Assessment of the Quality of Newly Constructed Hand-Dug Well Usetd for Drinking and Their Treatment System at Kenema Town, Kenema District, Eastern, Sierra Leone

Kanneh Umaru; Lebbie Sahr Emmanuel

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijec.20230701.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Assessment of the Quality of Newly Constructed Hand-Dug Well Usetd for Drinking and Their Treatment System at Kenema Town, Kenema District, Eastern, Sierra Leone

Kanneh Umaru, Lebbie Sahr Emmanuel

Published in International Journal of Environmental Chemistry (Volume 7, Issue 1)

Received: 18 April 2023 Accepted: 11 May 2023 Published: 25 May 2023

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

The tremendous increase in the human population increase the stress on both surface and groundwater and it is believed that at the beginning of human civilization itself, groundwater was the most trusted form of drinking water because of the filtering effect of the aquifer however, in the present world drinking water directly from the source without proper treatment is very tough and risky for the health. Kenema District is a district in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone, its capital and largest city is Kenema City, which is the third most populous city in Sierra Leone, after Freetown and Bo Both the physical and chemical Parameters investigated are within the WHO acceptable limits, except one of bioteriological parameters (non- faecal coliform). Tables 1, 3, and 4 show high statistical mean values for the Non-Faecal Coliform bacteria in the hand dug wells. Diema Hand Dug Well (12.00 cfu/100ml), Ansarul Hand Dug Well (11.67 cfu/100ml) and the combined statistical mean value (10.78cfu/100ml) of the Non-Faecal Coliform bacteria and all the values fell out of World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit. However, Islamic Hand Dug Well has a statistical mean value of 8.67 cfu/100ml of Non-Faecal Coliform Value which is within the WHO permissible limit (<10cfu/100ml). The combined statistical mean value for Diema, Islamic, and Ansarul hand dug well for the following physiochemical parameters (pH 7.14, Turbidity 2.46NTU, Conductivity 196.56, TDS 100.11mg, Ammonia 0.02mg/l, Nitrite 0.02mg/l, Nitrate 0.06mg/l, Phosphate 6.15mg/l, Cadmium 0.00gm/l, Copper 0.02mg/l, Iron 0.03mg/l and Zinc 2.67mg/l) are all within the World Health Organization permissible limits (Table 4). Non-faecal coliforms were discovered in all of the wells and boreholes examined and analyzed in a similar investigation to identify the bacteriological pollution of groundwater sources.

Published in	International Journal of Environmental Chemistry (Volume 7, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijec.20230701.12
Page(s)	9-16
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Hand-Dug, Well, Treatment, Physiochemical, Biological Bacteria

