The Efficacy of Anti-Retroviral Therapy on HIV Patients with and Without Tuberculosis: A Comparative Study in a State Hospital Bida Niger State Nigeria

Ebenezer Obi Daniel; Aminat Abiola Ojewale; Paul Olaiya Abiodun; Gabriel Omoniyi Ayeni; Olayinka Victor Ojo; Oladapo Michael Olagbegi

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20190502.13

The Efficacy of Anti-Retroviral Therapy on HIV Patients with and Without Tuberculosis: A Comparative Study in a State Hospital Bida Niger State Nigeria

Ebenezer Obi Daniel, Aminat Abiola Ojewale, Paul Olaiya Abiodun, Gabriel Omoniyi Ayeni, Olayinka Victor Ojo, Oladapo Michael Olagbegi

Published in International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science (Volume 5, Issue 2)

Received: 22 July 2019 Accepted: 13 August 2019 Published: 26 August 2019

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Abstract

There is a general broad knowledge surrounding the possible complications and opportunistic infections that patients with HIV can be exposed to, one of which is Tuberculosis, a popular co-morbid disease in HIV patients. Several studies have unraveled the efficacy of ARVs on the CD4 counts in HIV patients, but there exists knowledge gap in establishing the efficacy of ARV therapy among HIV patients with Tuberculosis (TB). The main objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy on HIV positive patients with and without tuberculosis. A quasi-experimental design was employed in this study. Eighty (80) patients were recruited in total from the ARV-TB clinic of general hospital Bida. Forty (40) HIV patients without TB, and HIV patients with TB were recruited consecutively into group A and B respectively. Each group participants’ baseline CD4 counts were estimated and recorded, after which both groups were subjected to a six weeks ARV therapy. Data were collected weekly (for six weeks) by conducting laboratory test of CD4 counts for both groups’ patients. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 software. Descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation and percentages were used to summarize the data, while inferential statistics of t-test, ANOVA, ANCOVA and Bonferoni pairwise comparison were used to test the significant differences as appropriate. Alpha level was set at 0.05. The study revealed that the CD4 count of HIV patients without TB (group A) at baseline was found to be statistically significantly higher than those with TB (group B), and also revealed a statistical significant difference in the CD 4 count across the seven-time-point period of the study (baseline and the six weeks of ARV therapy) in the two groups (P<0.05). The study also revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in the CD4 count of groups A and B comparatively after six weeks of ARV therapy. Recommendations among others include; extension of the study tentacle to increased number of health facilities and longer study period, conducting studies on the impact of the dual therapy (ARV and anti-TB) on the co-infected patients, and the need for all stakeholders involved in the treatment of HIV patients to continuously update their knowledge base on the management of the HIV patients with and without TB, for a more productive and goal-oriented treatment outcome, void of sentiments and discrimination.

Published in	International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science (Volume 5, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20190502.13
Page(s)	97-104
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

HIV, Tuberculosis, Antiretroviral Therapy

References

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[2]	Centre for Disease Control-CDC (2018): New HIV infection/Ending AIDS.
[3]	UNAIDS (2016): Global Report.
[4]	World Health Organization- WHO (2009): Global Tuberculosis Report.
[5]	Stop TB Partnership & World Health Organization. (‎2006). The global plan to stop TB, 2006-2015 / Stop TB Partnership. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43404.
[6]	CDC (2016): STD Prevention Conference report World Health Organization-WHO (2017): Tuberculosis - World Health Organization https//www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis.
[7]	Penelope K. Ellis, Willam J. Martin, Peter J. Dodd (2017): CD4 count and tuberculosis risk in HIV-positive adults not on ART: A systematic review and meta-analysis PeerJ 5 (2): e4165 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 4165.
[8]	Motasm Badri, Douglas Wilson, Prof. Robin Wood (2002) Effect of Highly Active Antiretroviral on Incidence of Tuberculosis in South Africa, ScienceDirect (THE LANCET, Vol. 359, Issue 9323, June 2002.
[9]	Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAID) (2019) Tuberculosis and HIV: progress towards the 2020 target.
[10]	Duru C. B, Uwakwe K. A, Diwe K. C, Nnebue C. C, Chineke H. N, Emerole C. A (2014): Prevalence of Active TB Among HIV Positive Patients Attending A Teaching Hospital in Imo State, South East, Nigeria: A 6years Review (2002-2012), Indian Journal of Medical Research and Pharmaceutical Science.
[11]	Nwabuko C. O, Ejele O. A, Chuku A., Nnoli M. A, Chukwuonye I. I, (2012), Prevalence of Tuberculosis-HIV Co-infection and Relationship between TB and CD4/ESR in HIV patients in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, IORS Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (JDMS), vol. 2 (4): 01-04. www.iosrjournal.org.
[12]	Penelope K. EllisWillam J. MartinPeter J. Dodd (2017): CD4 count and tuberculosis risk in HIV-positive adults not on ART: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ 5 (2): e4165 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4165.
[13]	Sten Skogmer, Thomas S., Taye T. B., Zalalem H. J, Gudeta T., Jonas B., Per Bjorkman, (2013), CD4 Cell Level During Treatment for Tuberculosis in Ethiopia Adult and Clinical Markers Associated with CD4 Lymphocytopenia, PLOS PATHOGENS. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083270.
[14]	Wejse C., Furtado A., Camara C., Luneborg-Nielsen M., Sodemann M., Gerstoft J., Katzenstein T. L., (2013): Impact of Tuberculosis Treatment on CD4 cell count, HIV RNA and P24 Antigen in Patients with HIV and Tuberculosis. Science Direct, vol. 17 (10): e907-e912.
[15]	Richard Hayes, Tazeem Bhatia, Jamie Enoch, Mishal Khan, Sophie Mathewson, David Heymann,, Osman Dar (2018): Setting targets for HIV/AIDS—What lessons can be learned from other disease control programmes? 2019 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002735.

