The influence of water quality from boreholes situated around the Nnewi industrial area was evaluated by assessing the heavy metal concentrations and health risks associated with human exposure. Water samples were collected from 16 different boreholes around eight industries at a monthly interval from May – October 2019 and November 2019 – April 2020 to cover the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. Water samples were analyzed for copper (Cu), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), and arsenic (As) using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Data obtained for both seasons indicate Cu had a mean value of (0.268±0.136 mg/L), Pb (0.014±0.013 mg/L), Fe (0.119±0.133 mg/L), Zn (0.572±0.220 mg/L), Cr (0.051±0.011 mg/L), and As (0.013±0.001 mg/L) respectively. All the heavy metal concentrations of the sampled water were within their various WHO permissible limits except As, Cr and Pb. The pollution index of As, Cr and Pb were greater than 1, showing heavy contamination of the water. Carcinogenic risk assessment of water via ingestion and dermal route for Cr and As were above the recommended safe limit of 1×10-6 which posed a cancer risk. The results show that borehole waters were contaminated with heavy metals in both seasons. It is, therefore, recommended that borehole water from the study areas should be treated before being used for various domestic purposes.
| Published in | International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis (Volume 11, Issue 2) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijema.20231102.11 |
| Page(s) | 24-36 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Health Risk, Heavy Metals, Water Quality, Contamination, Borehole Water
| [1] | Sumant, K., Ghosh, N. C., Singh, R. P., Sonkusare, M. M., Singh, S. S., and Mittal, S. (2015). Assessment of water quality of lakes for drinking and irrigation purposes in Raipur City Chattisgarh, India. IJERA, 5 (2), 42-49. |
| [2] | Ganiyu, S. A., Oyadeyi, A. T., and Adeyemi, A. A. (2021). Assessment of heavy metals contamination and associated risks in shallow groundwater sources from three different residential areas within Ibadan metropolis, Southwest Nigeria. Applied Water Science 11 (18) https//doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01414-4 |
| [3] | Ugwu, C. E., Maduka, I. C., Suru, S. M., Anakwuo, I. A. (2022) Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water sources in three senatorial districts of Anambra State, Nigeria. Toxicology Reports (9): 869-875. |
| [4] | Eboagu, N. C, Ajiwe, V. E., and Odidika, C. C. (2018). Physicochemical Parameters of Water from Selected Boreholes Utilized as Potable Water. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16 (7), 3605-3614. DOI 10.1007/s13762-018-1931-4. |
| [5] | Popoola, L. T., Yusuff, A. S. and Aderibigbe, T. A. (2019). Assessment of natural groundwater physicochemical properties in major industrial and residential locations of Lagos Metropolis. Appl. Water Sci. 9, 191. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1073-y |
| [6] | Ukpong, E. C., and Okon, B. B. (2013). Comparative analysis of public and private borehole water supply sources in Uruan Local Government Area of AkwaIbom State. Int J Appl Sci Technol, 3 (1), 76-91. |
| [7] | Dagim, A. S., Geremew, L., Dejene, D. I. and Tanweer, A. (2017). Assessment of physico-chemical quality of borehole and spring water sources supplied to Robe Town, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Appl Water Sci 7: 155-164. DOI 10.1007/s13201-016-0502-4. |
| [8] | Adegbola, A. A., and Adewoye, A. O. (2012). Impact assessment of selected pollution sources on groundwater quality in wells in Gambari Community, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Int J Mod Eng Res, 2 (5), 3118-3122. |
| [9] | Hynds, P. D., Thomas, M. K., and Pintar, K. D. M. (2014). Contamination of groundwater systems in the US and Canada by enteric pathogens: A review and pooled-analysis, 9 (5), 1990-2013. |
| [10] | Lindgren, J. F., Salo, K., Brynolf, S., Andersson, K., Svensson, E., and Zetterdahl, M. (2016). The natural environment and human impacts, Shipping and the Environment. Springer Berlin, pp. 29-74. |
