Hermaphroditism induction of Sub-Lethal Dose of Atrazine and Atrazine-Nitrate on the Egyptian Toad, <i>Sclerophrys Regularis</i>

Ali Gamal Gadel-Rab; Fatma Abdel-Regal Mahmoud; Rashad El Sayed Said; Samy Abdel-Latif Saber; Boshra Abdel-Aziz El Salkh; Aml Sayed Said

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijee.20180303.11

Hermaphroditism induction of Sub-Lethal Dose of Atrazine and Atrazine-Nitrate on the Egyptian Toad, Sclerophrys Regularis

Ali Gamal Gadel-Rab, Fatma Abdel-Regal Mahmoud, Rashad El Sayed Said, Samy Abdel-Latif Saber, Boshra Abdel-Aziz El Salkh, Aml Sayed Said

Published in International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology (Volume 3, Issue 3)

Received: 4 December 2018 Accepted: 20 December 2018 Published: 14 January 2019

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

In this study, atrazine has been shown to act as a potent endocrine disruptor in amphibians either alone or in combination with nitrate under stable laboratory conditions, causing altered gonadal development at the sub-lethal concentrations. A control group and three treatments were tested; atrazine, nitrate, atrazine- nitrate treatments with doses of 300 μg/L, 200 mg/L and their combination, respectively. Atrazine exhibited increase the presence of testicular oocytes TOs in most treated specimens; furthermore, the sizes of seminiferous tubules were decreased compared to control group. Conversely no intersex individuals were detected in the nitrate treatment alone. The combined effects of nitrate and atrazine were not additive or synergistic but were similar to the effects of atrazine in raising the percentage of intersex but with increasing the size of testicular oocyte compared to atrazine alone. On the other hand, the control group in the present study did not contain the rudimentary testicular oocytes and showed normal structures. These gonadal abnormalities may reduce reproductive success and could be a major factor behind amphibian declines. Also, these negative impacts may be a bioindicator alarming the ecosystem disrupting caused by the uncontrolled apply of these chemicals in agriculture.

Published in	International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology (Volume 3, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijee.20180303.11
Page(s)	63-72
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Atrazine, Nitrate, Intersex, Amphibians, Sclerophrys Regularis

