Artificial Circulation Effect on Oxygen Saturation in the Brain Phantom

Olga Nikona; Roberts Leibuss; Rihards Starinskis; Davis Starinskis; Davis Mackevics; Yuri Dekhtyar; Vlads Vulkanovs; Eva Strike

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijcts.20230902.11

Artificial Circulation Effect on Oxygen Saturation in the Brain Phantom

Olga Nikona, Roberts Leibuss, Rihards Starinskis, Davis Starinskis, Davis Mackevics, Yuri Dekhtyar, Vlads Vulkanovs, Eva Strike

Published in International Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (Volume 9, Issue 2)

Received: 30 September 2022 Accepted: 24 October 2022 Published: 25 May 2023

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Abstract

Cardiovascular surgery represents a field where the anesthetist frequently deals with quickly evolving conditions associated with anesthesia, perfusion, and the scope of surgery, that have a direct and indirect impact on the oxygen delivery to organs and tissues and its consumption ratio. The prospects of predicting the oxygen concentration influential factors on the brain create a possibility for effective decisions in the crucial moments of cardiac surgery during a cardiopulmonary bypass, to choose specific neuroprotection to decrease postoperative neurologic complication risk. Nowadays, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology has been used to perform cerebral oximetry analysis. By reviewing available literature, the work on the possible dependence of artificial blood circulation on oxygen concentration in the brain is provided. This research aims to investigate how artificial circulation, specifically the flow and viscosity of the fluid equivalent to blood, affects oxygen concentration in the cerebral phantom. The thesis contains methodology for measuring the concentration of oxygen was considered, as well as the manufacture of a phantom of the brain and an equivalent blood fluid. The results illustrate that the artificial blood flow rate has a non-linear effect on the oxygen concentration in the brain phantom. This was confirmed through the value of the oxygen concentration in the brain phantom under conditions of artificial blood circulation rSO_2avg.= 85% with laminar flow and the value of rSO_2avg.= 78% with turbulent flow. Additionally, it was proven that as the viscosity of the blood-equivalent fluid increases, the oxygen concentration decreases almost linearly. The calculated average rSO₂ value at minimum viscosity η=2.0 mPa∙s and flow rate Q=0.5 l/min has maximum rSO_2avg.=85%, while at maximum viscosity η=4.2 mPa∙s, rSO₂ average value was the smallest rSO_2avg.=72%. The study demonstrates that the type and rate of flow, as well as viscosity of the cardiopulmonary bypass, affect the measurements of oxygen concentration in the brain phantom.

Published in	International Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (Volume 9, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijcts.20230902.11
Page(s)	9-16
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Neuroprotection, Cardiopulmonary Bypass Machine, Cardiac Surgery, Brain Phantom, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, Artificial Blood

References

[1]	Choudhry, F. A., Grantham, J. T., Rai, A. T. & Hogg, J. P., 2016. Vascular geometry of the extracranial carotid arteries: an analysis of length, diameter, and tortuosity. Journal of neurointerventional surgery, 5 (8), pp. 536-540.
[2]	Edmonds, H. L., 2006. Pro: all cardiac surgical patients should have intraoperative cerebral oxygenation monitoring. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, pp. 445-449.
[3]	Guskov, D. A., 2018. REGIONAL OXIMETRY DURING CARDIAC SURGERY OPERATIONS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF ARTIFICIAL CIRCULATION, Moscow, Russia: Russian Scientific Centre of Surgery.
[4]	Konishi, T., Kurazumi, T., Kato, T. & Takko, C., 2018. Time-Dependent Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow and Arterial Pressure During Mild +Gz Hypergravity. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance, pp. 787-791.
[5]	Kornick, J., 2021. What You Need to Know About Brain Oxygen Deprivation. [Online] Available at: https://www.spinalcord.com/blog/what-happens-after-a-lack-of-oxygen-to-the-brain [Accessed 2 December 2021].
[6]	Maillard, J. et al., 2019. A Case of Persistence of Normal Tissue Oxygenation Monitored by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Values Despite Prolonged Perioperative Cardiac Arrest. American Journal of Case Reports, pp. 21-25.
[7]	Matienzo, D. & Bordoni, B., 2021. Anatomy, Blood Flow. [Online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554457/?report=classic
[8]	Nader, E. et al., 2019. Blood Rheology: Key Parameters, Impact on Blood Flow, Role in Sickle Cell Disease and Effects of Exercise. Frontiers in Physiology, Volume 10.
[9]	Pittman, R. N., 2011. The Circulatory System and Oxygen Transport. In: Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation. San Rafael, CA: Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences.
[10]	Purves, D., Augustine, G. & Fitzpatrick, D., 2001. The Blood Supply of the Brain and Spinal Cord. In: Neuroscience. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates.
[11]	Samohvalov, V. G., Chernobay, L. V. & A, B. D., 2010. SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION, LAWS OF HEMODYNAMICS, ROLE OF VESSELS IN BLOOD CIRCULATION. In: PHYSIOLOGY OF VISCERAL SYSTEMS. Harkov, Ukraine: MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE, pp. 1-67.
[12]	Valecchi, D. et al., 2010. Internal jugular vein valves: An assessment of prevalence, morphology and competence by Color Doppler Echography in 240 healthy subjects. Italian journal of anatomy and embryology, 3 (115), pp. 185-189.
[13]	Yichao, T., Haishu, D., Lan, H. & Qingcheng, G., 2007. Monitoring Cerebral Oxygen Saturation Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy during Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Comparing with Monitoring Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation. Beijing, China, IEEE, pp. 1008-1013.

