A Comprehensive Review on Epidemiology, Prevention and Control of FMD Virus in Pakistan

Muhammad Umer; Khush Hal; Wasim Abbas; Sajid Abbas; Adnan Yousaf; Mathan; Rabia Khalil; Adeela Sharif

doi:doi:10.11648/j.bs.20220803.13

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A Comprehensive Review on Epidemiology, Prevention and Control of FMD Virus in Pakistan

Muhammad Umer, Khush Hal, Wasim Abbas, Sajid Abbas, Adnan Yousaf, Mathan, Rabia Khalil, Adeela Sharif

Published in Biomedical Sciences (Volume 8, Issue 3)

Received: 29 May 2022 Accepted: 27 June 2022 Published: 29 August 2022

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Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severely debilitating viral infection that affects cloven-hoofed animals and is seen as a major danger to the global cattle economy. The OIE has designated 70 nations as FMD-free zones, regardless of immunization status, whereas Pakistan and about 100 other countries are still classified endemic or sporadic zones. The infection is most common in cattle and pigs, although it also affects goats, lambs, buffaloes in Pakistan. External factors, such as common disinfectants and standard meat preservation methods, have no effect on the virus. After an acute infection, the virus is shed in all body secretions and excretions (including exhaled air), such as saliva, nasal and lachrymal fluid, milk, urine, faeces, and sperm. In the absence of infection, preventive measures such as national border control should be established to prevent major movement of animals and livestock products from non-free neighbors or trading partners. FMD is currently widespread and widespread throughout Pakistan, while the disease's prevalence varies significantly throughout the country's various farming systems and agro-ecological zones. Five of the seven FMDV serotypes have endemic distributions in the nation, with Serotypes O, A, C, SAT1 and SAT2 being responsible for FMD outbreaks from 1974 to 2007. The most common serotype is O, which accounts for 72% of all outbreaks studied in the nation. Control through eradication, strengthened veterinary services, and control and prevention of other infections are all part of the global elimination of FMD. The virus-related obstacles, economic considerations of FMD enzootic considerations, and social and political issues are the key challenges addressed during FMD eradication. Eradication; FMD; Pakistan are some of the terms that come to mind while thinking about eradication.

Published in	Biomedical Sciences (Volume 8, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.bs.20220803.13
Page(s)	86-96
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Eradication, FMD, Pakistan

References

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Muhammad Umer, Khush Hal, Wasim Abbas, Sajid Abbas, Adnan Yousaf, et al. (2022). A Comprehensive Review on Epidemiology, Prevention and Control of FMD Virus in Pakistan. Biomedical Sciences, 8(3), 86-96. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bs.20220803.13

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Muhammad Umer; Khush Hal; Wasim Abbas; Sajid Abbas; Adnan Yousaf, et al. A Comprehensive Review on Epidemiology, Prevention and Control of FMD Virus in Pakistan. Biomed. Sci. 2022, 8(3), 86-96. doi: 10.11648/j.bs.20220803.13

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Muhammad Umer, Khush Hal, Wasim Abbas, Sajid Abbas, Adnan Yousaf, et al. A Comprehensive Review on Epidemiology, Prevention and Control of FMD Virus in Pakistan. Biomed Sci. 2022;8(3):86-96. doi: 10.11648/j.bs.20220803.13

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@article{10.11648/j.bs.20220803.13,
  author = {Muhammad Umer and Khush Hal and Wasim Abbas and Sajid Abbas and Adnan Yousaf and Mathan and Rabia Khalil and Adeela Sharif},
  title = {A Comprehensive Review on Epidemiology, Prevention and Control of FMD Virus in Pakistan},
  journal = {Biomedical Sciences},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {86-96},
  doi = {10.11648/j.bs.20220803.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bs.20220803.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.bs.20220803.13},
  abstract = {Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severely debilitating viral infection that affects cloven-hoofed animals and is seen as a major danger to the global cattle economy. The OIE has designated 70 nations as FMD-free zones, regardless of immunization status, whereas Pakistan and about 100 other countries are still classified endemic or sporadic zones. The infection is most common in cattle and pigs, although it also affects goats, lambs, buffaloes in Pakistan. External factors, such as common disinfectants and standard meat preservation methods, have no effect on the virus. After an acute infection, the virus is shed in all body secretions and excretions (including exhaled air), such as saliva, nasal and lachrymal fluid, milk, urine, faeces, and sperm. In the absence of infection, preventive measures such as national border control should be established to prevent major movement of animals and livestock products from non-free neighbors or trading partners. FMD is currently widespread and widespread throughout Pakistan, while the disease's prevalence varies significantly throughout the country's various farming systems and agro-ecological zones. Five of the seven FMDV serotypes have endemic distributions in the nation, with Serotypes O, A, C, SAT1 and SAT2 being responsible for FMD outbreaks from 1974 to 2007. The most common serotype is O, which accounts for 72% of all outbreaks studied in the nation. Control through eradication, strengthened veterinary services, and control and prevention of other infections are all part of the global elimination of FMD. The virus-related obstacles, economic considerations of FMD enzootic considerations, and social and political issues are the key challenges addressed during FMD eradication. Eradication; FMD; Pakistan are some of the terms that come to mind while thinking about eradication.},
 year = {2022}
}

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AB  - Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severely debilitating viral infection that affects cloven-hoofed animals and is seen as a major danger to the global cattle economy. The OIE has designated 70 nations as FMD-free zones, regardless of immunization status, whereas Pakistan and about 100 other countries are still classified endemic or sporadic zones. The infection is most common in cattle and pigs, although it also affects goats, lambs, buffaloes in Pakistan. External factors, such as common disinfectants and standard meat preservation methods, have no effect on the virus. After an acute infection, the virus is shed in all body secretions and excretions (including exhaled air), such as saliva, nasal and lachrymal fluid, milk, urine, faeces, and sperm. In the absence of infection, preventive measures such as national border control should be established to prevent major movement of animals and livestock products from non-free neighbors or trading partners. FMD is currently widespread and widespread throughout Pakistan, while the disease's prevalence varies significantly throughout the country's various farming systems and agro-ecological zones. Five of the seven FMDV serotypes have endemic distributions in the nation, with Serotypes O, A, C, SAT1 and SAT2 being responsible for FMD outbreaks from 1974 to 2007. The most common serotype is O, which accounts for 72% of all outbreaks studied in the nation. Control through eradication, strengthened veterinary services, and control and prevention of other infections are all part of the global elimination of FMD. The virus-related obstacles, economic considerations of FMD enzootic considerations, and social and political issues are the key challenges addressed during FMD eradication. Eradication; FMD; Pakistan are some of the terms that come to mind while thinking about eradication.
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Author Information

Muhammad Umer

Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Pakistan
Khush Hal

Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Pakistan
Wasim Abbas

Faculty of Animals Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
Sajid Abbas

Faculty of Animals Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
Adnan Yousaf

Faculty of Animals Husbandry & Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
Mathan

Collage of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
Rabia Khalil

SB Lab Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Adeela Sharif

SB Lab Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

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Muhammad Umer, Khush Hal, Wasim Abbas, Sajid Abbas, Adnan Yousaf, et al. (2022). A Comprehensive Review on Epidemiology, Prevention and Control of FMD Virus in Pakistan. Biomedical Sciences, 8(3), 86-96. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bs.20220803.13

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Muhammad Umer; Khush Hal; Wasim Abbas; Sajid Abbas; Adnan Yousaf, et al. A Comprehensive Review on Epidemiology, Prevention and Control of FMD Virus in Pakistan. Biomed. Sci. 2022, 8(3), 86-96. doi: 10.11648/j.bs.20220803.13

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Muhammad Umer, Khush Hal, Wasim Abbas, Sajid Abbas, Adnan Yousaf, et al. A Comprehensive Review on Epidemiology, Prevention and Control of FMD Virus in Pakistan. Biomed Sci. 2022;8(3):86-96. doi: 10.11648/j.bs.20220803.13

