The Impact of Women Cumulative Empowerment and Educational Gap on the Participation of Arabic Women in the Labor-Force

Hanan Atta Shamlawi

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijber.20190805.13

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The Impact of Women Cumulative Empowerment and Educational Gap on the Participation of Arabic Women in the Labor-Force

Hanan Atta Shamlawi

Published in International Journal of Business and Economics Research (Volume 8, Issue 5)

Received: 13 June 2019 Accepted: 17 July 2019 Published: 6 August 2019

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Abstract

Woman is a key and an important contributor to development, therefore, enhancing her empowerment is a vital driver and a key element for a development process that is sustainable and continuous. Measuring the impact of both of cumulative woman empowerment, and educational empowerment (educational gap) on the participation of women in the labor force is crucial for pinpointing the fragility in woman empowerment efforts in the Arab region. This paper aims at investigating the impact of both women cumulative empowerment and educational gap on the participation of women in the labor force in the Arab countries. The study sample includes Arab countries that are included in the Global Gender Gap reports during the years (2006-2015). Using panel data, several econometrics models were estimated. Evidently, for the whole sample: both of women cumulative empowerment and the percentage of working women in the population have a significant positive impact on women’s participation in the labor force, meanwhile there was a negative impact of the population growth rate, and a both ways impact - positive and negative- of educational gender gap. After dividing Arab countries according to income groups, it is found that, for both high-income and lower middle income countries, there is a positive significant impact for women empowerment on women’s participation in the labor force. However, the results do not support any significant impact for women empowerment on women’s participation in the labor force in the upper middle income countries. It was also found that the proportion of working women out of the population was statistically significant for the three income levels. Also the results do not support any significant impact for both of the educational gap and population growth on women’s participation in the labor force.

Published in	International Journal of Business and Economics Research (Volume 8, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijber.20190805.13
Page(s)	263-272
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Women Empowerment, Women Participation rate in labor Force, Economics of Gender, Economic Development, Gender Gap

References

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[2]	Abdelkader Ali, 2009, Rate of Return on Education, Arab Institute for Studies and Research, Kuwait.
[3]	Assaad, A, 2012, Gender and the Jordanian Labor Market, Economic Research Forum http: //www.erf.org.eg/cms.php? Id = publication_details & publication_id = 1556.
[4]	Bandiera, O. and A. Natraj, 2013, Does Gender Inequality Hinder Development, World Bank.
[5]	Duflo, E., 2012, Women Empowerment and Economic Development, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 50, No.4.
[6]	ESCWA, 2012. Addressing the barriers to women's economic participation in the ESCWA region, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), New York: United Nations.
[7]	Kabeer, Naila, 2003, Gender Mainstreaming in Poverty Eradication and the Millennum Development Goals, International Development Research Center (IDRC), Ottawa.
[8]	Kabeer, Naila, 2005, Resources, Agency, Achievement: Refleactions on the measure of women empowerment, International Development Research Center (IDRC), Ottawa. Claire. 2013, Helpdesk Research Report: Women's economic role in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), World Bank.
[9]	Siller, Mary A, 2007, The Returns to Education for the United Kingdom, Journal of Economics, Vol X, No 2.
[10]	Statistical Economic and social Reasearch and Training Center for Islamic Countries, SESRIC http://www.sesrtcic.org/baseind-step1.php.
[11]	Sultana, Hossen, 2013, Role of Employment in Women Empowerment: Evidence from Khulna City of Bangladesh, International Journal of Social Sciences & Interdisciplinary Research, Vol. 9.
[12]	Swain, Ranjula, Valentin, 2008, Economic and Non-Economic Factor What Empowers woman, Warking paper, UPPSALA University.
[13]	Tasani, Stella, 2012, Female Labor Force Participation and Economic Development in Southern Mediterranean Countries: What Scenarios for 2030?, MEDPRO Technical Report No. 19, European Commission, European Research Area.
[14]	World Economic Forum, 2006-2015, Gender Gap Report, Geneva, Switzerland: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEFGenderGap_Report_.pd.
[15]	World Bank, 2012-2015, World Development Indicators, Washington: World Bank.
[16]	World Bank, 2012. Capabilities, Opportunities and Participation: Gender Equality and Development in the Middle East and North Africa Region, A companion to the World Development Report, 2012, Washington: World Bank.
[17]	Zareen, Fand Naqvi, Lubna,, 2002, How Do Women Decide to Work in Pakistan? [with Comments], The Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 41, No. 4, Papers and Proceedings PART II Eighteenth Annual General Meeting and Conference of the Pakistan Society of Development Economists, Islamabad, 495-513.

