Ecological Sanitation and Health Capital: Impact of the Adoption of ECOSAN Toilets on the Health Costs of Households in Rural Areas in West-Central Cote d’Ivoire

Yapo Michel Porcella; Yapi Ellele Aime Marius; Achy Landry; Kouakou Kouadio Clement; Gnagne Theophile

doi:doi:10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13

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Ecological Sanitation and Health Capital: Impact of the Adoption of ECOSAN Toilets on the Health Costs of Households in Rural Areas in West-Central Cote d’Ivoire

Yapo Michel Porcella^*, Yapi Ellele Aime Marius, Achy Landry, Kouakou Kouadio Clement, Gnagne Theophile

Published in International Journal of Health Economics and Policy (Volume 8, Issue 4)

Received: 10 October 2023 Accepted: 27 October 2023 Published: 9 November 2023

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Abstract

The inadequacy of sanitation in developing countries has effets on the health capital and the living conditions of populations. The objective of this work was to assess the impact of access to ecological sanitation on the health expenditure of rural households. This study took place in west-central Cote d'Ivoire in ten villages in the Bouafle department during the implementation of the water supply and sanitation program for the millennium (PHAM). First, a descriptive statistical analysis was carried out to determine the socio-economic, environmental and health characteristics. Then the econometric analysis was carried out using a multiple linear regression of health expenditure linked to water-borne diseases on the age of the head of household, the provision of ecological sanitation toilets, and the household income per capita. Then finally, we used the double difference method to determine the impact of that program on health expenditure. The results showed that the prevalence of water-borne diseases and health expenditures saw a considerable drop thanks to PHAM. For the econometric results, we note that the advanced age of household heads increases health costs. Then also, a significant reduction in health expenditure linked to water-borne diseases is obtained thanks to the use of ecological toilets by households. This result is corroborated by the difference-in-differences method. This form of sanitation should be encouraged in developing countries for the eradication of water-borne diseases as well as the reduction in health expenses of rural households.

Published in	International Journal of Health Economics and Policy (Volume 8, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13
Page(s)	101-111
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Ecological Sanitation, Health Expenditure, Households, Cote d’Ivoire

References

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Michel Porcella, Y., Ellele Aime Marius, Y., Landry, A., Kouadio Clement, K., Theophile, G. (2023). Ecological Sanitation and Health Capital: Impact of the Adoption of ECOSAN Toilets on the Health Costs of Households in Rural Areas in West-Central Cote d’Ivoire. International Journal of Health Economics and Policy, 8(4), 101-111. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13

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Michel Porcella, Y.; Ellele Aime Marius, Y.; Landry, A.; Kouadio Clement, K.; Theophile, G. Ecological Sanitation and Health Capital: Impact of the Adoption of ECOSAN Toilets on the Health Costs of Households in Rural Areas in West-Central Cote d’Ivoire. Int. J. Health Econ. Policy 2023, 8(4), 101-111. doi: 10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13

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Michel Porcella Y, Ellele Aime Marius Y, Landry A, Kouadio Clement K, Theophile G. Ecological Sanitation and Health Capital: Impact of the Adoption of ECOSAN Toilets on the Health Costs of Households in Rural Areas in West-Central Cote d’Ivoire. Int J Health Econ Policy. 2023;8(4):101-111. doi: 10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13

