making movement choices based on nutritional needs. Peer J, 1-27. 7:e6260 DOI 10.7717/peerj.6260 |
[30] | Ritchie, M. E., Tilman, D. and Knops, J. M. H. 1998. Herbivore effects on plant and nitrogen dynamics in oak savanna. Ecol. Soci. Amer. 79: 165–177. |
[31] | Thorp, P. 2012. The influence of active bomas on habitat choice of the common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus). Skar. 1: 1–13. |
[32] | Treydte, A. C., Bernasconi, S. M., Kreuzer, M. and Edwards, P. J. 2006. Diet of the common warthog (phacochoerus africanus) on former cattle grounds in a Tanzanian Savanna. J. Mamm. 87: 889–898. |
[33] | van der Waal, C. 2010. Nutrients in an African Savanna: The consequences of supply heterogeneity for plants and animals. A thesis submitted in the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University. Pp. 1–168. |
[34] | Wanyama, F., Muhabwe, R., Plumptre, A. J. and Chapman C. A. 2009. Censusing large mammals in Kibale National Park: evaluation of the intensity of sampling required to determine change. Afr. J. Ecol. 48: 953–961. |
APA Style
Alemayehu Edossa, Afework Bekele, Habte Jebessa Debella. (2021). Chemical Composition of Lick Soils and Functions of Soil Ingested by Common Warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) in Dabena Valley Forest, Western Ethiopia. American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 9(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20210901.13
ACS Style
Alemayehu Edossa; Afework Bekele; Habte Jebessa Debella. Chemical Composition of Lick Soils and Functions of Soil Ingested by Common Warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) in Dabena Valley Forest, Western Ethiopia. Am. J. BioSci. Bioeng. 2021, 9(1), 13-20. doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20210901.13
AMA Style
Alemayehu Edossa, Afework Bekele, Habte Jebessa Debella. Chemical Composition of Lick Soils and Functions of Soil Ingested by Common Warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) in Dabena Valley Forest, Western Ethiopia. Am J BioSci Bioeng. 2021;9(1):13-20. doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20210901.13
@article{10.11648/j.bio.20210901.13, author = {Alemayehu Edossa and Afework Bekele and Habte Jebessa Debella}, title = {Chemical Composition of Lick Soils and Functions of Soil Ingested by Common Warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) in Dabena Valley Forest, Western Ethiopia}, journal = {American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {13-20}, doi = {10.11648/j.bio.20210901.13}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20210901.13}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.bio.20210901.13}, abstract = {To identify chemical composition of lick soil and function of soil ingested by common warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus), the study was conducted in Gassi Controlled Area (GCHA); southwestern and in Haro Aba Diko Controlled Hunting Area (HADCHA) northeastern Dabena Valley Forest from May 2016 to June 2018. Top soil samples licked by common warthog were taken from 2.5 cm diameter, 20 cm deep soil cores, from five evenly spaced locations around the periphery of the central 60x60 m grid in each feeding plot. Soil samples were dried under shade for one week and then kept at 28°C until analyzed. Samples were homogenized and sieved through 2 mm mesh. The mean proportion of organic carbon in Menjiko (t= 5.21, df=1, P 0.05). Mean potassium concentration in salt lick common warthog ranged from 0.11±0.014 meq/100g (Desa) to 0.246±0.01meq/100g (Robe) during the wet season in Dabena Valley Forest (DVF). Warthogs supplemented their forage intake by licking different mineral elements from the ground. Mineral lick also benefits the animals in regulating the state body equilibrium and defending pathogens invading the animal’s body.}, year = {2021} }
TY - JOUR T1 - Chemical Composition of Lick Soils and Functions of Soil Ingested by Common Warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus) in Dabena Valley Forest, Western Ethiopia AU - Alemayehu Edossa AU - Afework Bekele AU - Habte Jebessa Debella Y1 - 2021/03/22 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20210901.13 DO - 10.11648/j.bio.20210901.13 T2 - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering JF - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering JO - American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering SP - 13 EP - 20 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2328-5893 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bio.20210901.13 AB - To identify chemical composition of lick soil and function of soil ingested by common warthogs (Phacochoerus africanus), the study was conducted in Gassi Controlled Area (GCHA); southwestern and in Haro Aba Diko Controlled Hunting Area (HADCHA) northeastern Dabena Valley Forest from May 2016 to June 2018. Top soil samples licked by common warthog were taken from 2.5 cm diameter, 20 cm deep soil cores, from five evenly spaced locations around the periphery of the central 60x60 m grid in each feeding plot. Soil samples were dried under shade for one week and then kept at 28°C until analyzed. Samples were homogenized and sieved through 2 mm mesh. The mean proportion of organic carbon in Menjiko (t= 5.21, df=1, P 0.05). Mean potassium concentration in salt lick common warthog ranged from 0.11±0.014 meq/100g (Desa) to 0.246±0.01meq/100g (Robe) during the wet season in Dabena Valley Forest (DVF). Warthogs supplemented their forage intake by licking different mineral elements from the ground. Mineral lick also benefits the animals in regulating the state body equilibrium and defending pathogens invading the animal’s body. VL - 9 IS - 1 ER -