| [11] | Aralu, C. C., Okoye, P. A. C., Abugu, H. O. and Eze, V. C. (2022). Pollution and water quality index of boreholes within inlined waste dumpsite in Nnewi, Nigeria. Discover Water 2: 14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43832-022-00023-9 |
| [12] | Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), (2000). Quality of domestic water supply. Volume 2 sampling guide: 3, 4, 17. |
| [13] | Eboagu N. C., Ajiwe, V. I. E, Ochiagha, K. E., and Odidika, C. C. (2020). Elemental assessment of borehole waters in Njikoka Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. Anachem Journal, 10 (1): 1881-1891. |
| [14] | Akoto, O., Teku, J. A. and Gasinu, D. (2019). Chemical characteristics and health hazards of heavy metals in shallow groundwater: case study Anloga community Volta Region, Ghana. Appl. Water Sci. 9: 36. https//doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-0914-z |
| [15] | Udongwo, A. M., Sambo, D. D. (2022) Assessment of heavy metal contamination in boreholes around mechanic workshops in Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. J. Chem. Soc. Nigeria 47 (4): 931-942. |
| [16] | Sankhla, M. S., Kumari, M., Nandan, M., Kumar, R., and Agrawal, P. (2016). Heavy metals contamination in water and their hazardous effect on human health - A Review. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 5 (10), 759-766. |
| [17] | Khademi, H., Gabarron, M., Abbaspour, A., Martı´nez-Martı´-nez, S., Faz, A., and Acosta, J. A. (2019) Environmental impact assessment of industrial activities on heavy metals distribution in street dust and soil. Chemosphere, 217, 695-705. |
| [18] | Aralu, C. C., Okoye, P. A. C., Ezugwu, J. A., and Eboagu, N. C. (2021). Assessment of water collected from boreholes within unsanitary landfill in Anambra State, Nigeria. European Journal of Applied Science, 9 (6), 405-412. |
| [19] | National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), (2007). Legal notice on publication of the details of the breakdown of the national and state provisional totals 2006 census. National Bureau of Statistics official gazette (FGP.71/52007) 2500 (OL24) pp. 1-10. |
| [20] | Obeta, M. C. (2015). Industrial water supply in Nnewi Urban Area of Anambra State, South Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, 2 (1), 12-23. |
| [21] | Ukah, B. U., Egbueri, J. C., Unigwe, C. O., and Ubido, O. E. (2019). Extent of heavy metals pollution and health risk assessment of groundwater in a densely populated industrial area, Lagos, Nigeria. Int J Energy Water Resour, 3, 291– 303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-019-00039-3 |
| [22] | American Public Health Association (APHA). (2017). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 23rd ed. Washington DC USA: American Public Health Association; p. 1–1546. |
| [23] | Chanpiwat, P., Lee, B., Kim, K., and Sthiannopkao, S. (2014). Human Health Risk Assessment for Ingestion Exposure to Groundwater Contaminated by Naturally Occurring Mixtures of Toxic Heavy Metals in the Lao PDR Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186, 4905-4923. |
| [24] | Khan, K., Lu, Y., Khan, H., Zakir, S., Ihsanullah, A., Khan, S., Khan, A. A, Wei, L., and Wang, T. (2013). Health risks associated with heavy metals in the drinking water of Swat, Northern Pakistan. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 25, 2003-2013. |
| [25] | United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), (1989). Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume 1, Human health evaluation manual (part A): Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. Washington, DC, USA. Interim Final EPA/540/1-89/002 p. 289. |
| [26] | United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), (2002). Supplemental guidance for developing soil screening levels for superfund sites, Washington: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. OSWER; 2002 [9355. 4-24]. |
| [27] | United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), (2001). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Volume III - Part A, Process for conducting probabilistic risk assessment. EPA 540-R-02-002. www.epa.gov/superfund/RAGS3A/index.htm |
| [28] | United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), (2011). Exposure Factors Handbook 2011 Edition (Final). National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Washington DC. |
