An Anomaly in Vertebrates’ Evolution as Limit of Human Evolution

Carmelo Anile

doi:doi:10.11648/j.eeb.20210604.11

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An Anomaly in Vertebrates’ Evolution as Limit of Human Evolution

Carmelo Anile

Published in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (Volume 6, Issue 4)

Received: 23 July 2021 Accepted: 9 August 2021 Published: 12 October 2021

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Abstract

During several years we have studied the so-called “intracranial system”, that is the system constituted by a container, rigid and not expandable (skull and dura mater), and by non-compressible contents, represented by the brain parenchyma, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood. We studied this system in different animal models, in vitro in a physical model, and in patients. While the circulatory system is different in the various types of vertebrates, less complex in fishes and more complex in birds and in mammalians, the intracranial system is always the same, constituted by the same things, skull, dura mater, subarachnoid spaces, ventricles, parenchyma, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid. All these things follow the same rule, that is the Monro-Kellie doctrine. In other words, there is an exact balance between the blood flow inlet and the blood flow outlet for each cardiac cycle. This constitutes, for each instant considered, the constancy of the intracranial blood volume. This phenomenon is always the same in all the species examined: this fact forced us to ask what the real significance of this system in the evolutive field was. Why the circulatory system follows the laws of the evolution, from less to more complexity, and the intracranial system seems to escape from these same laws? The question has two answers: the first relates to the function of this system. Being to be enclosed in a rigid box permits to minimize the necessity of more space to compensate the spontaneous increase in blood volume due to the dilation of the arteries during the systolic period of the cardiac cycle. The second one is relative to the human birth: the birth of a human being is not possible without the protection furnished by a rigid skull.

Published in	Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (Volume 6, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.eeb.20210604.11
Page(s)	99-102
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Intracranial Pulsatility, Brain Tamponade, Trauma Birth

References

[1]	Stephenson A, Adams JW, Vaccarezza M. The vertebrate heart: an evolutionary perspective. J Anat. 2017, 217: 787-797.
[2]	Monro A. Observations on the structure and functions of the nervous system: Illustrated with tables / By Alexander Monro. Edinburgh: printed for, and sold by, William Creech and Joseph Johnson, London; 1783.
[3]	Starling EH. Principles of human physiology. 1912.
[4]	Anile C, Portnoy HD, Branch C. Intracranial compliance is time dependent. Neurosurgery. 1987 Mar; 20 (3): 389-95.
[5]	Anile C, Ficola A, Fravolini ML, La Cava M, Maira G, Mangiola A. ICP and CBF regulation: a new hypothesis to explain the “Windkessel Phenomenon”. Acta Neurochir. 2002 [Suppl] 81: 113-116.
[6]	Anile C, De Bonis P, Di Chirico A, Ficola A, Mangiola A, Petrella G. Cerebral blood flow autoregulation during intracranial hypertension: a simple, pure hydraulic mechanism? Childs Nerv Syst. 2009 Mar; 25 (3): 325-35.
[7]	Anile C, De Bonis P, Ficola A, Santini P, Mangiola A. An experimental study on artificially induced CSF pulse waveform morphological modifications. Neurol Res. 2011 Dec; 33 (10): 1072-82.
[8]	Anile C, De Bonis P, Fernandez E, Ficola A, Petrella G, Santini P, Mangiola A. Blood flow velocities during experimental intracranial hypertension in pigs. Neurol Res. 2012 Nov; 34 (9): 859-63.
[9]	Ficola A, Fravolini ML, Anile C, Santini P. A physical model of the intracranial system for the study of the mechanisms of the cerebral blood flow autoregulation. IEEE Access 2018, Volume 6, pp. 67166 – 75.
[10]	Beiner JM, Olgivy CS, DuBois AB. Cerebral Blood Flow Changes in Response to Elevated Intracranial Pressure in Rabbits and Bluefish: A Comparative Study. Comp Biochem Physiol Vol. 116A, No. 3, pp. 245-252, 1997.
[11]	Brocklehurst G. The significance of the evolution of the cerebrospinal fluid system. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (1979), vol. 61, pp. 349-356.
[12]	Jones HC. Comparative aspects of the cerebrospinal fluid systems in vertebrates. Sci. Progr., Oxf. (1979) 66, 171-190.
[13]	Svenningsen L, Lindemann R, Eidal K. Measurement of fetal head compression pressure during bearing down and their relationship to the condition of newborn. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 67: 129-133, 1988.