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@article{10.11648/j.bs.20220803.13,
  author = {Muhammad Umer and Khush Hal and Wasim Abbas and Sajid Abbas and Adnan Yousaf and Mathan and Rabia Khalil and Adeela Sharif},
  title = {A Comprehensive Review on Epidemiology, Prevention and Control of FMD Virus in Pakistan},
  journal = {Biomedical Sciences},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {86-96},
  doi = {10.11648/j.bs.20220803.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bs.20220803.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.bs.20220803.13},
  abstract = {Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severely debilitating viral infection that affects cloven-hoofed animals and is seen as a major danger to the global cattle economy. The OIE has designated 70 nations as FMD-free zones, regardless of immunization status, whereas Pakistan and about 100 other countries are still classified endemic or sporadic zones. The infection is most common in cattle and pigs, although it also affects goats, lambs, buffaloes in Pakistan. External factors, such as common disinfectants and standard meat preservation methods, have no effect on the virus. After an acute infection, the virus is shed in all body secretions and excretions (including exhaled air), such as saliva, nasal and lachrymal fluid, milk, urine, faeces, and sperm. In the absence of infection, preventive measures such as national border control should be established to prevent major movement of animals and livestock products from non-free neighbors or trading partners. FMD is currently widespread and widespread throughout Pakistan, while the disease's prevalence varies significantly throughout the country's various farming systems and agro-ecological zones. Five of the seven FMDV serotypes have endemic distributions in the nation, with Serotypes O, A, C, SAT1 and SAT2 being responsible for FMD outbreaks from 1974 to 2007. The most common serotype is O, which accounts for 72% of all outbreaks studied in the nation. Control through eradication, strengthened veterinary services, and control and prevention of other infections are all part of the global elimination of FMD. The virus-related obstacles, economic considerations of FMD enzootic considerations, and social and political issues are the key challenges addressed during FMD eradication. Eradication; FMD; Pakistan are some of the terms that come to mind while thinking about eradication.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - A Comprehensive Review on Epidemiology, Prevention and Control of FMD Virus in Pakistan
AU  - Muhammad Umer
AU  - Khush Hal
AU  - Wasim Abbas
AU  - Sajid Abbas
AU  - Adnan Yousaf
AU  - Mathan
AU  - Rabia Khalil
AU  - Adeela Sharif
Y1  - 2022/08/29
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bs.20220803.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.bs.20220803.13
T2  - Biomedical Sciences
JF  - Biomedical Sciences
JO  - Biomedical Sciences
SP  - 86
EP  - 96
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-3932
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bs.20220803.13
AB  - Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severely debilitating viral infection that affects cloven-hoofed animals and is seen as a major danger to the global cattle economy. The OIE has designated 70 nations as FMD-free zones, regardless of immunization status, whereas Pakistan and about 100 other countries are still classified endemic or sporadic zones. The infection is most common in cattle and pigs, although it also affects goats, lambs, buffaloes in Pakistan. External factors, such as common disinfectants and standard meat preservation methods, have no effect on the virus. After an acute infection, the virus is shed in all body secretions and excretions (including exhaled air), such as saliva, nasal and lachrymal fluid, milk, urine, faeces, and sperm. In the absence of infection, preventive measures such as national border control should be established to prevent major movement of animals and livestock products from non-free neighbors or trading partners. FMD is currently widespread and widespread throughout Pakistan, while the disease's prevalence varies significantly throughout the country's various farming systems and agro-ecological zones. Five of the seven FMDV serotypes have endemic distributions in the nation, with Serotypes O, A, C, SAT1 and SAT2 being responsible for FMD outbreaks from 1974 to 2007. The most common serotype is O, which accounts for 72% of all outbreaks studied in the nation. Control through eradication, strengthened veterinary services, and control and prevention of other infections are all part of the global elimination of FMD. The virus-related obstacles, economic considerations of FMD enzootic considerations, and social and political issues are the key challenges addressed during FMD eradication. Eradication; FMD; Pakistan are some of the terms that come to mind while thinking about eradication.
VL  - 8
IS  - 3
ER  -

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