| [29] | United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2015). Human Health Risk Assessment; risk-based concentration table http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-concentrationtable/Generic Tables/index.htm |
| [30] | World Health Organization (WHO), (1993). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Revision of the 1984 Guideline. Final Task Group Meeting, Geneva. pp. 21-25. |
| [31] | Deng, Y., Jiang, L., Xu, L., Hao, X., Zhang, S., and Xu, M. (2019). Spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in contaminated paddy fields-A case study in Xiangtan City, Southern China. Eco-toxicology and Environmental Safety, 171, 281-289. |
| [32] | Zhaoyong, Z., Mamat, A., and Simayi, Z. (2019). Pollution assessment and health risks evaluation of (metalloid) heavy metals in urban street dust of 58 cities in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26 (1), 126-140. |
| [33] | Akpoveta, O. V., Okoh, B. E., and Osakwe, S. A. (2011). Quality assessment of borehole water used in the vicinities of Benin, Edo State and Agbor, Delta State of Nigeria. Current Research in Chemistry, 3, 62-69. |
| [34] | Saleem, A., Dandigi, M. N., and Vijay, K. K. (2012). Correlation and regression model for physicochemical quality of groundwater in the South Indian City of Gulbarga. Afr J Environ Sci Technol, 6 (9), 353-364. |
| [35] | Longe, E. O., and Enekwechi, L. O. (2007). Investigation on potential groundwater impacts and influence of local hydrogeology on natural attenuation of leachate at a municipal landfill. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4 (1), 133-140. |
| [36] | Ali, S. K. A., and Ahmad, A. (2019). Analysis of chemical and heavy metal concentrations of leachates and impact on groundwater quality near Dhapa dumping ground, Kolkata. Asian Profile, 47 (1), 19-37. |
| [37] | Omaka, O. N, Aghamelu, OP., Ike-Amadi, C. A., and Ofoezie, R. C. (2017). Assessment of the quality of groundwater from different parts of South Eastern Nigeria for potable use. Environ Earth Sci, 76 (9), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6680- |
| [38] | World Health Organization (WHO), (2017). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 4th ed., incorporating the first Addendum Geneva. pp. 1-631. |
| [39] | World Health Organization (WHO), (2006). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, First Addendum to 3rd ed., Recommendations, Geneva. pp. 105-110. |
| [40] | Rajeev Kumar, R. M., Tripathi, A. K., and Gupta, V. K. (2014). Seasonal Variation of heavy metal concentration in water of River Yamuna, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. Int J CurrMicrobiol App Sci, 3 (7), 945-949. |
| [41] | Akpabio, J. J., and Ekpo, F. E. (2013). Physicochemical and heavy metals quality assessment of borehole water in different residential areas of Uyo Metropolis. A Case Study of G. R. A and Low Income Residential Areas. International Journal of Science and Research, 4 (2), 670-674. |
| [42] | Jaishankar, M., Tseten, T., Anbalagan, N., Mathew, B. B., and Beeregowd, K. N. (2014). Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Inter discipToxicol, 7 (2), 60-72. |
| [43] | Rahman, M. A. T., Paul, M., Bhoumik, N., Hassan, M., Alam, M. K. and Aktar, Z. (2020). Heavy metal pollution assessment of groundwater of Meghna Ghat Industrial area, Bangladesh, by using water pollution indices approach. Appl Water Sci 10: 186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01266-4 |
| [44] | Nigeria Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDQW), (2015). Nigerian Industrial Standard, Standard Organisation of Nigeria Governing Council. NIS 554. ICS 13.060 20, 15-19. |
| [45] | World Health Organization (WHO), (2011). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 4th ed., Acceptability aspects: taste odour and appearance, Geneva Switzerland. pp. 1-541. |
| [46] | Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS), (2017). Standard Organisation of Nigeria Governing Council. NIS 554. ICS 13. 060. 20, 25-109. |
| [47] | Asare-Do. nkor, N. K., Boadu, T. A., and Adimado, A. A. (2016). Evaluation of groundwater and surface water quality and human risk assessment for trace metals in human settlements around the Bosomtwe Crater Lake in Ghana. Springer Plus, 5 (1), 1812-1816. |