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Carmelo Anile. (2021). An Anomaly in Vertebrates’ Evolution as Limit of Human Evolution. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 6(4), 99-102. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eeb.20210604.11

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Carmelo Anile. An Anomaly in Vertebrates’ Evolution as Limit of Human Evolution. Ecol. Evol. Biol. 2021, 6(4), 99-102. doi: 10.11648/j.eeb.20210604.11

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Carmelo Anile. An Anomaly in Vertebrates’ Evolution as Limit of Human Evolution. Ecol Evol Biol. 2021;6(4):99-102. doi: 10.11648/j.eeb.20210604.11

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@article{10.11648/j.eeb.20210604.11,
  author = {Carmelo Anile},
  title = {An Anomaly in Vertebrates’ Evolution as Limit of Human Evolution},
  journal = {Ecology and Evolutionary Biology},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {99-102},
  doi = {10.11648/j.eeb.20210604.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eeb.20210604.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.eeb.20210604.11},
  abstract = {During several years we have studied the so-called “intracranial system”, that is the system constituted by a container, rigid and not expandable (skull and dura mater), and by non-compressible contents, represented by the brain parenchyma, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood. We studied this system in different animal models, in vitro in a physical model, and in patients. While the circulatory system is different in the various types of vertebrates, less complex in fishes and more complex in birds and in mammalians, the intracranial system is always the same, constituted by the same things, skull, dura mater, subarachnoid spaces, ventricles, parenchyma, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid. All these things follow the same rule, that is the Monro-Kellie doctrine. In other words, there is an exact balance between the blood flow inlet and the blood flow outlet for each cardiac cycle. This constitutes, for each instant considered, the constancy of the intracranial blood volume. This phenomenon is always the same in all the species examined: this fact forced us to ask what the real significance of this system in the evolutive field was. Why the circulatory system follows the laws of the evolution, from less to more complexity, and the intracranial system seems to escape from these same laws? The question has two answers: the first relates to the function of this system. Being to be enclosed in a rigid box permits to minimize the necessity of more space to compensate the spontaneous increase in blood volume due to the dilation of the arteries during the systolic period of the cardiac cycle. The second one is relative to the human birth: the birth of a human being is not possible without the protection furnished by a rigid skull.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - An Anomaly in Vertebrates’ Evolution as Limit of Human Evolution
AU  - Carmelo Anile
Y1  - 2021/10/12
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eeb.20210604.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.eeb.20210604.11
T2  - Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
JF  - Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
JO  - Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
SP  - 99
EP  - 102
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-3762
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eeb.20210604.11
AB  - During several years we have studied the so-called “intracranial system”, that is the system constituted by a container, rigid and not expandable (skull and dura mater), and by non-compressible contents, represented by the brain parenchyma, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood. We studied this system in different animal models, in vitro in a physical model, and in patients. While the circulatory system is different in the various types of vertebrates, less complex in fishes and more complex in birds and in mammalians, the intracranial system is always the same, constituted by the same things, skull, dura mater, subarachnoid spaces, ventricles, parenchyma, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid. All these things follow the same rule, that is the Monro-Kellie doctrine. In other words, there is an exact balance between the blood flow inlet and the blood flow outlet for each cardiac cycle. This constitutes, for each instant considered, the constancy of the intracranial blood volume. This phenomenon is always the same in all the species examined: this fact forced us to ask what the real significance of this system in the evolutive field was. Why the circulatory system follows the laws of the evolution, from less to more complexity, and the intracranial system seems to escape from these same laws? The question has two answers: the first relates to the function of this system. Being to be enclosed in a rigid box permits to minimize the necessity of more space to compensate the spontaneous increase in blood volume due to the dilation of the arteries during the systolic period of the cardiac cycle. The second one is relative to the human birth: the birth of a human being is not possible without the protection furnished by a rigid skull.
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Carmelo Anile

Institute of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy

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APA Style

Carmelo Anile. (2021). An Anomaly in Vertebrates’ Evolution as Limit of Human Evolution. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 6(4), 99-102. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eeb.20210604.11

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ACS Style

Carmelo Anile. An Anomaly in Vertebrates’ Evolution as Limit of Human Evolution. Ecol. Evol. Biol. 2021, 6(4), 99-102. doi: 10.11648/j.eeb.20210604.11

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AMA Style

Carmelo Anile. An Anomaly in Vertebrates’ Evolution as Limit of Human Evolution. Ecol Evol Biol. 2021;6(4):99-102. doi: 10.11648/j.eeb.20210604.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.eeb.20210604.11,
  author = {Carmelo Anile},
  title = {An Anomaly in Vertebrates’ Evolution as Limit of Human Evolution},
  journal = {Ecology and Evolutionary Biology},
  volume = {6},
  number = {4},
  pages = {99-102},
  doi = {10.11648/j.eeb.20210604.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eeb.20210604.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.eeb.20210604.11},
  abstract = {During several years we have studied the so-called “intracranial system”, that is the system constituted by a container, rigid and not expandable (skull and dura mater), and by non-compressible contents, represented by the brain parenchyma, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood. We studied this system in different animal models, in vitro in a physical model, and in patients. While the circulatory system is different in the various types of vertebrates, less complex in fishes and more complex in birds and in mammalians, the intracranial system is always the same, constituted by the same things, skull, dura mater, subarachnoid spaces, ventricles, parenchyma, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid. All these things follow the same rule, that is the Monro-Kellie doctrine. In other words, there is an exact balance between the blood flow inlet and the blood flow outlet for each cardiac cycle. This constitutes, for each instant considered, the constancy of the intracranial blood volume. This phenomenon is always the same in all the species examined: this fact forced us to ask what the real significance of this system in the evolutive field was. Why the circulatory system follows the laws of the evolution, from less to more complexity, and the intracranial system seems to escape from these same laws? The question has two answers: the first relates to the function of this system. Being to be enclosed in a rigid box permits to minimize the necessity of more space to compensate the spontaneous increase in blood volume due to the dilation of the arteries during the systolic period of the cardiac cycle. The second one is relative to the human birth: the birth of a human being is not possible without the protection furnished by a rigid skull.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - An Anomaly in Vertebrates’ Evolution as Limit of Human Evolution
AU  - Carmelo Anile
Y1  - 2021/10/12
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eeb.20210604.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.eeb.20210604.11
T2  - Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
JF  - Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
JO  - Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
SP  - 99
EP  - 102
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-3762
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eeb.20210604.11
AB  - During several years we have studied the so-called “intracranial system”, that is the system constituted by a container, rigid and not expandable (skull and dura mater), and by non-compressible contents, represented by the brain parenchyma, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood. We studied this system in different animal models, in vitro in a physical model, and in patients. While the circulatory system is different in the various types of vertebrates, less complex in fishes and more complex in birds and in mammalians, the intracranial system is always the same, constituted by the same things, skull, dura mater, subarachnoid spaces, ventricles, parenchyma, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid. All these things follow the same rule, that is the Monro-Kellie doctrine. In other words, there is an exact balance between the blood flow inlet and the blood flow outlet for each cardiac cycle. This constitutes, for each instant considered, the constancy of the intracranial blood volume. This phenomenon is always the same in all the species examined: this fact forced us to ask what the real significance of this system in the evolutive field was. Why the circulatory system follows the laws of the evolution, from less to more complexity, and the intracranial system seems to escape from these same laws? The question has two answers: the first relates to the function of this system. Being to be enclosed in a rigid box permits to minimize the necessity of more space to compensate the spontaneous increase in blood volume due to the dilation of the arteries during the systolic period of the cardiac cycle. The second one is relative to the human birth: the birth of a human being is not possible without the protection furnished by a rigid skull.
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
ER  -

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