References

[1]	Blackburn, D. C., Wake, D. B., 2011. Class Amphibia Gray, 1825. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Eds.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa. 3148: 39-55.
[2]	Bickford, D., Howard, S. D., Ng, D. J. J., Sheridan, J. A., 2010. Impacts of climate change on the amphibians and reptiles of Southeast Asia. Biodiversity Conservation. 19(4), 1043-1062.http:// doi 10.1007/s10531-010-9782-4.
[3]	AmphibiaWeb, 2010. Information on amphibian biology and conservation. Berkeley, California. http://www.amphibiaweb.org/.
[4]	Stuart, S. N., Chanson, J. S., Cox, N. A., Young, B. E., Rodrigues, A. S. L., Fischman, D. L., Waller, R. W., 2004. Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide. Science. 306, 1783-1786.http://doi.10.1126/science.1103538.
[5]	Akan, J. C., Waziri, M., Mahmud, M., Battah, N., 2015. Organochlorine, Organophosphorus and Pyrethroid Pesticides Residues in Water and Sediment Samples from River Benue in Vinikilang, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria Using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry Equipped with Electron Capture Detector. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 3, 5, 164-173. http://doi. 10.12691/env-3-5-2.
[6]	Lawniczak, A. E., Zbierska, J., Nowak, B., Achtenberg, K., Grześkowiak, A., Kanas, K., 2016. Impact of agriculture and land use on nitrate contamination in groundwater and running waters in central-west Poland. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188, 172. http://doi. 10.1007/s10661-016-5167-9.
[7]	Rostern, T. N., 2017. The Effects of Some Metals in Acidified Waters on Aquatic Organisms. Oceanography and Fisheries Open Access Journal, 4 (4). https://doi. 10.19080/OFOAJ.2017.04.555645.
[8]	Ortiz, M. E., Marco, A., Saiz, N., Lizana, M., 2004. Impact of Ammonium Nitrate on Growth and Survival of Six European Amphibians. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 47: 234-239. https://doi. 10.1007/s00244-004-2296-x.
[9]	Frost, D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sá, R. O. et al 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–370. http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/5781.
[10]	IUCN, 2013. The International Union for Conservation of Nature. Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org.
[11]	Gosner, K. L., 1960. A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with Notes on Identification. Herpetologica. 16, 183-190. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3890061.
[12]	American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM, 1985. Standard practices for conducting acute toxicity test with fishes macro invertebrates and amphibians. Annual Book of ASTM standards. 11(4), 272 – 296.
[13]	Ezemonye, L. I. N., Tongo, I., 2009. Lethal and sublethal effects of atrazine to amphibian larvae. JJBS. 2(1), 29-36. http://jjbs.hu.edu.jo/files/v2n1/5.pd.
[14]	Ryder, T. B., Parker, P. G., Blake, J. G., Loiselle, B. A., 2009. It takes two to tango: reproductive skew and social correlates of male mating success in a lek-breeding bird. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences 276: 2377–2384.http://doi.10.1098/rspb.2009.0208.
[15]	Solomon, K. R., Baker, D. B., Richard, R. P., Dixon, K. R., Klaine, S. J., Point, T. W. L., Kendall, R. L., Weisskopf, C. P., Giddings, J. M., Giesy, J. P., . Hall, L. W., Williams, W. M., 1996. Ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15, 31-74. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620150105.
[16]	Bancroft, J. D., Stevens, A., 1996. Theory and practice of histological techniques. Fourth ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
[17]	Hayes, T., Khoury, V., Narayan, A., et al., 2010. Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107(10), 4612-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0909519107.
[18]	Gutierrez, M. M., 2007. Evidence of Endocrine Disruption in Amphibians Due to Agricultural Chemical Exposure. Ph. D Thesis, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey, USA.
[19]	Mendoza, L., Taylor, J. W., Ajello, L. 2002. The Class Mesomycetozoea: A Heterogeneous Group of Microorganisms at the Animal-Fungal Boundary. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 56: 315-344. http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/Reference.aspx?id=4148
[20]	Hecker, M., M. B. Murphy, K. K. Coady, D. L. Villeneuve, P. D. Jones, et al., 2006. Terminology of gonadal anomalies in fish and amphibians resulting from chemical exposures. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. (187), 103-131. PMID:16802580.
[21]	Langlois, V. S., Carew, A. C., Pauli, B. D., Wade, M. G., Cooke, G. M., Trudeau, V. L., 2010. Low levels of the herbicide atrazine alter sex ratios and reduces metamorphic success in Rana pipiens tadpoles raised in outdoor mesocosms. Environ. Health Perspect. 118, 552-557. http:// doi.10.1289/ehp.0901418.
[22]	Trachantong, W., Promya, J., Saenphet, S., Saenphet, K., 2013. Effects of atrazine herbicide on metamorphosis and gonadal development of Hoplobatrachus rugulosus. M. Int. J. Sci. Technol. 7(Special Issue), 60-71. http:// www.mijst.mju.ac.th.
[23]	Christensen, K., 1930. Sex differentiation and development of oviducts in Rana pipiens. American Journal of Anatomy. 45(1), 159-187.
[24]	Zaccanti, F., Petrini, S., Rubatta, M. L., Maria Stagni A., Giorg, P. P., 1994. Accelerated female differentiation of the gonad by inhibition of steroidogenesis in Amphibia. Comp. Bioch. Physiol. 107A, 171-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(94)90290-9 Cony. Bi0ch.m. Physiol.
[25]	Hayes, T., Collins, A., Lee, M. et al., 2002b. Hermaphroditic, demasculinized frogs after exposure to the herbicide atrazine at low ecologically relevant doses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (8), 5476-80. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.082121499.
[26]	Fridgen, C. M., 2009. Laboratory controlled normal and atrazine exposed development of northern leopord frog, Rana pipiens tadpoles. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Arts and Science Trent University Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
[27]	McCoy, K. A., Bortnick, L. J., Campbell, C. M., Heather J. H., Louis, J. G. J., Colette M. St. M., 2008. Agriculture alters gonadal form and function in the Toad Bufo marinus. Environ. Health Perspect. 116, 1526–1532.http:// doi.10.1289/ehp.11536.
[28]	Howe, G. E., Gillis, R., Mowbray, R. C., 1998. Effect of chemical synergy and larval stage on the toxicity of atrazine and alachlor to amphibian larvae. Environment Toxicololgy Chemistry. 17(3), 519-525. onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.5620170324/pdf.
[29]	Allran, J. W., Karasov, W. H., 2000. Effect of atrazine and nitrate on northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) larvae exposed in the laboratory from post hatch through metamorphosis. Environ Toxicol Chem. 19, 2850-2855. http://doi/10.1002/etc.5620191133/pdf.
[30]	Ward, M. H., deKok, T. M., Levallois, P., Brender, J., Gulis, G., Nolan B. T., VanDerslice, J., 2005. Workgroup report: Drinking-water nitrate and health-recent findings and research needs. Environ. Health Perspect. 113, 1607–1614. http://doi.10.1289/ehp.8043.
[31]	Pruessmann, R., Stewart, B. W., 1994. N-nitroso carcinogens. In: Searle, C. E. (Eds), Chemical Carcinogens. Washington, DC, American Chemical Society. Pp. 643–868.
[32]	Wang, M., Chai, L., Zhao, H., Chai, L., Wang, H., 2015. Effects of nitrate on metamorphosis, thyroid and iodothyronine deiodinases expression in Bufo gargarizans larvae. Chemosphere, 139, 402–409. http://doi. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.037.
[33]	Patar, A., Giri, A., Boro, F., Bhuyan, K., Singha, U., Giri, S., 2016. Cadmium pollution and amphibians - Studies in tadpoles of Rana limnocharis. Chemosphere. 144, 1043-1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.088.
[34]	Saber, S., Tito, W., Said, R., Mengistou, S., Alqahtani, A., 2017. Amphibians as Bioindicators of the Health of Some Wetlands in Ethiopia. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, 66, 66-73. http://doi. 10.12816/0034635.
[35]	Storrs, S. I., Kiesecker, J. M., 2004. Survivorship patterns of larval amphibians exposed to low concentrations of atrazine. Environ. Health Perspect. 112(10), 1054-1057. http://doi.10.1289/ehp.6821.
[36]	McCoy, K. A., Mccoy, M. W., Amick, A. et al., 2007. Tradeoffs between somatic and gonadal investments during development in the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). Journal of Experimental Zoology, Part A-Ecological Genetics and Physiology. 308(A), 637-646. DOI:10.1002/jez.417.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Ali Gamal Gadel-Rab, Fatma Abdel-Regal Mahmoud, Rashad El Sayed Said, Samy Abdel-Latif Saber, Boshra Abdel-Aziz El Salkh, et al. (2019). Hermaphroditism induction of Sub-Lethal Dose of Atrazine and Atrazine-Nitrate on the Egyptian Toad, Sclerophrys Regularis. International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology, 3(3), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20180303.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Ali Gamal Gadel-Rab; Fatma Abdel-Regal Mahmoud; Rashad El Sayed Said; Samy Abdel-Latif Saber; Boshra Abdel-Aziz El Salkh, et al. Hermaphroditism induction of Sub-Lethal Dose of Atrazine and Atrazine-Nitrate on the Egyptian Toad, Sclerophrys Regularis. Int. J. Ecotoxicol. Ecobiol. 2019, 3(3), 63-72. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20180303.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Ali Gamal Gadel-Rab, Fatma Abdel-Regal Mahmoud, Rashad El Sayed Said, Samy Abdel-Latif Saber, Boshra Abdel-Aziz El Salkh, et al. Hermaphroditism induction of Sub-Lethal Dose of Atrazine and Atrazine-Nitrate on the Egyptian Toad, Sclerophrys Regularis. Int J Ecotoxicol Ecobiol. 2019;3(3):63-72. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20180303.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijee.20180303.11,
  author = {Ali Gamal Gadel-Rab and Fatma Abdel-Regal Mahmoud and Rashad El Sayed Said and Samy Abdel-Latif Saber and Boshra Abdel-Aziz El Salkh and Aml Sayed Said},
  title = {Hermaphroditism induction of Sub-Lethal Dose of Atrazine and Atrazine-Nitrate on the Egyptian Toad, Sclerophrys Regularis},
  journal = {International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology},
  volume = {3},
  number = {3},
  pages = {63-72},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijee.20180303.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20180303.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijee.20180303.11},
  abstract = {In this study, atrazine has been shown to act as a potent endocrine disruptor in amphibians either alone or in combination with nitrate under stable laboratory conditions, causing altered gonadal development at the sub-lethal concentrations. A control group and three treatments were tested; atrazine, nitrate, atrazine- nitrate treatments with doses of 300 μg/L, 200 mg/L and their combination, respectively. Atrazine exhibited increase the presence of testicular oocytes TOs in most treated specimens; furthermore, the sizes of seminiferous tubules were decreased compared to control group. Conversely no intersex individuals were detected in the nitrate treatment alone. The combined effects of nitrate and atrazine were not additive or synergistic but were similar to the effects of atrazine in raising the percentage of intersex but with increasing the size of testicular oocyte compared to atrazine alone. On the other hand, the control group in the present study did not contain the rudimentary testicular oocytes and showed normal structures. These gonadal abnormalities may reduce reproductive success and could be a major factor behind amphibian declines. Also, these negative impacts may be a bioindicator alarming the ecosystem disrupting caused by the uncontrolled apply of these chemicals in agriculture.},
 year = {2019}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Hermaphroditism induction of Sub-Lethal Dose of Atrazine and Atrazine-Nitrate on the Egyptian Toad, Sclerophrys Regularis
AU  - Ali Gamal Gadel-Rab
AU  - Fatma Abdel-Regal Mahmoud
AU  - Rashad El Sayed Said
AU  - Samy Abdel-Latif Saber
AU  - Boshra Abdel-Aziz El Salkh
AU  - Aml Sayed Said
Y1  - 2019/01/14
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20180303.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijee.20180303.11
T2  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
JF  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
JO  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
SP  - 63
EP  - 72
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1735
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20180303.11
AB  - In this study, atrazine has been shown to act as a potent endocrine disruptor in amphibians either alone or in combination with nitrate under stable laboratory conditions, causing altered gonadal development at the sub-lethal concentrations. A control group and three treatments were tested; atrazine, nitrate, atrazine- nitrate treatments with doses of 300 μg/L, 200 mg/L and their combination, respectively. Atrazine exhibited increase the presence of testicular oocytes TOs in most treated specimens; furthermore, the sizes of seminiferous tubules were decreased compared to control group. Conversely no intersex individuals were detected in the nitrate treatment alone. The combined effects of nitrate and atrazine were not additive or synergistic but were similar to the effects of atrazine in raising the percentage of intersex but with increasing the size of testicular oocyte compared to atrazine alone. On the other hand, the control group in the present study did not contain the rudimentary testicular oocytes and showed normal structures. These gonadal abnormalities may reduce reproductive success and could be a major factor behind amphibian declines. Also, these negative impacts may be a bioindicator alarming the ecosystem disrupting caused by the uncontrolled apply of these chemicals in agriculture.
VL  - 3
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Ali Gamal Gadel-Rab

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
Fatma Abdel-Regal Mahmoud

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
Rashad El Sayed Said

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
Samy Abdel-Latif Saber

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Boshra Abdel-Aziz El Salkh

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Girls branch, Cairo, Egypt
Aml Sayed Said

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Girls branch, Cairo, Egypt

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Ali Gamal Gadel-Rab, Fatma Abdel-Regal Mahmoud, Rashad El Sayed Said, Samy Abdel-Latif Saber, Boshra Abdel-Aziz El Salkh, et al. (2019). Hermaphroditism induction of Sub-Lethal Dose of Atrazine and Atrazine-Nitrate on the Egyptian Toad, Sclerophrys Regularis. International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology, 3(3), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20180303.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Ali Gamal Gadel-Rab; Fatma Abdel-Regal Mahmoud; Rashad El Sayed Said; Samy Abdel-Latif Saber; Boshra Abdel-Aziz El Salkh, et al. Hermaphroditism induction of Sub-Lethal Dose of Atrazine and Atrazine-Nitrate on the Egyptian Toad, Sclerophrys Regularis. Int. J. Ecotoxicol. Ecobiol. 2019, 3(3), 63-72. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20180303.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Ali Gamal Gadel-Rab, Fatma Abdel-Regal Mahmoud, Rashad El Sayed Said, Samy Abdel-Latif Saber, Boshra Abdel-Aziz El Salkh, et al. Hermaphroditism induction of Sub-Lethal Dose of Atrazine and Atrazine-Nitrate on the Egyptian Toad, Sclerophrys Regularis. Int J Ecotoxicol Ecobiol. 2019;3(3):63-72. doi: 10.11648/j.ijee.20180303.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijee.20180303.11,
  author = {Ali Gamal Gadel-Rab and Fatma Abdel-Regal Mahmoud and Rashad El Sayed Said and Samy Abdel-Latif Saber and Boshra Abdel-Aziz El Salkh and Aml Sayed Said},
  title = {Hermaphroditism induction of Sub-Lethal Dose of Atrazine and Atrazine-Nitrate on the Egyptian Toad, Sclerophrys Regularis},
  journal = {International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology},
  volume = {3},
  number = {3},
  pages = {63-72},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijee.20180303.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20180303.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijee.20180303.11},
  abstract = {In this study, atrazine has been shown to act as a potent endocrine disruptor in amphibians either alone or in combination with nitrate under stable laboratory conditions, causing altered gonadal development at the sub-lethal concentrations. A control group and three treatments were tested; atrazine, nitrate, atrazine- nitrate treatments with doses of 300 μg/L, 200 mg/L and their combination, respectively. Atrazine exhibited increase the presence of testicular oocytes TOs in most treated specimens; furthermore, the sizes of seminiferous tubules were decreased compared to control group. Conversely no intersex individuals were detected in the nitrate treatment alone. The combined effects of nitrate and atrazine were not additive or synergistic but were similar to the effects of atrazine in raising the percentage of intersex but with increasing the size of testicular oocyte compared to atrazine alone. On the other hand, the control group in the present study did not contain the rudimentary testicular oocytes and showed normal structures. These gonadal abnormalities may reduce reproductive success and could be a major factor behind amphibian declines. Also, these negative impacts may be a bioindicator alarming the ecosystem disrupting caused by the uncontrolled apply of these chemicals in agriculture.},
 year = {2019}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Hermaphroditism induction of Sub-Lethal Dose of Atrazine and Atrazine-Nitrate on the Egyptian Toad, Sclerophrys Regularis
AU  - Ali Gamal Gadel-Rab
AU  - Fatma Abdel-Regal Mahmoud
AU  - Rashad El Sayed Said
AU  - Samy Abdel-Latif Saber
AU  - Boshra Abdel-Aziz El Salkh
AU  - Aml Sayed Said
Y1  - 2019/01/14
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20180303.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijee.20180303.11
T2  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
JF  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
JO  - International Journal of Ecotoxicology and Ecobiology
SP  - 63
EP  - 72
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1735
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijee.20180303.11
AB  - In this study, atrazine has been shown to act as a potent endocrine disruptor in amphibians either alone or in combination with nitrate under stable laboratory conditions, causing altered gonadal development at the sub-lethal concentrations. A control group and three treatments were tested; atrazine, nitrate, atrazine- nitrate treatments with doses of 300 μg/L, 200 mg/L and their combination, respectively. Atrazine exhibited increase the presence of testicular oocytes TOs in most treated specimens; furthermore, the sizes of seminiferous tubules were decreased compared to control group. Conversely no intersex individuals were detected in the nitrate treatment alone. The combined effects of nitrate and atrazine were not additive or synergistic but were similar to the effects of atrazine in raising the percentage of intersex but with increasing the size of testicular oocyte compared to atrazine alone. On the other hand, the control group in the present study did not contain the rudimentary testicular oocytes and showed normal structures. These gonadal abnormalities may reduce reproductive success and could be a major factor behind amphibian declines. Also, these negative impacts may be a bioindicator alarming the ecosystem disrupting caused by the uncontrolled apply of these chemicals in agriculture.
VL  - 3
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download