Morphometric Study of the Normal Egyptian Coccyx from (Age 1-40 Year)

Saadia Ahmed Shalaby; Essam Mohammed Eid; Omar ABd Alaziz Allam; Ali Mohammed Ali; Mohammad Abdullah Gebba

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13

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Morphometric Study of the Normal Egyptian Coccyx from (Age 1-40 Year)

Saadia Ahmed Shalaby, Essam Mohammed Eid, Omar ABd Alaziz Allam, Ali Mohammed Ali, Mohammad Abdullah Gebba

Published in International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy (Volume 1, Issue 2)

Received: 14 July 2015 Accepted: 24 July 2015 Published: 28 July 2015

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Abstract

Background: Coccyx is named as resemblance to curved beak of the cuckoo. The coccyx is a triangular bone consisting of three to five segments: the first is the largest, it articulates with the sacrum. The last three segments are smaller and form a single bony piece. The anterior surface presents three transverse grooves indicating site of fusion of these segments. Aim of the Work: To study the normal variations of coccyx in number of segments, shape, size, curves, in different age groups by plain X-ray, MRI scan. Patients and Methods: Study was carried out on 200 normal Egyptian individuals, and were divided into 4 groups:- First group from the age of 1 up to ˂ 6 years. Second group from the age of 6 years up to ˂ 12 years. Third group from the age of 12 years up to ˂ 20 years. Fourth group from 20 years up to 40 years. Each one of these groups comprises 50 persons (25 males & 25 females). A full medical history was taken and each individual was subjected for plain X-ray on the pelvis (Anteroposterior & Lateral View) to study the variations of the coccyx, forty individuals were subjected to MRI scan as ten from each group. Results: Three coccygeal segments were present in 138 (68.3%) of individuals. Most of the subjects had coccyx type I (82; 41.0%) Fig.(2) , II (63; 31.5%), Fig.(3) III (25;12.5%) Fig.(4)IV(19; 9.5%) Fig.(5) and V(11; 5.5%), Fig.(6) Type I being more common among males. Joint subluxation was significantly more present among females. The sacrococcygeal structures were longer in men than women. However the coccyx was more ventrally angulated among females. Conclusion: Most of the Egyptian adults have a gently curved forward, or straight, coccyx composed of 3 segments. Sacrococcygeal morphologic findings that are associated with coccydynia, such as joint subluxation, spicule, and lateral deviation of coccygeal tip, commonly present in adult persons

Published in	International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy (Volume 1, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13
Page(s)	32-41
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Coccyx Anatomy, Coccydynia, Coccygectomy

References

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[2]	Maigne JY, Doursounian L, Chatellier G.,(2000). Causes and mechanisms of common coccydynia: role of body mass index and coccygeal trauma. Spine ;25:3072-9.
[3]	Karadimas EJ, Trypsiannis G, Giannoudis PV., (2010). Surgical treatment of coccygodynia: An analytic review of the literature. Eur Spine J 20:698–705.
[4]	Postacchini F, Massobrio M. Idiopathic coccygodynia(1983): Analysis of fifty-one operative cases and a radiographic study of the normal coccyx. J Bone Joint Surg Am;65:1116–1124.
[5]	Grassi R, Lombardi G, Reginelli A, Capasso F, Romano F, Floriani I, Colacurci N: Coccygeal movement: Assessment with dynamic MRI. (2007) European Journal of Radiology 61(3):473-479.
[6]	Fogel GR, Cunningham PY 3rd, Esses SI.(2004). Coccygodynia: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg;12:49-54.
[7]	Karadimas EJ, Trypsiannis G, Giannoudis PV., (2010). Surgical treatment of coccygodynia: An analytic review of the literature. Eur Spine J 20:698–705.
[8]	Kerimoglu U, Dagoglu MG, Ergen FB., (2007). Intercoccygeal angle and type of coccyx in asymptomatic patients. Surg Radiol Anat 29:683–687.
[9]	Kim NH., and Suk KS(1999): Clinical and radiological differences between traumatic and idiopathic coccygodynia. Yonsei Med J 40:215-220.
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[11]	Tague RG (2011) Fusion of coccyx to sacrum in humans: prevalence,correlates, and effect on pelvic size, with obstetrical and evolutionary implications. Am J Phys Anthropol 145:426–437.
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[15]	Doursounian L, Maigne JY, Faure F, Chatellier G(2004). Coccygectomy for instability of the coccyx. Int Orthop 28:176–179.
[16]	Balain B, Eisenstein SM, Alo GO, Ga´spa´r L, Jo´na´s Z, Kiss (2006) Coccygectomy for coccydynia: case series and review of literature. Spine ;31:E414-20.
[17]	Maigne JY, Tamalet B., (1996). Standardized radiologic protocol for the study of common coccygodynia and characteristics of the lesions observed in the sitting position. Clinical elements differentiating luxation, hypermobility, and normal mobility. Spine 21:2588–2593.
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Saadia Ahmed Shalaby, Essam Mohammed Eid, Omar ABd Alaziz Allam, Ali Mohammed Ali, Mohammad Abdullah Gebba. (2015). Morphometric Study of the Normal Egyptian Coccyx from (Age 1-40 Year). International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy, 1(2), 32-41. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13

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Saadia Ahmed Shalaby; Essam Mohammed Eid; Omar ABd Alaziz Allam; Ali Mohammed Ali; Mohammad Abdullah Gebba. Morphometric Study of the Normal Egyptian Coccyx from (Age 1-40 Year). Int. J. Clin. Dev. Anat. 2015, 1(2), 32-41. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13

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AMA Style

Saadia Ahmed Shalaby, Essam Mohammed Eid, Omar ABd Alaziz Allam, Ali Mohammed Ali, Mohammad Abdullah Gebba. Morphometric Study of the Normal Egyptian Coccyx from (Age 1-40 Year). Int J Clin Dev Anat. 2015;1(2):32-41. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13,
  author = {Saadia Ahmed Shalaby and Essam Mohammed Eid and Omar ABd Alaziz Allam and Ali Mohammed Ali and Mohammad Abdullah Gebba},
  title = {Morphometric Study of the Normal Egyptian Coccyx from (Age 1-40 Year)},
  journal = {International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy},
  volume = {1},
  number = {2},
  pages = {32-41},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcda.20150102.13},
  abstract = {Background: Coccyx is named as resemblance to curved beak of the cuckoo. The coccyx is a triangular bone consisting of three to five segments: the first is the largest, it articulates with the sacrum. The last three segments are smaller and form a single bony piece. The anterior surface presents three transverse grooves indicating site of fusion of these segments.  Aim of the Work: To study the normal variations of coccyx in number of segments, shape, size, curves, in different age groups by plain X-ray, MRI scan. Patients and Methods: Study was carried out on 200 normal Egyptian individuals, and were divided into 4 groups:- First group from the age of 1 up to ˂ 6 years. Second group from the age of 6 years up to ˂ 12 years. Third group from the age of 12 years up to ˂ 20 years. Fourth group from 20 years up to 40 years. Each one of these groups comprises 50 persons (25 males & 25 females). A full medical history was taken and each individual was subjected for plain X-ray on the pelvis (Anteroposterior & Lateral View) to study the variations of the coccyx, forty individuals were subjected to MRI scan as ten from each group. Results: Three coccygeal segments were present in 138 (68.3%) of individuals. Most of the subjects had coccyx type I (82; 41.0%) Fig.(2) , II (63; 31.5%), Fig.(3) III (25;12.5%) Fig.(4)IV(19; 9.5%) Fig.(5) and V(11; 5.5%), Fig.(6) Type I being more common among males. Joint subluxation was significantly more present among females. The sacrococcygeal structures were longer in men than women. However the coccyx was more ventrally angulated among females. Conclusion: Most of the Egyptian adults have a gently curved forward, or straight, coccyx composed of 3 segments. Sacrococcygeal morphologic findings that are associated with coccydynia, such as joint subluxation, spicule, and lateral deviation of coccygeal tip, commonly present in adult persons},
 year = {2015}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Morphometric Study of the Normal Egyptian Coccyx from (Age 1-40 Year)
AU - Saadia Ahmed Shalaby
AU - Essam Mohammed Eid
AU - Omar ABd Alaziz Allam
AU - Ali Mohammed Ali
AU - Mohammad Abdullah Gebba
Y1 - 2015/07/28
PY - 2015
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13
DO - 10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13
T2 - International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
JF - International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
JO - International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
SP - 32
EP - 41
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2469-8008
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13
AB - Background: Coccyx is named as resemblance to curved beak of the cuckoo. The coccyx is a triangular bone consisting of three to five segments: the first is the largest, it articulates with the sacrum. The last three segments are smaller and form a single bony piece. The anterior surface presents three transverse grooves indicating site of fusion of these segments. Aim of the Work: To study the normal variations of coccyx in number of segments, shape, size, curves, in different age groups by plain X-ray, MRI scan. Patients and Methods: Study was carried out on 200 normal Egyptian individuals, and were divided into 4 groups:- First group from the age of 1 up to ˂ 6 years. Second group from the age of 6 years up to ˂ 12 years. Third group from the age of 12 years up to ˂ 20 years. Fourth group from 20 years up to 40 years. Each one of these groups comprises 50 persons (25 males & 25 females). A full medical history was taken and each individual was subjected for plain X-ray on the pelvis (Anteroposterior & Lateral View) to study the variations of the coccyx, forty individuals were subjected to MRI scan as ten from each group. Results: Three coccygeal segments were present in 138 (68.3%) of individuals. Most of the subjects had coccyx type I (82; 41.0%) Fig.(2) , II (63; 31.5%), Fig.(3) III (25;12.5%) Fig.(4)IV(19; 9.5%) Fig.(5) and V(11; 5.5%), Fig.(6) Type I being more common among males. Joint subluxation was significantly more present among females. The sacrococcygeal structures were longer in men than women. However the coccyx was more ventrally angulated among females. Conclusion: Most of the Egyptian adults have a gently curved forward, or straight, coccyx composed of 3 segments. Sacrococcygeal morphologic findings that are associated with coccydynia, such as joint subluxation, spicule, and lateral deviation of coccygeal tip, commonly present in adult persons
VL - 1
IS - 2
ER -

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Author Information

Saadia Ahmed Shalaby

Anatomy and Embryology Department, Benha Faculty Of Medicine, Benha University, Benha City, Egypt
Essam Mohammed Eid

Anatomy and Embryology Department, Benha Faculty Of Medicine, Benha University, Benha City, Egypt
Omar ABd Alaziz Allam

Anatomy and Embryology Department, Benha Faculty Of Medicine, Benha University, Benha City, Egypt
Ali Mohammed Ali

Anatomy and Embryology Department, Benha Faculty Of Medicine, Benha University, Benha City, Egypt
Mohammad Abdullah Gebba

Anatomy and Embryology Department, Benha Faculty Of Medicine, Benha University, Benha City, Egypt

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Saadia Ahmed Shalaby, Essam Mohammed Eid, Omar ABd Alaziz Allam, Ali Mohammed Ali, Mohammad Abdullah Gebba. (2015). Morphometric Study of the Normal Egyptian Coccyx from (Age 1-40 Year). International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy, 1(2), 32-41. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13

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ACS Style

Saadia Ahmed Shalaby; Essam Mohammed Eid; Omar ABd Alaziz Allam; Ali Mohammed Ali; Mohammad Abdullah Gebba. Morphometric Study of the Normal Egyptian Coccyx from (Age 1-40 Year). Int. J. Clin. Dev. Anat. 2015, 1(2), 32-41. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13

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AMA Style

Saadia Ahmed Shalaby, Essam Mohammed Eid, Omar ABd Alaziz Allam, Ali Mohammed Ali, Mohammad Abdullah Gebba. Morphometric Study of the Normal Egyptian Coccyx from (Age 1-40 Year). Int J Clin Dev Anat. 2015;1(2):32-41. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13,
  author = {Saadia Ahmed Shalaby and Essam Mohammed Eid and Omar ABd Alaziz Allam and Ali Mohammed Ali and Mohammad Abdullah Gebba},
  title = {Morphometric Study of the Normal Egyptian Coccyx from (Age 1-40 Year)},
  journal = {International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy},
  volume = {1},
  number = {2},
  pages = {32-41},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcda.20150102.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcda.20150102.13},
  abstract = {Background: Coccyx is named as resemblance to curved beak of the cuckoo. The coccyx is a triangular bone consisting of three to five segments: the first is the largest, it articulates with the sacrum. The last three segments are smaller and form a single bony piece. The anterior surface presents three transverse grooves indicating site of fusion of these segments.  Aim of the Work: To study the normal variations of coccyx in number of segments, shape, size, curves, in different age groups by plain X-ray, MRI scan. Patients and Methods: Study was carried out on 200 normal Egyptian individuals, and were divided into 4 groups:- First group from the age of 1 up to ˂ 6 years. Second group from the age of 6 years up to ˂ 12 years. Third group from the age of 12 years up to ˂ 20 years. Fourth group from 20 years up to 40 years. Each one of these groups comprises 50 persons (25 males & 25 females). A full medical history was taken and each individual was subjected for plain X-ray on the pelvis (Anteroposterior & Lateral View) to study the variations of the coccyx, forty individuals were subjected to MRI scan as ten from each group. Results: Three coccygeal segments were present in 138 (68.3%) of individuals. Most of the subjects had coccyx type I (82; 41.0%) Fig.(2) , II (63; 31.5%), Fig.(3) III (25;12.5%) Fig.(4)IV(19; 9.5%) Fig.(5) and V(11; 5.5%), Fig.(6) Type I being more common among males. Joint subluxation was significantly more present among females. The sacrococcygeal structures were longer in men than women. However the coccyx was more ventrally angulated among females. Conclusion: Most of the Egyptian adults have a gently curved forward, or straight, coccyx composed of 3 segments. Sacrococcygeal morphologic findings that are associated with coccydynia, such as joint subluxation, spicule, and lateral deviation of coccygeal tip, commonly present in adult persons},
 year = {2015}
}

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