References

[1]	APHA: American Public Health Association, Standard Methods: For the Examination of Water and Wastewater, APHA, AWWA, WEF/1995, APHA Publication, 1995.
[2]	Bain et al., (2014): Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries.
[3]	CDC (2012). Treatment and prevention in Sierra Leone Zainab Blell mph student. https://slideplayer.com/slide/12371900/
[4]	Crow B (2001). Water: gender and material inequalities in the global South Howard Ahmed G, Shamsuddin MF, Mahmud AF, Deere SGD (2006). Risk assessment of arsenic mitigation options in Bangladesh. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition 24 (3): 346-355.
[5]	Howard SC, et al. (2006) Increased phosphoglucomutase activity suppresses the galactose growth defect associated with elevated levels of Ras signaling in S. cerevisiae. Curr Genet 49 (1): 1-6.
[6]	J. DeZuane, Handbook of Drinking Water Quality, John Wiley & Sons, 1997.
[7]	Jeremiah KT, Jonathan AQB (2018). Bacteriological contamination of groundwater in relation to septic tanks location in Ashanti Region, Ghana, vol. 4, issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2018.1556197
[8]	Maduka HCC, Chukwu NC, Ugwu CE, Dike CC, Okpogba AN, Ogueche PN and Maduka AA (2014). Assessment of commercial bottled table and sachet water commonly consumed in Federal University of Technology, Owerri (FUTO), Imo State, Nigeria using Microbiological indices. Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 13: 86-89.
[9]	Mihayo. I, Mkoma. S. (2012). Chemical Water Quality of Bottled Drinking Water Brands Marketed in Mwanza City, Tanzania. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, Vol. 2 (7), 21-26; ISSN 2231-606X.
[10]	Mpakam HG (2009). Vulnérabilité à la pollution des ressources en eaux à Bafoussam et incidences socio-économiques et sanitaires: modalités d’assainissement. Th. Doct. PhD, Univ. Yaoundé I. P 267.
[11]	Nwachukwu and Emeruem's (2007); Presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in sachet water produced and sold in the eastern Nigeria, 2 (10) 782-786.
[12]	Obiri-Danso K, Adjei B, Stanley KN, Jones K (2009). Microbiological quality and metals in wells and boreholes water in some peri-urban communities in Kumasi, Ghana. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 3 (3): 059-066.
[13]	Opara AU and Nnodim J (2014). Prevalence of Bacteria in bottled and sachet water sold in Owerri metropolis. International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries 4: 117-122.
[14]	Pankow, J. F. (1991): Aquatic chemistry concept.
[15]	Pujeh, et al., (2021): Assessment of the quality of hand dug well used for drinking and agricultural activities at Blama, Small-Bo Chiefdom, Eastern, Sierra Leone, Vol. 13 (1), pp. 1-9.
[16]	Sawyer, D. S., Whitmarsh, R. B., Klaus, A., et al., 1994 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, Vol. 149.
[17]	Statistics Sierra Leone (2021): Sierra Leone Mid-Term Population and Housing Census. http://www.ststistic.sl.Census
[18]	Stevens M, Ashbolt N, Cunliffe D (2003). Recommendation to change the use of coliform as microbial indicators of drinking water quality. Australia Government National Health and Medical Research Council, pp. 1-42.
[19]	Derege K, Chris, Z (2014): The African health observatory as a Platform for strengthening health information system in Sanharan Africa, vol 107 (15), pp 6-9.
[20]	UNW-DPAC. (2015). The Human Right to Water and Sanitation, Media brief. 50014 Zaragoza, Spain, https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/unwdpac.shtml World Health Organization (WHO), (1997). Guidelines for drinking water quality. Expert committee on International Standard for drinking water, Geneva 27, Switzerland.
[21]	World Health Organization (WHO), (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, FOURTH EDITION. Geneva: ISBN 978 92 4 154815 1.
[22]	World Health Organization (WHO), (2017). Guidelines for drinking-water quality: fourth edition incorporating the first. Geneva: WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/...
[23]	World Health Organization (WHO), (2019, June 18). Retrieved from New report on inequalities in access to water, sanitation and hygiene: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/18-06-2019-1-in-3-peopleglobally-do-not-have-access-to-safe-drinking-water-–-unicef-who.
[24]	World Health Organization. (WHO). (2004). Guidelines for Drinking water quality, Volume 1: 3rd edition, WHO Press, Switzerland.
[25]	World Health Organization (WHO), (2005). Nutrients in Drinking Water. Geneva: WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data.
[26]	World Health Organization (2012): World Health Statistics statistics 2012, https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44844.
[27]	Sierra Leone (Stats SSL) (2017). Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. https://www.unicef.org/sierraleone/media/391/file/SLMICS-Report2017.pdf.pdf

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Kanneh Umaru, Lebbie Sahr Emmanuel. (2023). Assessment of the Quality of Newly Constructed Hand-Dug Well Usetd for Drinking and Their Treatment System at Kenema Town, Kenema District, Eastern, Sierra Leone. International Journal of Environmental Chemistry, 7(1), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20230701.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Kanneh Umaru; Lebbie Sahr Emmanuel. Assessment of the Quality of Newly Constructed Hand-Dug Well Usetd for Drinking and Their Treatment System at Kenema Town, Kenema District, Eastern, Sierra Leone. Int. J. Environ. Chem. 2023, 7(1), 9-16. doi: 10.11648/j.ijec.20230701.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Kanneh Umaru, Lebbie Sahr Emmanuel. Assessment of the Quality of Newly Constructed Hand-Dug Well Usetd for Drinking and Their Treatment System at Kenema Town, Kenema District, Eastern, Sierra Leone. Int J Environ Chem. 2023;7(1):9-16. doi: 10.11648/j.ijec.20230701.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijec.20230701.12,
  author = {Kanneh Umaru and Lebbie Sahr Emmanuel},
  title = {Assessment of the Quality of Newly Constructed Hand-Dug Well Usetd for Drinking and Their Treatment System at Kenema Town, Kenema District, Eastern, Sierra Leone},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Chemistry},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {9-16},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijec.20230701.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20230701.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijec.20230701.12},
  abstract = {The tremendous increase in the human population increase the stress on both surface and groundwater and it is believed that at the beginning of human civilization itself, groundwater was the most trusted form of drinking water because of the filtering effect of the aquifer however, in the present world drinking water directly from the source without proper treatment is very tough and risky for the health. Kenema District is a district in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone, its capital and largest city is Kenema City, which is the third most populous city in Sierra Leone, after Freetown and Bo Both the physical and chemical Parameters investigated are within the WHO acceptable limits, except one of bioteriological parameters (non- faecal coliform). Tables 1, 3, and 4 show high statistical mean values for the Non-Faecal Coliform bacteria in the hand dug wells. Diema Hand Dug Well (12.00 cfu/100ml), Ansarul Hand Dug Well (11.67 cfu/100ml) and the combined statistical mean value (10.78cfu/100ml) of the Non-Faecal Coliform bacteria and all the values fell out of World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit. However, Islamic Hand Dug Well has a statistical mean value of 8.67 cfu/100ml of Non-Faecal Coliform Value which is within the WHO permissible limit (<10cfu/100ml). The combined statistical mean value for Diema, Islamic, and Ansarul hand dug well for the following physiochemical parameters (pH 7.14, Turbidity 2.46NTU, Conductivity 196.56, TDS 100.11mg, Ammonia 0.02mg/l, Nitrite 0.02mg/l, Nitrate 0.06mg/l, Phosphate 6.15mg/l, Cadmium 0.00gm/l, Copper 0.02mg/l, Iron 0.03mg/l and Zinc 2.67mg/l) are all within the World Health Organization permissible limits (Table 4). Non-faecal coliforms were discovered in all of the wells and boreholes examined and analyzed in a similar investigation to identify the bacteriological pollution of groundwater sources.},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Assessment of the Quality of Newly Constructed Hand-Dug Well Usetd for Drinking and Their Treatment System at Kenema Town, Kenema District, Eastern, Sierra Leone
AU  - Kanneh Umaru
AU  - Lebbie Sahr Emmanuel
Y1  - 2023/05/25
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20230701.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijec.20230701.12
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
SP  - 9
EP  - 16
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1460
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20230701.12
AB  - The tremendous increase in the human population increase the stress on both surface and groundwater and it is believed that at the beginning of human civilization itself, groundwater was the most trusted form of drinking water because of the filtering effect of the aquifer however, in the present world drinking water directly from the source without proper treatment is very tough and risky for the health. Kenema District is a district in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone, its capital and largest city is Kenema City, which is the third most populous city in Sierra Leone, after Freetown and Bo Both the physical and chemical Parameters investigated are within the WHO acceptable limits, except one of bioteriological parameters (non- faecal coliform). Tables 1, 3, and 4 show high statistical mean values for the Non-Faecal Coliform bacteria in the hand dug wells. Diema Hand Dug Well (12.00 cfu/100ml), Ansarul Hand Dug Well (11.67 cfu/100ml) and the combined statistical mean value (10.78cfu/100ml) of the Non-Faecal Coliform bacteria and all the values fell out of World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit. However, Islamic Hand Dug Well has a statistical mean value of 8.67 cfu/100ml of Non-Faecal Coliform Value which is within the WHO permissible limit (<10cfu/100ml). The combined statistical mean value for Diema, Islamic, and Ansarul hand dug well for the following physiochemical parameters (pH 7.14, Turbidity 2.46NTU, Conductivity 196.56, TDS 100.11mg, Ammonia 0.02mg/l, Nitrite 0.02mg/l, Nitrate 0.06mg/l, Phosphate 6.15mg/l, Cadmium 0.00gm/l, Copper 0.02mg/l, Iron 0.03mg/l and Zinc 2.67mg/l) are all within the World Health Organization permissible limits (Table 4). Non-faecal coliforms were discovered in all of the wells and boreholes examined and analyzed in a similar investigation to identify the bacteriological pollution of groundwater sources.
VL  - 7
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Kanneh Umaru

Chemistry Department, School of Basic Sciences, Njala University, Moyamba, Sierra Leone
Lebbie Sahr Emmanuel

Chemistry Department, School of Basic Sciences, Njala University, Moyamba, Sierra Leone

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Kanneh Umaru, Lebbie Sahr Emmanuel. (2023). Assessment of the Quality of Newly Constructed Hand-Dug Well Usetd for Drinking and Their Treatment System at Kenema Town, Kenema District, Eastern, Sierra Leone. International Journal of Environmental Chemistry, 7(1), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20230701.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Kanneh Umaru; Lebbie Sahr Emmanuel. Assessment of the Quality of Newly Constructed Hand-Dug Well Usetd for Drinking and Their Treatment System at Kenema Town, Kenema District, Eastern, Sierra Leone. Int. J. Environ. Chem. 2023, 7(1), 9-16. doi: 10.11648/j.ijec.20230701.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Kanneh Umaru, Lebbie Sahr Emmanuel. Assessment of the Quality of Newly Constructed Hand-Dug Well Usetd for Drinking and Their Treatment System at Kenema Town, Kenema District, Eastern, Sierra Leone. Int J Environ Chem. 2023;7(1):9-16. doi: 10.11648/j.ijec.20230701.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijec.20230701.12,
  author = {Kanneh Umaru and Lebbie Sahr Emmanuel},
  title = {Assessment of the Quality of Newly Constructed Hand-Dug Well Usetd for Drinking and Their Treatment System at Kenema Town, Kenema District, Eastern, Sierra Leone},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Chemistry},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {9-16},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijec.20230701.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20230701.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijec.20230701.12},
  abstract = {The tremendous increase in the human population increase the stress on both surface and groundwater and it is believed that at the beginning of human civilization itself, groundwater was the most trusted form of drinking water because of the filtering effect of the aquifer however, in the present world drinking water directly from the source without proper treatment is very tough and risky for the health. Kenema District is a district in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone, its capital and largest city is Kenema City, which is the third most populous city in Sierra Leone, after Freetown and Bo Both the physical and chemical Parameters investigated are within the WHO acceptable limits, except one of bioteriological parameters (non- faecal coliform). Tables 1, 3, and 4 show high statistical mean values for the Non-Faecal Coliform bacteria in the hand dug wells. Diema Hand Dug Well (12.00 cfu/100ml), Ansarul Hand Dug Well (11.67 cfu/100ml) and the combined statistical mean value (10.78cfu/100ml) of the Non-Faecal Coliform bacteria and all the values fell out of World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit. However, Islamic Hand Dug Well has a statistical mean value of 8.67 cfu/100ml of Non-Faecal Coliform Value which is within the WHO permissible limit (<10cfu/100ml). The combined statistical mean value for Diema, Islamic, and Ansarul hand dug well for the following physiochemical parameters (pH 7.14, Turbidity 2.46NTU, Conductivity 196.56, TDS 100.11mg, Ammonia 0.02mg/l, Nitrite 0.02mg/l, Nitrate 0.06mg/l, Phosphate 6.15mg/l, Cadmium 0.00gm/l, Copper 0.02mg/l, Iron 0.03mg/l and Zinc 2.67mg/l) are all within the World Health Organization permissible limits (Table 4). Non-faecal coliforms were discovered in all of the wells and boreholes examined and analyzed in a similar investigation to identify the bacteriological pollution of groundwater sources.},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Assessment of the Quality of Newly Constructed Hand-Dug Well Usetd for Drinking and Their Treatment System at Kenema Town, Kenema District, Eastern, Sierra Leone
AU  - Kanneh Umaru
AU  - Lebbie Sahr Emmanuel
Y1  - 2023/05/25
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20230701.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijec.20230701.12
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
SP  - 9
EP  - 16
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1460
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20230701.12
AB  - The tremendous increase in the human population increase the stress on both surface and groundwater and it is believed that at the beginning of human civilization itself, groundwater was the most trusted form of drinking water because of the filtering effect of the aquifer however, in the present world drinking water directly from the source without proper treatment is very tough and risky for the health. Kenema District is a district in the Eastern Province of Sierra Leone, its capital and largest city is Kenema City, which is the third most populous city in Sierra Leone, after Freetown and Bo Both the physical and chemical Parameters investigated are within the WHO acceptable limits, except one of bioteriological parameters (non- faecal coliform). Tables 1, 3, and 4 show high statistical mean values for the Non-Faecal Coliform bacteria in the hand dug wells. Diema Hand Dug Well (12.00 cfu/100ml), Ansarul Hand Dug Well (11.67 cfu/100ml) and the combined statistical mean value (10.78cfu/100ml) of the Non-Faecal Coliform bacteria and all the values fell out of World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit. However, Islamic Hand Dug Well has a statistical mean value of 8.67 cfu/100ml of Non-Faecal Coliform Value which is within the WHO permissible limit (<10cfu/100ml). The combined statistical mean value for Diema, Islamic, and Ansarul hand dug well for the following physiochemical parameters (pH 7.14, Turbidity 2.46NTU, Conductivity 196.56, TDS 100.11mg, Ammonia 0.02mg/l, Nitrite 0.02mg/l, Nitrate 0.06mg/l, Phosphate 6.15mg/l, Cadmium 0.00gm/l, Copper 0.02mg/l, Iron 0.03mg/l and Zinc 2.67mg/l) are all within the World Health Organization permissible limits (Table 4). Non-faecal coliforms were discovered in all of the wells and boreholes examined and analyzed in a similar investigation to identify the bacteriological pollution of groundwater sources.
VL  - 7
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download