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APA Style

Olga Nikona, Roberts Leibuss, Rihards Starinskis, Davis Starinskis, Davis Mackevics, et al. (2023). Artificial Circulation Effect on Oxygen Saturation in the Brain Phantom. International Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, 9(2), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcts.20230902.11

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ACS Style

Olga Nikona; Roberts Leibuss; Rihards Starinskis; Davis Starinskis; Davis Mackevics, et al. Artificial Circulation Effect on Oxygen Saturation in the Brain Phantom. Int. J. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg. 2023, 9(2), 9-16. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcts.20230902.11

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AMA Style

Olga Nikona, Roberts Leibuss, Rihards Starinskis, Davis Starinskis, Davis Mackevics, et al. Artificial Circulation Effect on Oxygen Saturation in the Brain Phantom. Int J Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2023;9(2):9-16. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcts.20230902.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijcts.20230902.11,
  author = {Olga Nikona and Roberts Leibuss and Rihards Starinskis and Davis Starinskis and Davis Mackevics and Yuri Dekhtyar and Vlads Vulkanovs and Eva Strike},
  title = {Artificial Circulation Effect on Oxygen Saturation in the Brain Phantom},
  journal = {International Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {9-16},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijcts.20230902.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcts.20230902.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcts.20230902.11},
  abstract = {Cardiovascular surgery represents a field where the anesthetist frequently deals with quickly evolving conditions associated with anesthesia, perfusion, and the scope of surgery, that have a direct and indirect impact on the oxygen delivery to organs and tissues and its consumption ratio. The prospects of predicting the oxygen concentration influential factors on the brain create a possibility for effective decisions in the crucial moments of cardiac surgery during a cardiopulmonary bypass, to choose specific neuroprotection to decrease postoperative neurologic complication risk. Nowadays, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology has been used to perform cerebral oximetry analysis. By reviewing available literature, the work on the possible dependence of artificial blood circulation on oxygen concentration in the brain is provided. This research aims to investigate how artificial circulation, specifically the flow and viscosity of the fluid equivalent to blood, affects oxygen concentration in the cerebral phantom. The thesis contains methodology for measuring the concentration of oxygen was considered, as well as the manufacture of a phantom of the brain and an equivalent blood fluid. The results illustrate that the artificial blood flow rate has a non-linear effect on the oxygen concentration in the brain phantom. This was confirmed through the value of the oxygen concentration in the brain phantom under conditions of artificial blood circulation rSO2avg.= 85% with laminar flow and the value of rSO2avg.= 78% with turbulent flow. Additionally, it was proven that as the viscosity of the blood-equivalent fluid increases, the oxygen concentration decreases almost linearly. The calculated average rSO2 value at minimum viscosity η=2.0 mPa∙s and flow rate Q=0.5 l/min has maximum rSO2avg.=85%, while at maximum viscosity η=4.2 mPa∙s, rSO2 average value was the smallest rSO2avg.=72%. The study demonstrates that the type and rate of flow, as well as viscosity of the cardiopulmonary bypass, affect the measurements of oxygen concentration in the brain phantom.},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Artificial Circulation Effect on Oxygen Saturation in the Brain Phantom
AU  - Olga Nikona
AU  - Roberts Leibuss
AU  - Rihards Starinskis
AU  - Davis Starinskis
AU  - Davis Mackevics
AU  - Yuri Dekhtyar
AU  - Vlads Vulkanovs
AU  - Eva Strike
Y1  - 2023/05/25
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcts.20230902.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijcts.20230902.11
T2  - International Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
JF  - International Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
JO  - International Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
SP  - 9
EP  - 16
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-4882
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcts.20230902.11
AB  - Cardiovascular surgery represents a field where the anesthetist frequently deals with quickly evolving conditions associated with anesthesia, perfusion, and the scope of surgery, that have a direct and indirect impact on the oxygen delivery to organs and tissues and its consumption ratio. The prospects of predicting the oxygen concentration influential factors on the brain create a possibility for effective decisions in the crucial moments of cardiac surgery during a cardiopulmonary bypass, to choose specific neuroprotection to decrease postoperative neurologic complication risk. Nowadays, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology has been used to perform cerebral oximetry analysis. By reviewing available literature, the work on the possible dependence of artificial blood circulation on oxygen concentration in the brain is provided. This research aims to investigate how artificial circulation, specifically the flow and viscosity of the fluid equivalent to blood, affects oxygen concentration in the cerebral phantom. The thesis contains methodology for measuring the concentration of oxygen was considered, as well as the manufacture of a phantom of the brain and an equivalent blood fluid. The results illustrate that the artificial blood flow rate has a non-linear effect on the oxygen concentration in the brain phantom. This was confirmed through the value of the oxygen concentration in the brain phantom under conditions of artificial blood circulation rSO2avg.= 85% with laminar flow and the value of rSO2avg.= 78% with turbulent flow. Additionally, it was proven that as the viscosity of the blood-equivalent fluid increases, the oxygen concentration decreases almost linearly. The calculated average rSO2 value at minimum viscosity η=2.0 mPa∙s and flow rate Q=0.5 l/min has maximum rSO2avg.=85%, while at maximum viscosity η=4.2 mPa∙s, rSO2 average value was the smallest rSO2avg.=72%. The study demonstrates that the type and rate of flow, as well as viscosity of the cardiopulmonary bypass, affect the measurements of oxygen concentration in the brain phantom.
VL  - 9
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Olga Nikona

Medical Engineering and Physics Faculty, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
Roberts Leibuss

Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
Rihards Starinskis

Medical Faculty, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
Davis Starinskis

Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
Davis Mackevics

Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
Yuri Dekhtyar

Medical Engineering and Physics Faculty, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
Vlads Vulkanovs

Engineering Department, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Eva Strike

Medical Engineering and Physics Faculty, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Olga Nikona, Roberts Leibuss, Rihards Starinskis, Davis Starinskis, Davis Mackevics, et al. (2023). Artificial Circulation Effect on Oxygen Saturation in the Brain Phantom. International Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, 9(2), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcts.20230902.11

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ACS Style

Olga Nikona; Roberts Leibuss; Rihards Starinskis; Davis Starinskis; Davis Mackevics, et al. Artificial Circulation Effect on Oxygen Saturation in the Brain Phantom. Int. J. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg. 2023, 9(2), 9-16. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcts.20230902.11

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AMA Style

Olga Nikona, Roberts Leibuss, Rihards Starinskis, Davis Starinskis, Davis Mackevics, et al. Artificial Circulation Effect on Oxygen Saturation in the Brain Phantom. Int J Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2023;9(2):9-16. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcts.20230902.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijcts.20230902.11,
  author = {Olga Nikona and Roberts Leibuss and Rihards Starinskis and Davis Starinskis and Davis Mackevics and Yuri Dekhtyar and Vlads Vulkanovs and Eva Strike},
  title = {Artificial Circulation Effect on Oxygen Saturation in the Brain Phantom},
  journal = {International Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {9-16},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijcts.20230902.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcts.20230902.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcts.20230902.11},
  abstract = {Cardiovascular surgery represents a field where the anesthetist frequently deals with quickly evolving conditions associated with anesthesia, perfusion, and the scope of surgery, that have a direct and indirect impact on the oxygen delivery to organs and tissues and its consumption ratio. The prospects of predicting the oxygen concentration influential factors on the brain create a possibility for effective decisions in the crucial moments of cardiac surgery during a cardiopulmonary bypass, to choose specific neuroprotection to decrease postoperative neurologic complication risk. Nowadays, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology has been used to perform cerebral oximetry analysis. By reviewing available literature, the work on the possible dependence of artificial blood circulation on oxygen concentration in the brain is provided. This research aims to investigate how artificial circulation, specifically the flow and viscosity of the fluid equivalent to blood, affects oxygen concentration in the cerebral phantom. The thesis contains methodology for measuring the concentration of oxygen was considered, as well as the manufacture of a phantom of the brain and an equivalent blood fluid. The results illustrate that the artificial blood flow rate has a non-linear effect on the oxygen concentration in the brain phantom. This was confirmed through the value of the oxygen concentration in the brain phantom under conditions of artificial blood circulation rSO2avg.= 85% with laminar flow and the value of rSO2avg.= 78% with turbulent flow. Additionally, it was proven that as the viscosity of the blood-equivalent fluid increases, the oxygen concentration decreases almost linearly. The calculated average rSO2 value at minimum viscosity η=2.0 mPa∙s and flow rate Q=0.5 l/min has maximum rSO2avg.=85%, while at maximum viscosity η=4.2 mPa∙s, rSO2 average value was the smallest rSO2avg.=72%. The study demonstrates that the type and rate of flow, as well as viscosity of the cardiopulmonary bypass, affect the measurements of oxygen concentration in the brain phantom.},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Artificial Circulation Effect on Oxygen Saturation in the Brain Phantom
AU  - Olga Nikona
AU  - Roberts Leibuss
AU  - Rihards Starinskis
AU  - Davis Starinskis
AU  - Davis Mackevics
AU  - Yuri Dekhtyar
AU  - Vlads Vulkanovs
AU  - Eva Strike
Y1  - 2023/05/25
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcts.20230902.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijcts.20230902.11
T2  - International Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
JF  - International Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
JO  - International Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
SP  - 9
EP  - 16
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-4882
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcts.20230902.11
AB  - Cardiovascular surgery represents a field where the anesthetist frequently deals with quickly evolving conditions associated with anesthesia, perfusion, and the scope of surgery, that have a direct and indirect impact on the oxygen delivery to organs and tissues and its consumption ratio. The prospects of predicting the oxygen concentration influential factors on the brain create a possibility for effective decisions in the crucial moments of cardiac surgery during a cardiopulmonary bypass, to choose specific neuroprotection to decrease postoperative neurologic complication risk. Nowadays, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology has been used to perform cerebral oximetry analysis. By reviewing available literature, the work on the possible dependence of artificial blood circulation on oxygen concentration in the brain is provided. This research aims to investigate how artificial circulation, specifically the flow and viscosity of the fluid equivalent to blood, affects oxygen concentration in the cerebral phantom. The thesis contains methodology for measuring the concentration of oxygen was considered, as well as the manufacture of a phantom of the brain and an equivalent blood fluid. The results illustrate that the artificial blood flow rate has a non-linear effect on the oxygen concentration in the brain phantom. This was confirmed through the value of the oxygen concentration in the brain phantom under conditions of artificial blood circulation rSO2avg.= 85% with laminar flow and the value of rSO2avg.= 78% with turbulent flow. Additionally, it was proven that as the viscosity of the blood-equivalent fluid increases, the oxygen concentration decreases almost linearly. The calculated average rSO2 value at minimum viscosity η=2.0 mPa∙s and flow rate Q=0.5 l/min has maximum rSO2avg.=85%, while at maximum viscosity η=4.2 mPa∙s, rSO2 average value was the smallest rSO2avg.=72%. The study demonstrates that the type and rate of flow, as well as viscosity of the cardiopulmonary bypass, affect the measurements of oxygen concentration in the brain phantom.
VL  - 9
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download