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@article{10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13,
  author = {Yapo Michel Porcella and Yapi Ellele Aime Marius and Achy Landry and Kouakou Kouadio Clement and Gnagne Theophile},
  title = {Ecological Sanitation and Health Capital: Impact of the Adoption of ECOSAN Toilets on the Health Costs of Households in Rural Areas in West-Central Cote d’Ivoire},
  journal = {International Journal of Health Economics and Policy},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {101-111},
  doi = {10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.hep.20230804.13},
  abstract = {The inadequacy of sanitation in developing countries has effets on the health capital and the living conditions of populations. The objective of this work was to assess the impact of access to ecological sanitation on the health expenditure of rural households. This study took place in west-central Cote d'Ivoire in ten villages in the Bouafle department during the implementation of the water supply and sanitation program for the millennium (PHAM). First, a descriptive statistical analysis was carried out to determine the socio-economic, environmental and health characteristics. Then the econometric analysis was carried out using a multiple linear regression of health expenditure linked to water-borne diseases on the age of the head of household, the provision of ecological sanitation toilets, and the household income per capita. Then finally, we used the double difference method to determine the impact of that program on health expenditure. The results showed that the prevalence of water-borne diseases and health expenditures saw a considerable drop thanks to PHAM. For the econometric results, we note that the advanced age of household heads increases health costs. Then also, a significant reduction in health expenditure linked to water-borne diseases is obtained thanks to the use of ecological toilets by households. This result is corroborated by the difference-in-differences method. This form of sanitation should be encouraged in developing countries for the eradication of water-borne diseases as well as the reduction in health expenses of rural households.
},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Ecological Sanitation and Health Capital: Impact of the Adoption of ECOSAN Toilets on the Health Costs of Households in Rural Areas in West-Central Cote d’Ivoire
AU  - Yapo Michel Porcella
AU  - Yapi Ellele Aime Marius
AU  - Achy Landry
AU  - Kouakou Kouadio Clement
AU  - Gnagne Theophile
Y1  - 2023/11/09
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13
T2  - International Journal of Health Economics and Policy
JF  - International Journal of Health Economics and Policy
JO  - International Journal of Health Economics and Policy
SP  - 101
EP  - 111
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9309
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13
AB  - The inadequacy of sanitation in developing countries has effets on the health capital and the living conditions of populations. The objective of this work was to assess the impact of access to ecological sanitation on the health expenditure of rural households. This study took place in west-central Cote d'Ivoire in ten villages in the Bouafle department during the implementation of the water supply and sanitation program for the millennium (PHAM). First, a descriptive statistical analysis was carried out to determine the socio-economic, environmental and health characteristics. Then the econometric analysis was carried out using a multiple linear regression of health expenditure linked to water-borne diseases on the age of the head of household, the provision of ecological sanitation toilets, and the household income per capita. Then finally, we used the double difference method to determine the impact of that program on health expenditure. The results showed that the prevalence of water-borne diseases and health expenditures saw a considerable drop thanks to PHAM. For the econometric results, we note that the advanced age of household heads increases health costs. Then also, a significant reduction in health expenditure linked to water-borne diseases is obtained thanks to the use of ecological toilets by households. This result is corroborated by the difference-in-differences method. This form of sanitation should be encouraged in developing countries for the eradication of water-borne diseases as well as the reduction in health expenses of rural households.

VL  - 8
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Yapo Michel Porcella

Department of Economics and Management, Felix Houphouet Boigny University, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire

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Yapi Ellele Aime Marius

General Hygiene Department, National Institute of Public Hygiene, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire

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Achy Landry

Department of Economics and Management, Alassane Ouattara University, Bouake, Cote d’Ivoire

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Kouakou Kouadio Clement

Department of Economics and Management, Felix Houphouet Boigny University, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire

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Gnagne Theophile

Faculty of Sciences and Environment Management, Nangui Abrogoua University, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire

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Michel Porcella, Y., Ellele Aime Marius, Y., Landry, A., Kouadio Clement, K., Theophile, G. (2023). Ecological Sanitation and Health Capital: Impact of the Adoption of ECOSAN Toilets on the Health Costs of Households in Rural Areas in West-Central Cote d’Ivoire. International Journal of Health Economics and Policy, 8(4), 101-111. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13

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ACS Style

Michel Porcella, Y.; Ellele Aime Marius, Y.; Landry, A.; Kouadio Clement, K.; Theophile, G. Ecological Sanitation and Health Capital: Impact of the Adoption of ECOSAN Toilets on the Health Costs of Households in Rural Areas in West-Central Cote d’Ivoire. Int. J. Health Econ. Policy 2023, 8(4), 101-111. doi: 10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13

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AMA Style

Michel Porcella Y, Ellele Aime Marius Y, Landry A, Kouadio Clement K, Theophile G. Ecological Sanitation and Health Capital: Impact of the Adoption of ECOSAN Toilets on the Health Costs of Households in Rural Areas in West-Central Cote d’Ivoire. Int J Health Econ Policy. 2023;8(4):101-111. doi: 10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13

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@article{10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13,
  author = {Yapo Michel Porcella and Yapi Ellele Aime Marius and Achy Landry and Kouakou Kouadio Clement and Gnagne Theophile},
  title = {Ecological Sanitation and Health Capital: Impact of the Adoption of ECOSAN Toilets on the Health Costs of Households in Rural Areas in West-Central Cote d’Ivoire},
  journal = {International Journal of Health Economics and Policy},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {101-111},
  doi = {10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.hep.20230804.13},
  abstract = {The inadequacy of sanitation in developing countries has effets on the health capital and the living conditions of populations. The objective of this work was to assess the impact of access to ecological sanitation on the health expenditure of rural households. This study took place in west-central Cote d'Ivoire in ten villages in the Bouafle department during the implementation of the water supply and sanitation program for the millennium (PHAM). First, a descriptive statistical analysis was carried out to determine the socio-economic, environmental and health characteristics. Then the econometric analysis was carried out using a multiple linear regression of health expenditure linked to water-borne diseases on the age of the head of household, the provision of ecological sanitation toilets, and the household income per capita. Then finally, we used the double difference method to determine the impact of that program on health expenditure. The results showed that the prevalence of water-borne diseases and health expenditures saw a considerable drop thanks to PHAM. For the econometric results, we note that the advanced age of household heads increases health costs. Then also, a significant reduction in health expenditure linked to water-borne diseases is obtained thanks to the use of ecological toilets by households. This result is corroborated by the difference-in-differences method. This form of sanitation should be encouraged in developing countries for the eradication of water-borne diseases as well as the reduction in health expenses of rural households.
},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Ecological Sanitation and Health Capital: Impact of the Adoption of ECOSAN Toilets on the Health Costs of Households in Rural Areas in West-Central Cote d’Ivoire
AU  - Yapo Michel Porcella
AU  - Yapi Ellele Aime Marius
AU  - Achy Landry
AU  - Kouakou Kouadio Clement
AU  - Gnagne Theophile
Y1  - 2023/11/09
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13
T2  - International Journal of Health Economics and Policy
JF  - International Journal of Health Economics and Policy
JO  - International Journal of Health Economics and Policy
SP  - 101
EP  - 111
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9309
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20230804.13
AB  - The inadequacy of sanitation in developing countries has effets on the health capital and the living conditions of populations. The objective of this work was to assess the impact of access to ecological sanitation on the health expenditure of rural households. This study took place in west-central Cote d'Ivoire in ten villages in the Bouafle department during the implementation of the water supply and sanitation program for the millennium (PHAM). First, a descriptive statistical analysis was carried out to determine the socio-economic, environmental and health characteristics. Then the econometric analysis was carried out using a multiple linear regression of health expenditure linked to water-borne diseases on the age of the head of household, the provision of ecological sanitation toilets, and the household income per capita. Then finally, we used the double difference method to determine the impact of that program on health expenditure. The results showed that the prevalence of water-borne diseases and health expenditures saw a considerable drop thanks to PHAM. For the econometric results, we note that the advanced age of household heads increases health costs. Then also, a significant reduction in health expenditure linked to water-borne diseases is obtained thanks to the use of ecological toilets by households. This result is corroborated by the difference-in-differences method. This form of sanitation should be encouraged in developing countries for the eradication of water-borne diseases as well as the reduction in health expenses of rural households.

VL  - 8
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download