| [48] | Faisal, B. M. R., Majumder, R. K., Uddin, M. J., and Halim, M. A. (2014). Studies on heavy metals in industrial effluent, river and groundwater of Savar industrial area, Bangladesh by principal component analysis. Int J Geomat Geo sci, 5 (1), 182-191. |
| [49] | Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), (2001). Risk assessment guideline for superfund volume 1 human health evaluation manual part A. OERR Washington, D. C. OERR. 92006303894. |
| [50] | Imam, T. S. (2012). Assessment of heavy metal concentrations in the surface water of Bompai-Jakara Drainage Basin, Kano State, Northern Nigeria. Bayero J Pure Appl Sci, 5 (1), 103-108. |
| [51] | World health organization (WHO), (2003). Guidelines for drinking water quality, health criteria and other supporting information 2nd ed. Geneva. World Health Organization, pp. 115-235. |
| [52] | Buridi, K. R, and Gedala, R. K. (2014.) Study on determination of physicochemical parameters of groundwater in industrial area of pydibheemavaram, Vizianagaram District, Andhrapradesh, India. Austin J Public Health Epidemiol, 1 (2), 1008. |
| [53] | Girl, S. I, and Singh, A. K. (2015). Human health risk and ecological risk assessment of metals in fishes, shrimps and sediments from a tropical River. International Journal of Environmental Science Technology, 12, 2349-2362. |
| [54] | Wei H, Le Z, Shuxian L, Dan W, Xiaojun L, Lan J, and Xiping M, (2015). Health risk assessment of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil at coke oven gas plant. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 14 (2), 487-496. |
| [55] | Adimalla, N. (2020). Heavy metals contamination in urban surface soils of Medak province, India, and its risk assessment and spatial distribution. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42 (1), 59-75. DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00270-1. |
| [56] | Titilawo, Y., Adeniji, A., Adeniyi, M., and Okoh, A. (2018). Determination of levels of some metal contaminants in the fresh water environments of Osun State, Southwest, Nigeria: A risk assessment approach to predict health threat. Chemosphere, 211, 834-843. |
| [57] | Benson, N. U., Anake, A. E., Adedapo, W. U., Fred-Ahmadu, O. H., and Eke, K. P. (2017). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in imported Sardinopssagax: levels and health risk assessments through dietary exposure in Nigeria, J Food Comp Anal, 57, 109-119. |
| [58] | Karyab, H., Yunesia, M., Nasseri, S., Rastkari, N., Mahvi, A., and Nabizadeh, R. (2016). Carcinogenic risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water, using probabilistic approaches. Iran J Public Health, 45 (11), 1455-1464. |
| [59] | Dhanakumar, S., Murthy, K. R., and Mohanra, R. (2015). Phosphorous fractionation in surface sediments of the Cauvery Delta region, Southeast India. Environmental Management of River Basin pp 477-489. |
| [60] | Ahmed, M. M., Doumenq, P., Syakti, A. D., Asia, L., and Chiron, S. (2017). Levels and sources of heavy metals and PAHs in sediment of Djibouticity (Repulic of Djibouti) Marine pollution bulletin, 120 (1), 340-346. |
APA Style
Nkiruka Charity Eboagu, Vincent Ishmael Egbulefu Ajiwe, Kate Ekwy Ochiagha, Chiedozie Aralu Chukwuemeka, Ebele Joy Morah. (2023). Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of Groundwater Around Nnewi Industrial Area, Anambra State, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 11(2), 24-36. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20231102.11
ACS Style
Nkiruka Charity Eboagu; Vincent Ishmael Egbulefu Ajiwe; Kate Ekwy Ochiagha; Chiedozie Aralu Chukwuemeka; Ebele Joy Morah. Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of Groundwater Around Nnewi Industrial Area, Anambra State, Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal. 2023, 11(2), 24-36. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20231102.11
AMA Style
Nkiruka Charity Eboagu, Vincent Ishmael Egbulefu Ajiwe, Kate Ekwy Ochiagha, Chiedozie Aralu Chukwuemeka, Ebele Joy Morah. Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of Groundwater Around Nnewi Industrial Area, Anambra State, Nigeria. Int J Environ Monit Anal. 2023;11(2):24-36. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20231102.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ijema.20231102.11,
author = {Nkiruka Charity Eboagu and Vincent Ishmael Egbulefu Ajiwe and Kate Ekwy Ochiagha and Chiedozie Aralu Chukwuemeka and Ebele Joy Morah},
title = {Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of Groundwater Around Nnewi Industrial Area, Anambra State, Nigeria},
journal = {International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {24-36},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijema.20231102.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20231102.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijema.20231102.11},
abstract = {The influence of water quality from boreholes situated around the Nnewi industrial area was evaluated by assessing the heavy metal concentrations and health risks associated with human exposure. Water samples were collected from 16 different boreholes around eight industries at a monthly interval from May – October 2019 and November 2019 – April 2020 to cover the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. Water samples were analyzed for copper (Cu), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), and arsenic (As) using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Data obtained for both seasons indicate Cu had a mean value of (0.268±0.136 mg/L), Pb (0.014±0.013 mg/L), Fe (0.119±0.133 mg/L), Zn (0.572±0.220 mg/L), Cr (0.051±0.011 mg/L), and As (0.013±0.001 mg/L) respectively. All the heavy metal concentrations of the sampled water were within their various WHO permissible limits except As, Cr and Pb. The pollution index of As, Cr and Pb were greater than 1, showing heavy contamination of the water. Carcinogenic risk assessment of water via ingestion and dermal route for Cr and As were above the recommended safe limit of 1×10-6 which posed a cancer risk. The results show that borehole waters were contaminated with heavy metals in both seasons. It is, therefore, recommended that borehole water from the study areas should be treated before being used for various domestic purposes.},
year = {2023}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of Groundwater Around Nnewi Industrial Area, Anambra State, Nigeria AU - Nkiruka Charity Eboagu AU - Vincent Ishmael Egbulefu Ajiwe AU - Kate Ekwy Ochiagha AU - Chiedozie Aralu Chukwuemeka AU - Ebele Joy Morah Y1 - 2023/04/13 PY - 2023 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20231102.11 DO - 10.11648/j.ijema.20231102.11 T2 - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis JF - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis JO - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis SP - 24 EP - 36 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2328-7667 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20231102.11 AB - The influence of water quality from boreholes situated around the Nnewi industrial area was evaluated by assessing the heavy metal concentrations and health risks associated with human exposure. Water samples were collected from 16 different boreholes around eight industries at a monthly interval from May – October 2019 and November 2019 – April 2020 to cover the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. Water samples were analyzed for copper (Cu), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), and arsenic (As) using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Data obtained for both seasons indicate Cu had a mean value of (0.268±0.136 mg/L), Pb (0.014±0.013 mg/L), Fe (0.119±0.133 mg/L), Zn (0.572±0.220 mg/L), Cr (0.051±0.011 mg/L), and As (0.013±0.001 mg/L) respectively. All the heavy metal concentrations of the sampled water were within their various WHO permissible limits except As, Cr and Pb. The pollution index of As, Cr and Pb were greater than 1, showing heavy contamination of the water. Carcinogenic risk assessment of water via ingestion and dermal route for Cr and As were above the recommended safe limit of 1×10-6 which posed a cancer risk. The results show that borehole waters were contaminated with heavy metals in both seasons. It is, therefore, recommended that borehole water from the study areas should be treated before being used for various domestic purposes. VL - 11 IS - 2 ER -
Information
Email: