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From Orality to Textuality: A Linguistic Analysis of Moroccan Folktales Translated into English

Received: 4 May 2026     Accepted: 14 May 2026     Published: 26 May 2026
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Abstract

Translation approaches based on equivalence perceive the source text as a written set of materials characterized by textual features. Their main aim is to convey the linguistic and cultural aspects of the source text to target readers. However, these approaches are challenged when translating orality since translators tend to textualize the oral source material. In this context, the translation process goes beyond the realization of equivalence between source and target texts, but tends to recreate the narrative, cultural, and performative aspects of orality. This article investigates the transmission from orality to textuality through a stylistic analysis of the Moroccan folktale: “The Pomegranate and the Talking Drum,” translated into English by Richard Hamilton. The article aims to explore how the translator textualizes the folktale by means of the linguistic means of the target language. Therefore, the article conducts a stylistic analysis of the translated folktale to demonstrate how the narrative, cultural, and performative aspects are recreated within the translation. The analysis shows that Hamilton uses different stylistic strategies to recreate these aspects. At the graphological level, he uses punctuation and paragraphing to reconstruct the narrative structure of the folktale. At the phonological level, he incorporates devices such as assonance and alliteration to recreate musicality within the folktale. Additionally, the translator introduces a set of lexical fields that contextualize the folktale within the Moroccan context. The study informs that the translation of orality involves rewriting and textual reconstruction to evoke the narrative, cultural, and performative aspects in the target text.

Published in International Journal of Applied Linguistics and Translation (Volume 12, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ijalt.20261202.12
Page(s) 37-43
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Translation, Orality, Textuality, Moroccan Folktales, Linguistic Analysis

References
[1] Joshi, D. (2018). Translating orality: Pictorial narrative traditions with reference to Kaavad and Phad. Cankaya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 12(1–2), 85–98.
[2] Ong, W. J. (2002). Orality and literacy: The technologizing of the word. Routledge.
[3] Sadiqi, F. (2014). Berber women’s oral knowledge. In Women and knowledge in the Mediterranean (pp. 108–143). Routledge.
[4] Aboud, A. (Director). (2014, September 8). Walter Ong—Oral cultures and early writing [Video]. YouTube.
[5] Bandia, P. F. (2015). Introduction: Orality and translation. Translation Studies, 8(2), 125–127.
[6] Mirdha, P. (2020). Translating Orality: Empowering the Indigenous Culture and Literary Traditions in India.
[7] El Koudia, J., & Allen, R. (2003). Moroccan folktales (1st ed.). Syracuse University Press.
[8] Lebbady, H. (2009). Feminist traditions in Andalusi-Moroccan oral narratives. Palgrave Macmillan.
[9] Rahmouni, A. (Ed.). (2014). Storytelling in Chefchaouen: Northern Morocco. Brill.
[10] Hamilton, R. (2011). The last storytellers: Tales from the heart of Morocco. I. B. Tauris.
[11] Hamri, M. (1975). Tales of Joujouka. Capra Press.
[12] Mathers, E. P. (2007). Tales of Fez (K. Bekkaoui, J. El Koudia, & A. Khayati, Eds.). Moroccan Cultural Studies Centre.
[13] Haring, L. (2012). Translating African oral literature in global contexts. The Global South, 5(1), 7–20.
[14] Coillie, J. van. (2014). “Oh, how hard it is to play the translator’s game”: Translating orality in the Grimms’ “Rumpelstiltskin.” Marvels & Tales, 28(2), 346–366.
[15] Staphorst, L. (2021). To tongue the body | To body the tongue: Problematizing the translation of oral traditions. In The Palgrave Handbook of African Oral Traditions and Folklore.
[16] Abdelmajid, O., Sadik, M. M., & Fadoua, E. (2024). Challenges in translating Moroccan oral tradition: The case of folktales from the region of Abdelghaya Souahel. International Journal of Language and Literary Studies, 6(3), 64–72.
[17] Kavanagh, K. (2019). Translating Le coup de la girafe: A register analysis of fictional orality (Master’s thesis, University of Ottawa).
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  • APA Style

    Hajjaj, M., Ouchouid, J. (2026). From Orality to Textuality: A Linguistic Analysis of Moroccan Folktales Translated into English. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and Translation, 12(2), 37-43. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijalt.20261202.12

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    ACS Style

    Hajjaj, M.; Ouchouid, J. From Orality to Textuality: A Linguistic Analysis of Moroccan Folktales Translated into English. Int. J. Appl. Linguist. Transl. 2026, 12(2), 37-43. doi: 10.11648/j.ijalt.20261202.12

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    AMA Style

    Hajjaj M, Ouchouid J. From Orality to Textuality: A Linguistic Analysis of Moroccan Folktales Translated into English. Int J Appl Linguist Transl. 2026;12(2):37-43. doi: 10.11648/j.ijalt.20261202.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijalt.20261202.12,
      author = {Mouna Hajjaj and Jamaa Ouchouid},
      title = {From Orality to Textuality: A Linguistic Analysis of Moroccan Folktales Translated into English},
      journal = {International Journal of Applied Linguistics and Translation},
      volume = {12},
      number = {2},
      pages = {37-43},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijalt.20261202.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijalt.20261202.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijalt.20261202.12},
      abstract = {Translation approaches based on equivalence perceive the source text as a written set of materials characterized by textual features. Their main aim is to convey the linguistic and cultural aspects of the source text to target readers. However, these approaches are challenged when translating orality since translators tend to textualize the oral source material. In this context, the translation process goes beyond the realization of equivalence between source and target texts, but tends to recreate the narrative, cultural, and performative aspects of orality. This article investigates the transmission from orality to textuality through a stylistic analysis of the Moroccan folktale: “The Pomegranate and the Talking Drum,” translated into English by Richard Hamilton. The article aims to explore how the translator textualizes the folktale by means of the linguistic means of the target language. Therefore, the article conducts a stylistic analysis of the translated folktale to demonstrate how the narrative, cultural, and performative aspects are recreated within the translation. The analysis shows that Hamilton uses different stylistic strategies to recreate these aspects. At the graphological level, he uses punctuation and paragraphing to reconstruct the narrative structure of the folktale. At the phonological level, he incorporates devices such as assonance and alliteration to recreate musicality within the folktale. Additionally, the translator introduces a set of lexical fields that contextualize the folktale within the Moroccan context. The study informs that the translation of orality involves rewriting and textual reconstruction to evoke the narrative, cultural, and performative aspects in the target text.},
     year = {2026}
    }
    

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    AU  - Mouna Hajjaj
    AU  - Jamaa Ouchouid
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    AB  - Translation approaches based on equivalence perceive the source text as a written set of materials characterized by textual features. Their main aim is to convey the linguistic and cultural aspects of the source text to target readers. However, these approaches are challenged when translating orality since translators tend to textualize the oral source material. In this context, the translation process goes beyond the realization of equivalence between source and target texts, but tends to recreate the narrative, cultural, and performative aspects of orality. This article investigates the transmission from orality to textuality through a stylistic analysis of the Moroccan folktale: “The Pomegranate and the Talking Drum,” translated into English by Richard Hamilton. The article aims to explore how the translator textualizes the folktale by means of the linguistic means of the target language. Therefore, the article conducts a stylistic analysis of the translated folktale to demonstrate how the narrative, cultural, and performative aspects are recreated within the translation. The analysis shows that Hamilton uses different stylistic strategies to recreate these aspects. At the graphological level, he uses punctuation and paragraphing to reconstruct the narrative structure of the folktale. At the phonological level, he incorporates devices such as assonance and alliteration to recreate musicality within the folktale. Additionally, the translator introduces a set of lexical fields that contextualize the folktale within the Moroccan context. The study informs that the translation of orality involves rewriting and textual reconstruction to evoke the narrative, cultural, and performative aspects in the target text.
    VL  - 12
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    ER  - 

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