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APA Style

Hanan Atta Shamlawi. (2019). The Impact of Women Cumulative Empowerment and Educational Gap on the Participation of Arabic Women in the Labor-Force. International Journal of Business and Economics Research, 8(5), 263-272. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijber.20190805.13

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Hanan Atta Shamlawi. The Impact of Women Cumulative Empowerment and Educational Gap on the Participation of Arabic Women in the Labor-Force. Int. J. Bus. Econ. Res. 2019, 8(5), 263-272. doi: 10.11648/j.ijber.20190805.13

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AMA Style

Hanan Atta Shamlawi. The Impact of Women Cumulative Empowerment and Educational Gap on the Participation of Arabic Women in the Labor-Force. Int J Bus Econ Res. 2019;8(5):263-272. doi: 10.11648/j.ijber.20190805.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijber.20190805.13,
  author = {Hanan Atta Shamlawi},
  title = {The Impact of Women Cumulative Empowerment and Educational Gap on the Participation of Arabic Women in the Labor-Force},
  journal = {International Journal of Business and Economics Research},
  volume = {8},
  number = {5},
  pages = {263-272},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijber.20190805.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijber.20190805.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijber.20190805.13},
  abstract = {Woman is a key and an important contributor to development, therefore, enhancing her empowerment is a vital driver and a key element for a development process that is sustainable and continuous. Measuring the impact of both of cumulative woman empowerment, and educational empowerment (educational gap) on the participation of women in the labor force is crucial for pinpointing the fragility in woman empowerment efforts in the Arab region. This paper aims at investigating the impact of both women cumulative empowerment and educational gap on the participation of women in the labor force in the Arab countries. The study sample includes Arab countries that are included in the Global Gender Gap reports during the years (2006-2015). Using panel data, several econometrics models were estimated. Evidently, for the whole sample: both of women cumulative empowerment and the percentage of working women in the population have a significant positive impact on women’s participation in the labor force, meanwhile there was a negative impact of the population growth rate, and a both ways impact - positive and negative- of educational gender gap. After dividing Arab countries according to income groups, it is found that, for both high-income and lower middle income countries, there is a positive significant impact for women empowerment on women’s participation in the labor force. However, the results do not support any significant impact for women empowerment on women’s participation in the labor force in the upper middle income countries. It was also found that the proportion of working women out of the population was statistically significant for the three income levels. Also the results do not support any significant impact for both of the educational gap and population growth on women’s participation in the labor force.},
 year = {2019}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Impact of Women Cumulative Empowerment and Educational Gap on the Participation of Arabic Women in the Labor-Force
AU  - Hanan Atta Shamlawi
Y1  - 2019/08/06
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijber.20190805.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijber.20190805.13
T2  - International Journal of Business and Economics Research
JF  - International Journal of Business and Economics Research
JO  - International Journal of Business and Economics Research
SP  - 263
EP  - 272
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-756X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijber.20190805.13
AB  - Woman is a key and an important contributor to development, therefore, enhancing her empowerment is a vital driver and a key element for a development process that is sustainable and continuous. Measuring the impact of both of cumulative woman empowerment, and educational empowerment (educational gap) on the participation of women in the labor force is crucial for pinpointing the fragility in woman empowerment efforts in the Arab region. This paper aims at investigating the impact of both women cumulative empowerment and educational gap on the participation of women in the labor force in the Arab countries. The study sample includes Arab countries that are included in the Global Gender Gap reports during the years (2006-2015). Using panel data, several econometrics models were estimated. Evidently, for the whole sample: both of women cumulative empowerment and the percentage of working women in the population have a significant positive impact on women’s participation in the labor force, meanwhile there was a negative impact of the population growth rate, and a both ways impact - positive and negative- of educational gender gap. After dividing Arab countries according to income groups, it is found that, for both high-income and lower middle income countries, there is a positive significant impact for women empowerment on women’s participation in the labor force. However, the results do not support any significant impact for women empowerment on women’s participation in the labor force in the upper middle income countries. It was also found that the proportion of working women out of the population was statistically significant for the three income levels. Also the results do not support any significant impact for both of the educational gap and population growth on women’s participation in the labor force.
VL  - 8
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Hanan Atta Shamlawi

The University of Jordan, Business College, Business Economics Department, Amman, Jordan

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APA Style

Hanan Atta Shamlawi. (2019). The Impact of Women Cumulative Empowerment and Educational Gap on the Participation of Arabic Women in the Labor-Force. International Journal of Business and Economics Research, 8(5), 263-272. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijber.20190805.13

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ACS Style

Hanan Atta Shamlawi. The Impact of Women Cumulative Empowerment and Educational Gap on the Participation of Arabic Women in the Labor-Force. Int. J. Bus. Econ. Res. 2019, 8(5), 263-272. doi: 10.11648/j.ijber.20190805.13

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AMA Style

Hanan Atta Shamlawi. The Impact of Women Cumulative Empowerment and Educational Gap on the Participation of Arabic Women in the Labor-Force. Int J Bus Econ Res. 2019;8(5):263-272. doi: 10.11648/j.ijber.20190805.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijber.20190805.13,
  author = {Hanan Atta Shamlawi},
  title = {The Impact of Women Cumulative Empowerment and Educational Gap on the Participation of Arabic Women in the Labor-Force},
  journal = {International Journal of Business and Economics Research},
  volume = {8},
  number = {5},
  pages = {263-272},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijber.20190805.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijber.20190805.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijber.20190805.13},
  abstract = {Woman is a key and an important contributor to development, therefore, enhancing her empowerment is a vital driver and a key element for a development process that is sustainable and continuous. Measuring the impact of both of cumulative woman empowerment, and educational empowerment (educational gap) on the participation of women in the labor force is crucial for pinpointing the fragility in woman empowerment efforts in the Arab region. This paper aims at investigating the impact of both women cumulative empowerment and educational gap on the participation of women in the labor force in the Arab countries. The study sample includes Arab countries that are included in the Global Gender Gap reports during the years (2006-2015). Using panel data, several econometrics models were estimated. Evidently, for the whole sample: both of women cumulative empowerment and the percentage of working women in the population have a significant positive impact on women’s participation in the labor force, meanwhile there was a negative impact of the population growth rate, and a both ways impact - positive and negative- of educational gender gap. After dividing Arab countries according to income groups, it is found that, for both high-income and lower middle income countries, there is a positive significant impact for women empowerment on women’s participation in the labor force. However, the results do not support any significant impact for women empowerment on women’s participation in the labor force in the upper middle income countries. It was also found that the proportion of working women out of the population was statistically significant for the three income levels. Also the results do not support any significant impact for both of the educational gap and population growth on women’s participation in the labor force.},
 year = {2019}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Impact of Women Cumulative Empowerment and Educational Gap on the Participation of Arabic Women in the Labor-Force
AU  - Hanan Atta Shamlawi
Y1  - 2019/08/06
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijber.20190805.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijber.20190805.13
T2  - International Journal of Business and Economics Research
JF  - International Journal of Business and Economics Research
JO  - International Journal of Business and Economics Research
SP  - 263
EP  - 272
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-756X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijber.20190805.13
AB  - Woman is a key and an important contributor to development, therefore, enhancing her empowerment is a vital driver and a key element for a development process that is sustainable and continuous. Measuring the impact of both of cumulative woman empowerment, and educational empowerment (educational gap) on the participation of women in the labor force is crucial for pinpointing the fragility in woman empowerment efforts in the Arab region. This paper aims at investigating the impact of both women cumulative empowerment and educational gap on the participation of women in the labor force in the Arab countries. The study sample includes Arab countries that are included in the Global Gender Gap reports during the years (2006-2015). Using panel data, several econometrics models were estimated. Evidently, for the whole sample: both of women cumulative empowerment and the percentage of working women in the population have a significant positive impact on women’s participation in the labor force, meanwhile there was a negative impact of the population growth rate, and a both ways impact - positive and negative- of educational gender gap. After dividing Arab countries according to income groups, it is found that, for both high-income and lower middle income countries, there is a positive significant impact for women empowerment on women’s participation in the labor force. However, the results do not support any significant impact for women empowerment on women’s participation in the labor force in the upper middle income countries. It was also found that the proportion of working women out of the population was statistically significant for the three income levels. Also the results do not support any significant impact for both of the educational gap and population growth on women’s participation in the labor force.
VL  - 8
IS  - 5
ER  -

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