In this paper, the effects of alcoholic extract of Silybum marianum L. (AESM) on inflammation and reduction of cartilage destruction in a rabbit model with monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) osteoarthritis were investigated. AESM was able to effectively and dose-dependently suppress the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including iL-6, iL-1α, iL-18, and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated synoviocytes. Furthermore, the expression of these genes in blood and plasma was significantly diminished. The effect of AESM was compared with competing for chemical drugs such as dexamethasone and ibuprofen among control and patient groups of rabbits with OA. The middle part of cartilage in rabbits was measured by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. It was found that AESM has caused the accumulation of indispensable proteoglycans of cartilage. Background: Researches indicate that silymarin is a compound that contains various properties like anty-inflammatory hepatoprotective, antioxidant, heart-protective, hypocholesterolemic, anti-diabetic, anticancer, and cardioprotective activities. Clinical studies have been demonstrated that silymarin has very rare side effects at high doses (>1500 mg/day). Objective: The main aim of this study was to concentrate on the treatment of OA with the help of drugs with minimal side effects to decrease arthritis following the cessation of proinflammatory enzyme cascades. Methods: RNA extraction by ®TRIzol method (Carlsbad, Calif., USA), Convert RNA to cDNA (Malaysia‐Selangor), evaluation of gene expression by RT-PCR, simulation of OA with the help of MIA, extraction with a rotary evaporator vacuum device, the MTT technique, isolation and culture of RFLS. Cartilage staining by method hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) (Bio-Optica, Italy). In addition (MIA, 4mg/50μl, Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA). Results: AESM decreased the expression of iL-6, iL-1α, iL-18 and TNF-α genes in RFLS cells and in cartilage and were confirmed the results by Real-Time PCR. The AESM almost caused a decrease in the percentage of cells stimulated by 50% which is a significant decrease compared to Dexamethasone and ibuprofen (NSAID). Therefore, it can be a worthy therapeutic purpose for OA patients in the future. Conclusions: AESM can compete meaningfully with drugs such as dexamethasone and ibuprofen in the treatment of OA. Our experiments indicated that consumption administration of AESM reduces the expression of TNF-α, iL-6, iL-1α and iL-18 genes and can compete well with common drugs (Dexamethasone and Ibuprofen) in the treatment of OA. The effect of AESM intensified with increasing concentration and had no side effects at very high doses.
| Published in | International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences (Volume 7, Issue 6) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijcems.20210706.14 |
| Page(s) | 180-193 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Silybum marianum L., Monosodium Iodoacetate, Pro-inflammatory Cytokines, Osteoarthritis
| [1] | Malemud CJ. The biological basis of osteoarthritis: State of the evidence. Current opinion in rheumatology. 2015 May; 27 (3): 289. |
| [2] | Poulet B, Staines KA. New developments in osteoarthritis and cartilage biology. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2016 Jun; 28: 8-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.02.009. Epub 2016 Feb 26. PMID: 26921602. |
| [3] | Berenbaum F, Walker C. Osteoarthritis and inflammation: a serious disease with overlapping phenotypic patterns. Postgrad Med. 2020 May; 132 (4): 377-384. DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2020.1730669. Epub 2020 Feb 26. PMID: 32100608. |
| [4] | Wang T, He C. Pro-inflammatory cytokines: The link between obesity and osteoarthritis. Cytokine & growth factor reviews. 2018 Dec 1; 44: 38-50. |
| [5] | Buckwalter JA, Lotz MK, Stoltz JF, editors. Osteoarthritis, inflammation, and degradation: a continuum. IOS Press; 2007. |
| [6] | van Dalen SC, Blom AB, Slöetjes AW, Helsen MM, Roth J, Vogl T, van de Loo FA, Koenders MI, Van der Kraan PM, van den Berg WB, van den Bosch MH. Interleukin-1 is not involved in synovial inflammation and cartilage destruction in collagenase-induced osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and cartilage. 2017 Mar 1; 25 (3): 385-96. |
| [7] | Kenkre JS, Bassett JH. The bone remodeling cycle. Annals of clinical biochemistry. 2018 May; 55 (3): 308-27. |
| [8] | P. E. Auron, A. C. Webb, L. J. Rosenwasser et al., “Nucleotide sequence of human monocyte interleukin 1 precursor cDNA,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 81, pp. 7907–7911, 1984, The Journal of Immunology, vol. 178, no. 9, pp. 5413–5417, 2007. |
| [9] | Bodmer JL, Schneider P, Tschopp J. The molecular architecture of the TNF superfamily. Trends in biochemical sciences. 2002 Jan 1; 27 (1): 19-26. |
| [10] | Steenvoorden MM, Bank RA, Ronday HK, Toes RE, Huizinga TW, DeGroot J. Fibroblast-like synoviocyte-chondrocyte interaction in cartilage degradation. Clinical and experimental rheumatology. 2007 Mar 1; 25 (2): 239. |
| [11] | Raymuev KV. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Herald of North-Western State Medical University named after II Mechnikov. 2018 Nov 19; 10 (3): 19-27. |
| [12] | Distel E, Cadoudal T, Durant S, Poignard A, Chevalier X, Benelli C. The infrapatellar fat pad in knee osteoarthritis: an important source of interleukin-6 and its soluble receptor. Arthritis & Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology. 2009 Nov; 60 (11): 3374-7. |
| [13] | Stannus O, Jones G, Cicuttini F, Parameswaran V, Quinn S, Burgess J, Ding C. Circulating levels of IL-6 and TNF-α are associated with knee radiographic osteoarthritis and knee cartilage loss in older adults. Osteoarthritis and cartilage. 2010 Nov 1; 18 (11): 1441-7. |
| [14] | Livshits G, Zhai G, Hart DJ, Kato BS, Wang H, Williams FM, Spector TD. Interleukin-6 is a significant predictor of radiographic knee osteoarthritis: the Chingford study. Arthritis & Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology. 2009 Jul; 60 (7): 2037-45. |
| [15] | Doss F, Menard J, Hauschild M, Kreutzer HJ, Mittlmeier T, Müller-Steinhardt M, Müller B. Elevated IL-6 levels in the synovial fluid of osteoarthritis patients stem from plasma cells. Scandinavian journal of rheumatology. 2007 Jan 1; 36 (2): 136-9. |
| [16] | Porée B, Kypriotou M, Chadjichristos C, Beauchef G, Renard E, Legendre F, Melin M, Gueret S, Hartmann DJ, Malléin-Gerin F, Pujol JP. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and/or soluble IL-6 receptor down-regulation of human type II collagen gene uttering in articular chondrocytes needs a reduction of Sp1• Sp3 proportion and the permanent pursuit of both parts to the COL2A1 promoter. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2008 Feb 22; 283 (8): 4850-65. |
| [17] | Rowan AD, Koshy PJ, Shingleton WD, Degnan BA, Heath JK, Vernallis AB, Spaull JR, Life PF, Hudson K, Cawston TE. Synergistic effects of glycoprotein 130 binding cytokines in combination with interleukin-1 on cartilage collagen breakdown. Arthritis & Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology. 2001 Jul; 44 (7): 1620-32. |
| [18] | Steeve KT, Marc P, Sandrine T, Dominique H, Yannick F. IL-6, RANKL, TNF-alpha/IL-1: interrelations in bone resorption pathophysiology. Cytokine & growth factor reviews. 2004 Feb 1; 15 (1): 49-60. |
| [19] | Chenoufi HL, Diamant M, Rieneck K, Lund B, Stein GS, Lian JB. Increased mRNA expression and protein secretion of interleukin-6 in primary human osteoblasts differentiated in vitro from the rheumatoid and osteoarthritic bone. Journal of cellular biochemistry. 2001; 81 (4): 666-78. |
| [20] | Sakao K, Takahashi KA, Arai Y, Saito M, Honjo K, Hiraoka N, Asada H, Shin-ya M, Imanishi J, Mazda O, Kubo T. Osteoblasts derived from osteophytes produce interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and matrix metalloproteinase-13 in osteoarthritis. Journal of bone and mineral metabolism. 2009 Jul 1; 27 (4): 412. |
| [21] | Dinarello CA. Overview of the interleukin-1 family of ligands and receptors. Seminars in immunology 2013 Dec 15 (Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 389-393). Academic Press. |
| [22] | Möller B, Paulukat J, Nold M, Behrens M, Kukoc-Zivojnov N, Kaltwasser JP, Pfeilschifter J, Mühl H. Interferon-γ induces expression of interleukin-18 binding protein in fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Rheumatology. 2003 Mar 1; 42 (3): 442-5. |
| [23] | Peng CZ, Cao JM, Xiao T, Peng C, Yang HB, Chen X, Fang JZ. The Concentration of IL-18 and PGE2 in synovial fluid in patients with osteoarthritis and its significance. Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi Xue ban=Journal of Central South University. Medical Sciences. 2006 Dec 1; 31 (6): 862-5. |
| [24] | Denoble AE, Huffman KM, Stabler TV, Kelly SJ, Hershfield MS, McDaniel GE, Coleman RE, Kraus VB. Uric acid is a danger signal of increasing risk for osteoarthritis through inflammasome activation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2011 Feb 1; 108 (5): 2088-93. |
| [25] | Smith T, Kawa K, Eckl V, Morton C, Stredney R. Herbal supplement sales in the US increase 7.7% in 2016. HerbalGram. 2017; 115: 56-65. |
| [26] | Gillessen A, Schmidt HH. Silymarin as supportive treatment in liver diseases: A narrative review. Advances in Therapy. 2020 Feb 17: 1-23. |
| [27] | Abenavoli L, Izzo AA, Milić N, Cicala C, Santini A, Capasso R. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum): A concise overview on its chemistry, pharmacological, and nutraceutical uses in liver diseases. Phytotherapy Research. 2018 Nov; 32 (11): 2202-13. |
| [28] | Camini FC, Costa DC. Silymarin: not just another antioxidant. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. 2020 Mar 5; 1 (ahead-of-print). |
| [29] | Deep G, Agarwal R. Targeting tumor microenvironment with silibinin: promise and potential for a translational cancer chemopreventive strategy. Current cancer drug targets. 2013 Jun 1; 13 (5): 486-99. |
| [30] | Sheta NM, Elfeky YA, Boshra SA. Cardioprotective efficacy of silymarin liquisolid in isoproterenol prompted myocardial infarction in rats. Aaps Pharmscitech. 2020 Apr 1; 21 (3): 81. |
| [31] | Zholobenko A, Modriansky M. Silymarin and its constituents in cardiac preconditioning. Fitoterapia. 2014 Sep 1; 97: 122-32. |
| [32] | Škottová N, Krečman V. Silymarin as a potential hypocholesterolaemic drug. Physiol Res. 1998; 47 (1): 1-7. |
| [33] | Dewanjee S, Chakraborty P, Mukherjee B, De Feo V. Plant-Based Antidiabetic Nanoformulations: The Emerging Paradigm for Effective Therapy. International journal of molecular sciences. 2020 Jan; 21 (6): 2217. |
| [34] | Dheeraj A, Tailor D, Singh SP, Singh RP. Anticancer Attributes of Silibinin: Chemo-and Radiosensitization of Cancer. InRole of Nutraceuticals in Cancer Chemosensitization 2018 Jan 1 (pp. 199-220). Academic Press. |
| [35] | Agarwal R, Agarwal C, Ichikawa H, Singh RP, Aggarwal BB. Anticancer potential of silymarin: from bench to bedside. Anticancer research. 2006 Nov 1; 26 (6B): 4457-98. |
| [36] | Sánchez-Sampedro MA, Fernández-Tárrago J, Corchete P. Elicitation of silymarin in cell cultures of Silybum marianum: effect of subculture and repeated addition of methyl jasmonate. Biotechnology Letters. 2009 Oct 1; 31 (10): 1633-7. |
| [37] | Rady MR, Saker MM, Matter MA. In vitro culture, transformation, and genetic fidelity of Milk Thistle. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. 2018 Dec 1; 16 (2): 563-72. |
| [38] | Guingamp C, Gegout-Pottie P, Philippe L, Terlain B, Netter P, Gillet P. Mono-iodoacetate-induced experimental osteoarthritis. A dose-response study of loss of mobility, morphology, and biochemistry. Arthritis & Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology. 1997 Sep; 40 (9): 1670-9. |
| [39] | Lampropoulou-Adamidou K, Lelovas P, Karadimas EV, Liakou C, Triantafillopoulos IK, Dontas I, Papaioannou NA. Useful animal models for the research of osteoarthritis. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology. 2014 Apr 1; 24 (3): 263-71. |
| [40] | Takahashi I, Matsuzaki T, Kuroki H, Hoso M. Induction of osteoarthritis by injecting monosodium iodoacetate into the patellofemoral joint of an experimental rat model. PLoS One. 2018 Apr 26; 13 (4): e0196625. |
| [41] | Javed S, Kohli K, Ali M. Reassessing bioavailability of silymarin. Alternative medicine review. 2011 Sep 1; 16 (3): 239. |
| [42] | Au RY, Al-Talib TK, Au AY, Phan PV, Frondoza CG. Avocado soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) suppress TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, iNOS gene expression, and prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide production in articular chondrocytes and monocyte/macrophages. Osteoarthritis and cartilage. 2007 Nov 1; 15 (11): 1249-55. |
| [43] | Bove SE, Calcaterra SL, Brooker RM, Huber CM, Guzman RE, Juneau PL, Schrier DJ, Kilgore KS. Weight-bearing as a measure of disease progression and efficacy of anti-inflammatory compounds in a model of monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and cartilage. 2003 Nov 1; 11 (11): 821-30. |
| [44] | Kydd AS, Reno C, Sorbetti JM, Hart DA. Influence of a single systemic corticosteroid injection on mRNA levels for a subset of genes in connective tissues of the rabbit knee: a comparison of steroid types and effect of skeletal maturity. The Journal of rheumatology. 2005 Feb 1; 32 (2): 307-19. |
| [45] | Caparroz-Assef SM, Bersani-Amado CA, Kelmer-Bracht AM, Bracht A, Ishii-Iwamoto EL. The metabolic changes caused by dexamethasone in the adjuvant-induced arthritic rat. Molecular and cellular biochemistry. 2007 Aug; 302 (1): 87-98. |
| [46] | Huebner KD, Shrive NG, Frank CB. Dexamethasone inhibits inflammation and cartilage damage in a new model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Journal of orthopedic research. 2014 Apr; 32 (4): 566-72. |
| [47] | Shams G. Residues of Diclofenac Sodium in Rabbit Tissues. Zagazig Veterinary Journal. 2019 Sep 1; 47 (3): 298-305. |
| [48] | Francis Ka-Ming Chan, Kenta Moriwaki, and María José De Rosa. Detection of Necrosis by Release of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activity, Detection of Necrosis by Release of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activity |
| [49] | Chudzik B, Bonio K, Dabrowski W, Pietrzak D, Niewiadomy A, Olender A, Pawlikowska-Pawlęga B, Gagoś M. Antifungal effects of a 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole derivative determined by cytochemical and vibrational spectroscopic studies. PloS one. 2019 Sep 30; 14 (9): e0222775. |
| [50] | Tolosa L, Donato MT, Gómez-Lechón MJ. General cytotoxicity assessment utilizing the MTT assay. Protocols in In Vitro Hepatocyte Research. 2015: 333-48. |
| [51] | 51.Lippiello L, Woodward J, Karpman R, Hammad TA. In vivo chondroprotection and metabolic synergy of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®. 2000 Dec 1; 381: 229-40. |
| [52] | Chen P, Ruan A, Zhou J, Huang L, Zhang X, Ma Y, Wang Q. Cinnamic Aldehyde Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Chondrocyte Inflammation and Reduces Cartilage Degeneration by Blocking the Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Signaling Pathway. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2020; 11. |
| [53] | Yang JH, Liu FX, Wang JH, Cheng M, Wang SF, Xu DH. Mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: Potential roles in rheumatic diseases. World Journal of Stem Cells. 2020 Jul 26; 12 (7): 688. |
| [54] | Nakagawa Y, Mukai S, Yamada S, Murata S, Yabumoto H, Maeda T, Akamatsu S. The Efficacy and Safety of Highly-Bioavailable Curcumin for Treating Knee Osteoarthritis: A 6-Month Open-Labeled Prospective Study. Clinical Medicine Insights: Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2020 Aug; 13: 1179544120948471. |
| [55] | Zhang L, Li T, Wang R, Xu J, Zhou L, Yan L, Hu Z, Li H, Liu F, Du W, Tong P. Evaluation of Long-Time Decoction-Detoxicated Hei-Shun-Pian (Processed Aconitum Carmichaeli Debeaux Lateral Root With Peel) for Its Acute Toxicity and Therapeutic Effect on Mono-Iodoacetate Induced Osteoarthritis. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2020 Jul 24; 11: 1053. |
| [56] | Chen Y, Jiang W, Yong H, He M, Yang Y, Deng Z, Li Y. Macrophages in osteoarthritis: pathophysiology and therapeutics. American Journal of Translational Research. 2020; 12 (1): 261. |
| [57] | Bradley JD, Brandt KD, Katz BP, Kalasinski LA, Ryan SI. Comparison of an antiinflammatory dose of ibuprofen, an analgesic dose of ibuprofen, and acetaminophen in the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. New England Journal of Medicine. 1991 Jul 11; 325 (2): 87-91. |
| [58] | Vaishya R, Pariyo GB, Agarwal AK, Vijay V. Non-operative management of osteoarthritis of the knee joint. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2016 Jul 1; 7 (3): 170-6. |
| [59] | Cannon JG. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Edited by Laurence Brunton, John Lazo, and Keith Parker. McGraw Hill, New York. 2005. xxiii+ 2021 pp. 21× 26 cm. ISBN 0-07-142280-3. $149.95. |
| [60] | Ghouri A, Conaghan PG. Prospects for Therapies in Osteoarthritis. Calcified Tissue International. 2020 Feb 13: 1-2. |
| [61] | Ciocarlan A, Dragalin I, Aricu A, Ciocîrlan N, Stavarache C, Deleanu M. Chromatographic analysis of Silybum marianum (l.) gaertn. fatty oil. Chemistry Journal of Moldova. 2018 Jul 1; 13 (1): 63-8. |
| [62] | Petrásková L, Káňová K, Biedermann D, Křen V, Valentová K. Simple and rapid HPLC separation and quantification of flavonoid, flavonolignans, and 2, 3-dehydroflavonolignans in silymarin. Foods. 2020 Feb; 9 (2): 116. |
| [63] | Kroll DJ, Shaw HS, Oberlies NH. Milk thistle nomenclature: why it matters in cancer research and pharmacokinetic studies. Integrative cancer therapies. 2007 Jun; 6 (2): 110-9. |
| [64] | Hasanlou T, Bahmani M, Sepehrifar R, Kalantari F. Determination of tocopherols and fatty acids in seeds of Silybum marianum (L.) gaerth. |
| [65] | Tecchio C, Micheletti A, Cassatella MA. Neutrophil-derived cytokines: facts beyond expression. Frontiers in immunology. 2014 Oct 21; 5: 508. |
| [66] | Piccioli P, Rubartelli A. The secretion of IL-1β and options for the release. Seminars in immunology 2013 Dec 15 (Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 425-429). Academic Press. |
| [67] | Eder C. Mechanisms of interleukin-1β release. Immunobiology. 2009 Jul 1; 214 (7): 543-53. |
| [68] | Sutterwala FS, Ogura Y, Szczepanik M, Lara-Tejero M, Lichtenberger GS, Grant EP, Bertin J, Coyle AJ, Galán JE, Askenase PW, Flavell RA. Critical role for NALP3/CIAS1/Cryopyrin in innate and adaptive immunity through its regulation of caspase-1. Immunity. 2006 Mar 1; 24 (3): 317-27. |
| [69] | Afonina IS, Müller C, Martin SJ, Beyaert R. Proteolytic processing of interleukin-1 family cytokines: variations on a common theme. Immunity. 2015 Jun 16; 42 (6): 991-1004. |
| [70] | Joosten LA, Netea MG, Fantuzzi G, Koenders MI, Helsen MM, Sparrer H, Pham CT, Van Der Meer JW, Dinarello CA, Van Den Berg WB. Inflammatory arthritis in caspase 1 gene-deficient mice: Contribution of proteinase 3 to caspase 1–independent production of bioactive interleukin-1β. Arthritis & Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology. 2009 Dec; 60 (12): 3651-62. |
| [71] | Tilg H, Effenberger M, Adolph TE. A role for IL-1 inhibitors in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)? Expert opinion on investigational Drugs, Volume 29, 2020-issue 2, 103-106. |
| [72] | Scheller J, Chalaris A, Schmidt-Arras D, Rose-John S. The pro-and anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine interleukin-6. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research. 2011 May 1; 1813 (5): 878-88. |
| [73] | Ciesielska, A., Matyjek, M. and Kwiatkowska, K., 2021. TLR4 and CD14 trafficking and its influence on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory signaling. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 78 (4), pp. 1233-1261. |
APA Style
Amir Akbarnejad Eshkalak, Hossein Maghsoudi. (2021). Investigation of Changes in the Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines Caused by Extract Silybum marianum L. in In-vitro and In-vivo. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences, 7(6), 180-193. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20210706.14
ACS Style
Amir Akbarnejad Eshkalak; Hossein Maghsoudi. Investigation of Changes in the Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines Caused by Extract Silybum marianum L. in In-vitro and In-vivo. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. Sci. 2021, 7(6), 180-193. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20210706.14
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ijcems.20210706.14,
author = {Amir Akbarnejad Eshkalak and Hossein Maghsoudi},
title = {Investigation of Changes in the Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines Caused by Extract Silybum marianum L. in In-vitro and In-vivo},
journal = {International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences},
volume = {7},
number = {6},
pages = {180-193},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijcems.20210706.14},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20210706.14},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcems.20210706.14},
abstract = {In this paper, the effects of alcoholic extract of Silybum marianum L. (AESM) on inflammation and reduction of cartilage destruction in a rabbit model with monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) osteoarthritis were investigated. AESM was able to effectively and dose-dependently suppress the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including iL-6, iL-1α, iL-18, and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated synoviocytes. Furthermore, the expression of these genes in blood and plasma was significantly diminished. The effect of AESM was compared with competing for chemical drugs such as dexamethasone and ibuprofen among control and patient groups of rabbits with OA. The middle part of cartilage in rabbits was measured by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. It was found that AESM has caused the accumulation of indispensable proteoglycans of cartilage. Background: Researches indicate that silymarin is a compound that contains various properties like anty-inflammatory hepatoprotective, antioxidant, heart-protective, hypocholesterolemic, anti-diabetic, anticancer, and cardioprotective activities. Clinical studies have been demonstrated that silymarin has very rare side effects at high doses (>1500 mg/day). Objective: The main aim of this study was to concentrate on the treatment of OA with the help of drugs with minimal side effects to decrease arthritis following the cessation of proinflammatory enzyme cascades. Methods: RNA extraction by ®TRIzol method (Carlsbad, Calif., USA), Convert RNA to cDNA (Malaysia‐Selangor), evaluation of gene expression by RT-PCR, simulation of OA with the help of MIA, extraction with a rotary evaporator vacuum device, the MTT technique, isolation and culture of RFLS. Cartilage staining by method hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) (Bio-Optica, Italy). In addition (MIA, 4mg/50μl, Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA). Results: AESM decreased the expression of iL-6, iL-1α, iL-18 and TNF-α genes in RFLS cells and in cartilage and were confirmed the results by Real-Time PCR. The AESM almost caused a decrease in the percentage of cells stimulated by 50% which is a significant decrease compared to Dexamethasone and ibuprofen (NSAID). Therefore, it can be a worthy therapeutic purpose for OA patients in the future. Conclusions: AESM can compete meaningfully with drugs such as dexamethasone and ibuprofen in the treatment of OA. Our experiments indicated that consumption administration of AESM reduces the expression of TNF-α, iL-6, iL-1α and iL-18 genes and can compete well with common drugs (Dexamethasone and Ibuprofen) in the treatment of OA. The effect of AESM intensified with increasing concentration and had no side effects at very high doses.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Investigation of Changes in the Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines Caused by Extract Silybum marianum L. in In-vitro and In-vivo AU - Amir Akbarnejad Eshkalak AU - Hossein Maghsoudi Y1 - 2021/11/23 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20210706.14 DO - 10.11648/j.ijcems.20210706.14 T2 - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences JF - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences JO - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences SP - 180 EP - 193 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2469-8032 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20210706.14 AB - In this paper, the effects of alcoholic extract of Silybum marianum L. (AESM) on inflammation and reduction of cartilage destruction in a rabbit model with monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) osteoarthritis were investigated. AESM was able to effectively and dose-dependently suppress the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including iL-6, iL-1α, iL-18, and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated synoviocytes. Furthermore, the expression of these genes in blood and plasma was significantly diminished. The effect of AESM was compared with competing for chemical drugs such as dexamethasone and ibuprofen among control and patient groups of rabbits with OA. The middle part of cartilage in rabbits was measured by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. It was found that AESM has caused the accumulation of indispensable proteoglycans of cartilage. Background: Researches indicate that silymarin is a compound that contains various properties like anty-inflammatory hepatoprotective, antioxidant, heart-protective, hypocholesterolemic, anti-diabetic, anticancer, and cardioprotective activities. Clinical studies have been demonstrated that silymarin has very rare side effects at high doses (>1500 mg/day). Objective: The main aim of this study was to concentrate on the treatment of OA with the help of drugs with minimal side effects to decrease arthritis following the cessation of proinflammatory enzyme cascades. Methods: RNA extraction by ®TRIzol method (Carlsbad, Calif., USA), Convert RNA to cDNA (Malaysia‐Selangor), evaluation of gene expression by RT-PCR, simulation of OA with the help of MIA, extraction with a rotary evaporator vacuum device, the MTT technique, isolation and culture of RFLS. Cartilage staining by method hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) (Bio-Optica, Italy). In addition (MIA, 4mg/50μl, Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA). Results: AESM decreased the expression of iL-6, iL-1α, iL-18 and TNF-α genes in RFLS cells and in cartilage and were confirmed the results by Real-Time PCR. The AESM almost caused a decrease in the percentage of cells stimulated by 50% which is a significant decrease compared to Dexamethasone and ibuprofen (NSAID). Therefore, it can be a worthy therapeutic purpose for OA patients in the future. Conclusions: AESM can compete meaningfully with drugs such as dexamethasone and ibuprofen in the treatment of OA. Our experiments indicated that consumption administration of AESM reduces the expression of TNF-α, iL-6, iL-1α and iL-18 genes and can compete well with common drugs (Dexamethasone and Ibuprofen) in the treatment of OA. The effect of AESM intensified with increasing concentration and had no side effects at very high doses. VL - 7 IS - 6 ER -
Information
Email: