Effects of Thymoquinone on Tramadol Induced Toxicity in Epididymis of Adult Male Rabbits (Histological & Immunohistochemical Study)

Ayman Mohammad Mousa

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijcda.20190501.11

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Effects of Thymoquinone on Tramadol Induced Toxicity in Epididymis of Adult Male Rabbits (Histological & Immunohistochemical Study)

Ayman Mohammad Mousa

Published in International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy (Volume 5, Issue 1)

Received: 19 February 2019 Accepted: 8 March 2019 Published: 2 April 2019

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Abstract

Millions of patients who administer or abuse tramadol to relieve chronic pain may suffer from infertility. Thymoquinone (TQ) is a major active component of nigella sativa oil, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The present work aimed to clarify effects of tramadol and TQ on epididymis of adult male rabbits. Forty adult male rabbits aged 3 months were used for one month & divided equally into 4 groups: Group 1 as a control group; group 2 was treated with tramadol 30 mg/kg orally/day, group 3 was treated with TQ 20 mg/kg orally/day and group 4 as a protected group that was treated with TQ 20 mg/kg & tramadol 30 mg/kg orally/day. The epididymis was processed for histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) study for detection of epididymal structure and caspase-3 as an indicator of epididymal apoptotic changes. Statistical analysis of apoptotic index, area% of collagen and caspase-3 immunoexpression was carried out. Group 2 showed epithelial thinning of epididymal wall, degeneration and vacuolation of epithelial cells with disturbance of stromal collagen fibers. Also, a significant increase of apoptotic index, area % of collagen and caspase-3 cytoplasmic immunoexpression in epididymal epithelium was noticed in group 2. While, Group 3 and 4 showed improvement of the histological and IHC changes described in group 2. It is concluded that tramadol intake exerted toxic effects on epididymal structure while, TQ minimized these effects. Therefore, intake of TQ with tramadol is advised to protect the epididymis from the hazardous effects of tramadol abuse.

Published in	International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy (Volume 5, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijcda.20190501.11
Page(s)	1-7
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Tramadol, Thymoquinone, Apoptosis, Epididymis, Male Fertility, Immunohistochemistry

References

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APA Style

Ayman Mohammad Mousa. (2019). Effects of Thymoquinone on Tramadol Induced Toxicity in Epididymis of Adult Male Rabbits (Histological & Immunohistochemical Study). International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy, 5(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcda.20190501.11

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ACS Style

Ayman Mohammad Mousa. Effects of Thymoquinone on Tramadol Induced Toxicity in Epididymis of Adult Male Rabbits (Histological & Immunohistochemical Study). Int. J. Clin. Dev. Anat. 2019, 5(1), 1-7. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcda.20190501.11

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AMA Style

Ayman Mohammad Mousa. Effects of Thymoquinone on Tramadol Induced Toxicity in Epididymis of Adult Male Rabbits (Histological & Immunohistochemical Study). Int J Clin Dev Anat. 2019;5(1):1-7. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcda.20190501.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijcda.20190501.11,
  author = {Ayman Mohammad Mousa},
  title = {Effects of Thymoquinone on Tramadol Induced Toxicity in Epididymis of Adult Male Rabbits (Histological & Immunohistochemical Study)},
  journal = {International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-7},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijcda.20190501.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcda.20190501.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcda.20190501.11},
  abstract = {Millions of patients who administer or abuse tramadol to relieve chronic pain may suffer from infertility. Thymoquinone (TQ) is a major active component of nigella sativa oil, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The present work aimed to clarify effects of tramadol and TQ on epididymis of adult male rabbits. Forty adult male rabbits aged 3 months were used for one month & divided equally into 4 groups: Group 1 as a control group; group 2 was treated with tramadol 30 mg/kg orally/day, group 3 was treated with TQ 20 mg/kg orally/day and group 4 as a protected group that was treated with TQ 20 mg/kg & tramadol 30 mg/kg orally/day. The epididymis was processed for histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) study for detection of epididymal structure and caspase-3 as an indicator of epididymal apoptotic changes. Statistical analysis of apoptotic index, area% of collagen and caspase-3 immunoexpression was carried out. Group 2 showed epithelial thinning of epididymal wall, degeneration and vacuolation of epithelial cells with disturbance of stromal collagen fibers. Also, a significant increase of apoptotic index, area % of collagen and caspase-3 cytoplasmic immunoexpression in epididymal epithelium was noticed in group 2. While, Group 3 and 4 showed improvement of the histological and IHC changes described in group 2. It is concluded that tramadol intake exerted toxic effects on epididymal structure while, TQ minimized these effects. Therefore, intake of TQ with tramadol is advised to protect the epididymis from the hazardous effects of tramadol abuse.},
 year = {2019}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effects of Thymoquinone on Tramadol Induced Toxicity in Epididymis of Adult Male Rabbits (Histological & Immunohistochemical Study)
AU  - Ayman Mohammad Mousa
Y1  - 2019/04/02
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcda.20190501.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijcda.20190501.11
T2  - International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
JF  - International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
JO  - International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
SP  - 1
EP  - 7
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-8008
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcda.20190501.11
AB  - Millions of patients who administer or abuse tramadol to relieve chronic pain may suffer from infertility. Thymoquinone (TQ) is a major active component of nigella sativa oil, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The present work aimed to clarify effects of tramadol and TQ on epididymis of adult male rabbits. Forty adult male rabbits aged 3 months were used for one month & divided equally into 4 groups: Group 1 as a control group; group 2 was treated with tramadol 30 mg/kg orally/day, group 3 was treated with TQ 20 mg/kg orally/day and group 4 as a protected group that was treated with TQ 20 mg/kg & tramadol 30 mg/kg orally/day. The epididymis was processed for histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) study for detection of epididymal structure and caspase-3 as an indicator of epididymal apoptotic changes. Statistical analysis of apoptotic index, area% of collagen and caspase-3 immunoexpression was carried out. Group 2 showed epithelial thinning of epididymal wall, degeneration and vacuolation of epithelial cells with disturbance of stromal collagen fibers. Also, a significant increase of apoptotic index, area % of collagen and caspase-3 cytoplasmic immunoexpression in epididymal epithelium was noticed in group 2. While, Group 3 and 4 showed improvement of the histological and IHC changes described in group 2. It is concluded that tramadol intake exerted toxic effects on epididymal structure while, TQ minimized these effects. Therefore, intake of TQ with tramadol is advised to protect the epididymis from the hazardous effects of tramadol abuse.
VL  - 5
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Ayman Mohammad Mousa

Department of Basic Health Sciences, CAMS, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

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Ayman Mohammad Mousa. (2019). Effects of Thymoquinone on Tramadol Induced Toxicity in Epididymis of Adult Male Rabbits (Histological & Immunohistochemical Study). International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy, 5(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcda.20190501.11

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ACS Style

Ayman Mohammad Mousa. Effects of Thymoquinone on Tramadol Induced Toxicity in Epididymis of Adult Male Rabbits (Histological & Immunohistochemical Study). Int. J. Clin. Dev. Anat. 2019, 5(1), 1-7. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcda.20190501.11

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AMA Style

Ayman Mohammad Mousa. Effects of Thymoquinone on Tramadol Induced Toxicity in Epididymis of Adult Male Rabbits (Histological & Immunohistochemical Study). Int J Clin Dev Anat. 2019;5(1):1-7. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcda.20190501.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijcda.20190501.11,
  author = {Ayman Mohammad Mousa},
  title = {Effects of Thymoquinone on Tramadol Induced Toxicity in Epididymis of Adult Male Rabbits (Histological & Immunohistochemical Study)},
  journal = {International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-7},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijcda.20190501.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcda.20190501.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcda.20190501.11},
  abstract = {Millions of patients who administer or abuse tramadol to relieve chronic pain may suffer from infertility. Thymoquinone (TQ) is a major active component of nigella sativa oil, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The present work aimed to clarify effects of tramadol and TQ on epididymis of adult male rabbits. Forty adult male rabbits aged 3 months were used for one month & divided equally into 4 groups: Group 1 as a control group; group 2 was treated with tramadol 30 mg/kg orally/day, group 3 was treated with TQ 20 mg/kg orally/day and group 4 as a protected group that was treated with TQ 20 mg/kg & tramadol 30 mg/kg orally/day. The epididymis was processed for histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) study for detection of epididymal structure and caspase-3 as an indicator of epididymal apoptotic changes. Statistical analysis of apoptotic index, area% of collagen and caspase-3 immunoexpression was carried out. Group 2 showed epithelial thinning of epididymal wall, degeneration and vacuolation of epithelial cells with disturbance of stromal collagen fibers. Also, a significant increase of apoptotic index, area % of collagen and caspase-3 cytoplasmic immunoexpression in epididymal epithelium was noticed in group 2. While, Group 3 and 4 showed improvement of the histological and IHC changes described in group 2. It is concluded that tramadol intake exerted toxic effects on epididymal structure while, TQ minimized these effects. Therefore, intake of TQ with tramadol is advised to protect the epididymis from the hazardous effects of tramadol abuse.},
 year = {2019}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effects of Thymoquinone on Tramadol Induced Toxicity in Epididymis of Adult Male Rabbits (Histological & Immunohistochemical Study)
AU  - Ayman Mohammad Mousa
Y1  - 2019/04/02
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcda.20190501.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijcda.20190501.11
T2  - International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
JF  - International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
JO  - International Journal of Clinical and Developmental Anatomy
SP  - 1
EP  - 7
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-8008
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcda.20190501.11
AB  - Millions of patients who administer or abuse tramadol to relieve chronic pain may suffer from infertility. Thymoquinone (TQ) is a major active component of nigella sativa oil, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The present work aimed to clarify effects of tramadol and TQ on epididymis of adult male rabbits. Forty adult male rabbits aged 3 months were used for one month & divided equally into 4 groups: Group 1 as a control group; group 2 was treated with tramadol 30 mg/kg orally/day, group 3 was treated with TQ 20 mg/kg orally/day and group 4 as a protected group that was treated with TQ 20 mg/kg & tramadol 30 mg/kg orally/day. The epididymis was processed for histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) study for detection of epididymal structure and caspase-3 as an indicator of epididymal apoptotic changes. Statistical analysis of apoptotic index, area% of collagen and caspase-3 immunoexpression was carried out. Group 2 showed epithelial thinning of epididymal wall, degeneration and vacuolation of epithelial cells with disturbance of stromal collagen fibers. Also, a significant increase of apoptotic index, area % of collagen and caspase-3 cytoplasmic immunoexpression in epididymal epithelium was noticed in group 2. While, Group 3 and 4 showed improvement of the histological and IHC changes described in group 2. It is concluded that tramadol intake exerted toxic effects on epididymal structure while, TQ minimized these effects. Therefore, intake of TQ with tramadol is advised to protect the epididymis from the hazardous effects of tramadol abuse.
VL  - 5
IS  - 1
ER  -

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