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Ebenezer Obi Daniel, Aminat Abiola Ojewale, Paul Olaiya Abiodun, Gabriel Omoniyi Ayeni, Olayinka Victor Ojo, et al. (2019). The Efficacy of Anti-Retroviral Therapy on HIV Patients with and Without Tuberculosis: A Comparative Study in a State Hospital Bida Niger State Nigeria. International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science, 5(2), 97-104. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20190502.13

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ACS Style

Ebenezer Obi Daniel; Aminat Abiola Ojewale; Paul Olaiya Abiodun; Gabriel Omoniyi Ayeni; Olayinka Victor Ojo, et al. The Efficacy of Anti-Retroviral Therapy on HIV Patients with and Without Tuberculosis: A Comparative Study in a State Hospital Bida Niger State Nigeria. Int. J. HIV/AIDS Prev. Educ. Behav. Sci. 2019, 5(2), 97-104. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20190502.13

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AMA Style

Ebenezer Obi Daniel, Aminat Abiola Ojewale, Paul Olaiya Abiodun, Gabriel Omoniyi Ayeni, Olayinka Victor Ojo, et al. The Efficacy of Anti-Retroviral Therapy on HIV Patients with and Without Tuberculosis: A Comparative Study in a State Hospital Bida Niger State Nigeria. Int J HIV/AIDS Prev Educ Behav Sci. 2019;5(2):97-104. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20190502.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20190502.13,
  author = {Ebenezer Obi Daniel and Aminat Abiola Ojewale and Paul Olaiya Abiodun and Gabriel Omoniyi Ayeni and Olayinka Victor Ojo and Oladapo Michael Olagbegi},
  title = {The Efficacy of Anti-Retroviral Therapy on HIV Patients with and Without Tuberculosis: A Comparative Study in a State Hospital Bida Niger State Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {97-104},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20190502.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20190502.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhpebs.20190502.13},
  abstract = {There is a general broad knowledge surrounding the possible complications and opportunistic infections that patients with HIV can be exposed to, one of which is Tuberculosis, a popular co-morbid disease in HIV patients. Several studies have unraveled the efficacy of ARVs on the CD4 counts in HIV patients, but there exists knowledge gap in establishing the efficacy of ARV therapy among HIV patients with Tuberculosis (TB). The main objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy on HIV positive patients with and without tuberculosis. A quasi-experimental design was employed in this study. Eighty (80) patients were recruited in total from the ARV-TB clinic of general hospital Bida. Forty (40) HIV patients without TB, and HIV patients with TB were recruited consecutively into group A and B respectively. Each group participants’ baseline CD4 counts were estimated and recorded, after which both groups were subjected to a six weeks ARV therapy. Data were collected weekly (for six weeks) by conducting laboratory test of CD4 counts for both groups’ patients. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 software. Descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation and percentages were used to summarize the data, while inferential statistics of t-test, ANOVA, ANCOVA and Bonferoni pairwise comparison were used to test the significant differences as appropriate. Alpha level was set at 0.05. The study revealed that the CD4 count of HIV patients without TB (group A) at baseline was found to be statistically significantly higher than those with TB (group B), and also revealed a statistical significant difference in the CD 4 count across the seven-time-point period of the study (baseline and the six weeks of ARV therapy) in the two groups (P<0.05). The study also revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in the CD4 count of groups A and B comparatively after six weeks of ARV therapy. Recommendations among others include; extension of the study tentacle to increased number of health facilities and longer study period, conducting studies on the impact of the dual therapy (ARV and anti-TB) on the co-infected patients, and the need for all stakeholders involved in the treatment of HIV patients to continuously update their knowledge base on the management of the HIV patients with and without TB, for a more productive and goal-oriented treatment outcome, void of sentiments and discrimination.},
 year = {2019}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Efficacy of Anti-Retroviral Therapy on HIV Patients with and Without Tuberculosis: A Comparative Study in a State Hospital Bida Niger State Nigeria
AU  - Ebenezer Obi Daniel
AU  - Aminat Abiola Ojewale
AU  - Paul Olaiya Abiodun
AU  - Gabriel Omoniyi Ayeni
AU  - Olayinka Victor Ojo
AU  - Oladapo Michael Olagbegi
Y1  - 2019/08/26
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20190502.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20190502.13
T2  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JF  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JO  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
SP  - 97
EP  - 104
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5765
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20190502.13
AB  - There is a general broad knowledge surrounding the possible complications and opportunistic infections that patients with HIV can be exposed to, one of which is Tuberculosis, a popular co-morbid disease in HIV patients. Several studies have unraveled the efficacy of ARVs on the CD4 counts in HIV patients, but there exists knowledge gap in establishing the efficacy of ARV therapy among HIV patients with Tuberculosis (TB). The main objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy on HIV positive patients with and without tuberculosis. A quasi-experimental design was employed in this study. Eighty (80) patients were recruited in total from the ARV-TB clinic of general hospital Bida. Forty (40) HIV patients without TB, and HIV patients with TB were recruited consecutively into group A and B respectively. Each group participants’ baseline CD4 counts were estimated and recorded, after which both groups were subjected to a six weeks ARV therapy. Data were collected weekly (for six weeks) by conducting laboratory test of CD4 counts for both groups’ patients. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 software. Descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation and percentages were used to summarize the data, while inferential statistics of t-test, ANOVA, ANCOVA and Bonferoni pairwise comparison were used to test the significant differences as appropriate. Alpha level was set at 0.05. The study revealed that the CD4 count of HIV patients without TB (group A) at baseline was found to be statistically significantly higher than those with TB (group B), and also revealed a statistical significant difference in the CD 4 count across the seven-time-point period of the study (baseline and the six weeks of ARV therapy) in the two groups (P<0.05). The study also revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in the CD4 count of groups A and B comparatively after six weeks of ARV therapy. Recommendations among others include; extension of the study tentacle to increased number of health facilities and longer study period, conducting studies on the impact of the dual therapy (ARV and anti-TB) on the co-infected patients, and the need for all stakeholders involved in the treatment of HIV patients to continuously update their knowledge base on the management of the HIV patients with and without TB, for a more productive and goal-oriented treatment outcome, void of sentiments and discrimination.
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Ebenezer Obi Daniel

Department of Public Health School of Public Health, Texila American University Georgetown, Guyana, South America
Aminat Abiola Ojewale

Department of Public Health School of Public Health, Texila American University Georgetown, Guyana, South America
Paul Olaiya Abiodun

Department of Public Health School of Public Health, Texila American University Georgetown, Guyana, South America
Gabriel Omoniyi Ayeni

Department of Public Health School of Public Health, Texila American University Georgetown, Guyana, South America
Olayinka Victor Ojo

Department of Public Health School of Public Health, Texila American University Georgetown, Guyana, South America
Oladapo Michael Olagbegi

Department of Physiotherapy School of Health Scienczes, University of Kwazulu-Natal Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa

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APA Style

Ebenezer Obi Daniel, Aminat Abiola Ojewale, Paul Olaiya Abiodun, Gabriel Omoniyi Ayeni, Olayinka Victor Ojo, et al. (2019). The Efficacy of Anti-Retroviral Therapy on HIV Patients with and Without Tuberculosis: A Comparative Study in a State Hospital Bida Niger State Nigeria. International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science, 5(2), 97-104. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20190502.13

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ACS Style

Ebenezer Obi Daniel; Aminat Abiola Ojewale; Paul Olaiya Abiodun; Gabriel Omoniyi Ayeni; Olayinka Victor Ojo, et al. The Efficacy of Anti-Retroviral Therapy on HIV Patients with and Without Tuberculosis: A Comparative Study in a State Hospital Bida Niger State Nigeria. Int. J. HIV/AIDS Prev. Educ. Behav. Sci. 2019, 5(2), 97-104. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20190502.13

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AMA Style

Ebenezer Obi Daniel, Aminat Abiola Ojewale, Paul Olaiya Abiodun, Gabriel Omoniyi Ayeni, Olayinka Victor Ojo, et al. The Efficacy of Anti-Retroviral Therapy on HIV Patients with and Without Tuberculosis: A Comparative Study in a State Hospital Bida Niger State Nigeria. Int J HIV/AIDS Prev Educ Behav Sci. 2019;5(2):97-104. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20190502.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20190502.13,
  author = {Ebenezer Obi Daniel and Aminat Abiola Ojewale and Paul Olaiya Abiodun and Gabriel Omoniyi Ayeni and Olayinka Victor Ojo and Oladapo Michael Olagbegi},
  title = {The Efficacy of Anti-Retroviral Therapy on HIV Patients with and Without Tuberculosis: A Comparative Study in a State Hospital Bida Niger State Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {97-104},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20190502.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20190502.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhpebs.20190502.13},
  abstract = {There is a general broad knowledge surrounding the possible complications and opportunistic infections that patients with HIV can be exposed to, one of which is Tuberculosis, a popular co-morbid disease in HIV patients. Several studies have unraveled the efficacy of ARVs on the CD4 counts in HIV patients, but there exists knowledge gap in establishing the efficacy of ARV therapy among HIV patients with Tuberculosis (TB). The main objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy on HIV positive patients with and without tuberculosis. A quasi-experimental design was employed in this study. Eighty (80) patients were recruited in total from the ARV-TB clinic of general hospital Bida. Forty (40) HIV patients without TB, and HIV patients with TB were recruited consecutively into group A and B respectively. Each group participants’ baseline CD4 counts were estimated and recorded, after which both groups were subjected to a six weeks ARV therapy. Data were collected weekly (for six weeks) by conducting laboratory test of CD4 counts for both groups’ patients. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 software. Descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation and percentages were used to summarize the data, while inferential statistics of t-test, ANOVA, ANCOVA and Bonferoni pairwise comparison were used to test the significant differences as appropriate. Alpha level was set at 0.05. The study revealed that the CD4 count of HIV patients without TB (group A) at baseline was found to be statistically significantly higher than those with TB (group B), and also revealed a statistical significant difference in the CD 4 count across the seven-time-point period of the study (baseline and the six weeks of ARV therapy) in the two groups (P<0.05). The study also revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in the CD4 count of groups A and B comparatively after six weeks of ARV therapy. Recommendations among others include; extension of the study tentacle to increased number of health facilities and longer study period, conducting studies on the impact of the dual therapy (ARV and anti-TB) on the co-infected patients, and the need for all stakeholders involved in the treatment of HIV patients to continuously update their knowledge base on the management of the HIV patients with and without TB, for a more productive and goal-oriented treatment outcome, void of sentiments and discrimination.},
 year = {2019}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Efficacy of Anti-Retroviral Therapy on HIV Patients with and Without Tuberculosis: A Comparative Study in a State Hospital Bida Niger State Nigeria
AU  - Ebenezer Obi Daniel
AU  - Aminat Abiola Ojewale
AU  - Paul Olaiya Abiodun
AU  - Gabriel Omoniyi Ayeni
AU  - Olayinka Victor Ojo
AU  - Oladapo Michael Olagbegi
Y1  - 2019/08/26
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20190502.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20190502.13
T2  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JF  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JO  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
SP  - 97
EP  - 104
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5765
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20190502.13
AB  - There is a general broad knowledge surrounding the possible complications and opportunistic infections that patients with HIV can be exposed to, one of which is Tuberculosis, a popular co-morbid disease in HIV patients. Several studies have unraveled the efficacy of ARVs on the CD4 counts in HIV patients, but there exists knowledge gap in establishing the efficacy of ARV therapy among HIV patients with Tuberculosis (TB). The main objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy on HIV positive patients with and without tuberculosis. A quasi-experimental design was employed in this study. Eighty (80) patients were recruited in total from the ARV-TB clinic of general hospital Bida. Forty (40) HIV patients without TB, and HIV patients with TB were recruited consecutively into group A and B respectively. Each group participants’ baseline CD4 counts were estimated and recorded, after which both groups were subjected to a six weeks ARV therapy. Data were collected weekly (for six weeks) by conducting laboratory test of CD4 counts for both groups’ patients. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 software. Descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation and percentages were used to summarize the data, while inferential statistics of t-test, ANOVA, ANCOVA and Bonferoni pairwise comparison were used to test the significant differences as appropriate. Alpha level was set at 0.05. The study revealed that the CD4 count of HIV patients without TB (group A) at baseline was found to be statistically significantly higher than those with TB (group B), and also revealed a statistical significant difference in the CD 4 count across the seven-time-point period of the study (baseline and the six weeks of ARV therapy) in the two groups (P<0.05). The study also revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in the CD4 count of groups A and B comparatively after six weeks of ARV therapy. Recommendations among others include; extension of the study tentacle to increased number of health facilities and longer study period, conducting studies on the impact of the dual therapy (ARV and anti-TB) on the co-infected patients, and the need for all stakeholders involved in the treatment of HIV patients to continuously update their knowledge base on the management of the HIV patients with and without TB, for a more productive and goal-oriented treatment outcome, void of sentiments and discrimination.
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
ER  -

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