Background and aim: The prevalence of hypertension is steadily increasing both in the general population and in patients living with HIV. The contributing factors are from one part identical to all and other parts linked to the HIV infection and its management. Given the complications related to ART, we list the cardiovascular risk factors, determine the proportion of hypertensive in people living with HIV before treatment with ART. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study carried out from January to May 2019 at the Boma hospital located south of Kinshasa in DR Congo. It included any patient who tested positive for HIV and over 18 years of age. The parameters of interest were; demographic data, lifestyle, anthropometric and biological measurements. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 34.5%. Of the 115 patients with hypertension, 50 (43. 5%) knew their status and 65 (56.5%) were diagnosed during the study). low CD4 count (p=0.002), Diabetes mellitus (p=0.001), advanced age (p=0.001) and central obesity (p=0.009) emerged as mainrisk factors associated with hypertension in patients with HIV. Conclusion: hypertension is one of the cardiovascular risk factors present in seropositive patients and whose prevalence should attract the attention of both political and health authorities.
| Published in | International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science (Volume 7, Issue 1) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20210701.11 |
| Page(s) | 1-7 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Prevalence, Hypertension, HIV Infection, Boma
| [1] | Kharsany ABM and Karim QA. “HIV infection and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: current status, challenges and opportunities”. Open AIDS Journal 10 (2016): 34-48. |
| [2] | Dwyer-Lindgren L., et al. “Mapping HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa between 2000 and 2017”. Nature 570.7760 (2019): 189-193. |
| [3] | Escovitz GH. “The health transition in developing countries: a role for internists from the developed world”. Annals of Internal Medicine 116.6 (1992): 499-504. |
| [4] | World Organization. HIV/AIDS fact sheet 2016. |
| [5] | Xu Y, Chen X, Wang K. Global prevalence of hypertension among people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2017; 11 (8): 530–40. |
| [6] | Okeke NL, Davy T, Eron JJ, Napravnik S. Hypertension among HIV-infected patients in clinical care, 1996–2013. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2016; 63 (2): 242–8. |
| [7] | Chhoun P, Tuot S, Harries A, Kyaw N, Pal K, Mun P, et al. High prevalence of non-communicable diseases and associated risk factors amongst adults living with HIV in Cambodia. 2017 Nov 9; 12 (11): e0187591. |
| [8] | Baekken M, Os I, Sandvik L, Oektedalen O. Hypertension in an urban HIV-positive population compared with the general population: influence of combination antiretroviral therapy. Journal of hypertension. 2008; 26 (11): 2126–33. |
| [9] | Vecchiet J, Ucciferri C, Falasca K, Mancino P, Di Iorio A, De Caterina R. Antihypertensive and metabolic effects of telmisartan in hypertensive HIV-positive patients. Antiviral therapy. 2011; 16 (5): 639. |
| [10] | Thie´baut R, El-Sadr WM, Friis-Moller N, Rickenbach M, Reiss P, Monforte A, et al. Predictors of hypertension and changes of blood pressure in HIV-infected patients. Antiviral therapy. 2005; 10 (7): 811. |
| [11] | Reingold JS, Wanke C, Kotler DP, Lewis CE, Tracy R, Heymsfield S, et al. Association of HIV infection and HIV/HCV coinfection with C-reactive protein levels: the fat redistribution and metabolic change in HIV infection (FRAM) study. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2008; 48 (2): 142. |
| [12] | Tien PC, Choi AI, Zolopa AR, Benson C, Scherzer R, Bacchetti P, et al. Inflammation and mortality in HIV-infected adults: analysis of the FRAM study cohort. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999). 2010; 55 (3): 316. |
| [13] | Baker J, Quick H, Hullsiek KH, Tracy R, Duprez D, Henry K, et al. Interleukin-6 and d-dimer levels are associated with vascular dysfunction in patients with untreated HIV infection. HIV medicine. 2010; 11 (9): 608–9. |
| [14] | Deeks SG, Lewin SR, Havlir DV. The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease. Lancet 2013; 382: 1525±33. |
| [15] | Nguyen KA, Peer N, Mills EJ, Kengne AP. Burden, Determinants, and Pharmacological Management ofHypertension in HIV-Positive Patients and Populations: A Systematic Narrative Review. AIDS Rev. 2015 Apr-Jun; 17 (2): 83–95. |
| [16] | Dillon DG, Gurdasani D, Riha J, Ekoru K, Asiki G, Mayanja BN, et al. Association of HIV and ART withcardiometabolic traits in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol. 2013 Dec; 42 (6): 1754–71. |
| [17] | Bloomfield GS, Khazanie P, Morris A, Rabadan-Diehl C, Benjamin LA, Murdoch D, et al. HIV and noncommunicablecardiovascular and pulmonary diseases in low- and middle-income countries in the ARTera: what we know and best directions for future research. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes. 2014 Sep 01; 67 Suppl 1: S40–53. |
| [18] | Nduka CU, Stranges S, Sarki AM, Kimani PK, Uthman OA. Evidence of increased blood pressure andhypertension risk among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review with metaanalysis. J Hum Hypertens. 2016 Jun; 30 (6): 355–62. |
| [19] | Longo-Mbenza Benjamin MandinaMadone, Renzaho Andre, LepiraMbompaka François, Wumba -di-Mosi Roger et al. “Hypovitaminosis D, Aging, HIV Infection, HAART, and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients from Kinshasa, Dr Congo, Central Africa”. EC Cardiology 6.10 (2019): 985-997. |
| [20] | Venables E., et al. “Even if she’s really sick at home, she will pretend that everything is fine: Delays in seeking care and treatment for advanced HIV disease in Kinshasa, demographic Republic of Congo”. PloS One 14.2 (2019): e0211619. |
| [21] | Vogt F., et al. “Brief report: decentralizing ART supply for stable HIV patients to community-based distribution centers: program outcomes from an urban context in Kinshasa, DRC”. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 74.3 (2017): 326-331. |
| [22] | Katchunga B, KabindaM,Matabaro M, Kashongwe M, ManyebwaJ,M’Buyamba-Kabangu JR. Séroprévalence du Virus de l’Immunodéficience Humaine parmi les admissions cardiovasculaires à l’Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, RD Congo. Sidanet, 2009, 6 (9): 1211. |
| [23] | Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. European Heart Journal 2018; 39 (33): 3021-104. |
| [24] | Report of the Expert Committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (Suppl 1): S5–20.13. |
| [25] | World Health Organization (WHO). The problem of overweight and obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report Series 894; Geneva, WHO, 2000: 537. |
| [26] | Orth SR, Stockmann A, Conradt C, Ritz E, Ferro M, Kreusser W and al. Smoking as a risk factor for end-stage renal failure in men with primary renal disease. Kidney Int. 2008; 54: 926-31. |
| [27] | Word Health OrganisationTWSatndrfsIW, Available at: http://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/STEPS_Manual2017 |
| [28] | Friedewald WT, Levi RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of LDL-cholesterol without use ofthe preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972; 18: 499–508. |
| [29] | Duval X, Gabriel B, Daniel G, Villes V, Dupré T, Leport C et al. Living with HIV, antiretroviral treatment experience and tobacco smoking: results from a multisite cross-sectional study. AntivirTher. 2008; 13 (3): 389-397. |
| [30] | Dimala C, Atashili J, MbuagbawJ, Wilfred A, and G. MonekossoG. Prevalence of hypertension in HIV/AIDS patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) compared with HAARTNa¨ıve patients at the limbe regional hospital, Cameroon. PLoS One, vol. 11, no. 2, Article ID e0148100, 2016. |
| [31] | Mutemwa M, Peer N, de Villiers A et al., “Prevalence, detection, treatment, and control of hypertension in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients attending HIV clinics in the western Cape Province, South Africa,” Medicine (Baltimore), vol. 97, no. 35, Article ID e12121, 2018. |
| [32] | Marina Njelekela,AlfaMuhihi, AkumAveika, Donna Spiegeman,Claudia Hawkins, et al. Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Associated Risk Factors among 34,111 HAART Naive HIV-Infected Adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Inter J of Hypert. 2016. ID 5958382, 9 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5958382. |
| [33] | Mbaye F, NafissatouOumar T and NdeyeFatou N. Smoking in People Living with HIV (PLHA) and followed up in the Outpatient Department of the Hospital Fann of Dakar. Pamj. 2019; 34: 42. |
| [34] | F. J. Mateen, S. Kanters, R. Kalyesubula et al., “Hypertension prevalence and Framinghamrisk score stratification in a large HIV-positive cohort in Uganda,” Journal of Hypertension, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 1372–1378, 2013. |
| [35] | H. Julius, D. Basu, E. Ricci et al., “e burden of metabolic diseases amongst HIV positive patients on HAARTattending the johannesburg hospital,” Current HIV Research, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 247–252, 2011. |
| [36] | Mohammed A, YemaneShenkute T, andChenekeGebisaW, “Diabetes mellitus and risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals at Jimma university specialized hospital, southwest Ethiopia,” Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and therapy, vol. 8, pp. 197–206, 2015. |
| [37] | Blaise MakosoNimi, François LepiraBompeka, Aliocha Nkodila, Williams Ilenga,Gédeon Long-Longo, Dieudonné Vangu Ngoma, et al. Prehypertension, Hypertension and Associated Risk Factors among Adults Living in the Port City of Boma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey”. Acta Scientific Cancer Biology 4.5 (2020): 24-32. |
| [38] | Coulibaly JC. Neuro-meningeal diseases during HIV infection at the infectious diseases clinic of the CHNU de Fann: prevalence and factors associated with death. Thesis Med Dakar. 201 no. 29. |
| [39] | Dandona L, Dandona R, Kumar GA, et al. Risk factors associated with HIV in a population-based study in Andhra Pradesh state of India. Int J Epidemiol 2008; 37: 1274-86 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]. |
| [40] | Perkins JM, Khan KT, Subramanian SV. Patterns and distribution of HIV among adult men and women in India. PLoS ONE 2009; 4: e5648. |
| [41] | Felistas Mashinya, Marianne Alberts, Jean. Pierre Van geertruydenand Robert Colebunders. Assessment of cardiovascular risk factors in people with HIV infection treated with ART in rural South Africa: a cross sectional study. AIDS Res Ther (2015) 12: 42. |
| [42] | Alebiosu OC, Familoni OB, Ogunsemi OO, et al. Community based diabetes risk assessment in Ogun state, Nigeria (World Diabetes Foundation project 08-321). Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2013; 17: 653. |
| [43] | Isa SE, Oche AO, Kang'ombe AR, et al. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in a Large Adult Cohort in Jos, Nigeria. |
| [44] | BlaiseMakosoNimi, François LepiraBompeka, Gedeon Longo Longo, Benjamin Longo Mbenza, AliochaNkodila and Elysée Buanga Khuabi. Hypertension and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Adult in Boma City. Democratic Republic of the Congo. IJMSCR. 2020; 3 (4): 682-692. |
| [45] | Gerald SB, Joseph WH, Alfred K, et al. Hypertension and obesity as cardiovascular risk factors among HIV seropositive patients in western Kenya. Plos One 2011; 6 (7): 14. |
| [46] | Edward AO, Oladayo AA, Omolola AS, Adetiloye AA, Adedayo PA. Prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and evaluation of cardiovascular risk using three risk equations in Nigerians living with human immunodeficiency virus. N Am J Med Sci. 2013; 5 (12): 680–8. |
APA Style
Blaise Makoso Nimi, Benjamin Longo Mbenza, Carine Nkembi Nzuzi, Roland Vangu Vangu, Aliocha Nkodila, et al. (2021). Hypertension in HIV-infected Patients at Boma Hospital in Democratic Republic of the Congo. International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science, 7(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20210701.11
ACS Style
Blaise Makoso Nimi; Benjamin Longo Mbenza; Carine Nkembi Nzuzi; Roland Vangu Vangu; Aliocha Nkodila, et al. Hypertension in HIV-infected Patients at Boma Hospital in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Int. J. HIV/AIDS Prev. Educ. Behav. Sci. 2021, 7(1), 1-7. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20210701.11
AMA Style
Blaise Makoso Nimi, Benjamin Longo Mbenza, Carine Nkembi Nzuzi, Roland Vangu Vangu, Aliocha Nkodila, et al. Hypertension in HIV-infected Patients at Boma Hospital in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Int J HIV/AIDS Prev Educ Behav Sci. 2021;7(1):1-7. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20210701.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20210701.11,
author = {Blaise Makoso Nimi and Benjamin Longo Mbenza and Carine Nkembi Nzuzi and Roland Vangu Vangu and Aliocha Nkodila and Memoria Makoso Nimi and Antoinette Ndele Nzita and Michel Lutete Nkelani},
title = {Hypertension in HIV-infected Patients at Boma Hospital in Democratic Republic of the Congo},
journal = {International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {1-7},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20210701.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20210701.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhpebs.20210701.11},
abstract = {Background and aim: The prevalence of hypertension is steadily increasing both in the general population and in patients living with HIV. The contributing factors are from one part identical to all and other parts linked to the HIV infection and its management. Given the complications related to ART, we list the cardiovascular risk factors, determine the proportion of hypertensive in people living with HIV before treatment with ART. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study carried out from January to May 2019 at the Boma hospital located south of Kinshasa in DR Congo. It included any patient who tested positive for HIV and over 18 years of age. The parameters of interest were; demographic data, lifestyle, anthropometric and biological measurements. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 34.5%. Of the 115 patients with hypertension, 50 (43. 5%) knew their status and 65 (56.5%) were diagnosed during the study). low CD4 count (p=0.002), Diabetes mellitus (p=0.001), advanced age (p=0.001) and central obesity (p=0.009) emerged as mainrisk factors associated with hypertension in patients with HIV. Conclusion: hypertension is one of the cardiovascular risk factors present in seropositive patients and whose prevalence should attract the attention of both political and health authorities.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Hypertension in HIV-infected Patients at Boma Hospital in Democratic Republic of the Congo AU - Blaise Makoso Nimi AU - Benjamin Longo Mbenza AU - Carine Nkembi Nzuzi AU - Roland Vangu Vangu AU - Aliocha Nkodila AU - Memoria Makoso Nimi AU - Antoinette Ndele Nzita AU - Michel Lutete Nkelani Y1 - 2021/02/09 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20210701.11 DO - 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20210701.11 T2 - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science JF - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science JO - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2575-5765 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20210701.11 AB - Background and aim: The prevalence of hypertension is steadily increasing both in the general population and in patients living with HIV. The contributing factors are from one part identical to all and other parts linked to the HIV infection and its management. Given the complications related to ART, we list the cardiovascular risk factors, determine the proportion of hypertensive in people living with HIV before treatment with ART. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study carried out from January to May 2019 at the Boma hospital located south of Kinshasa in DR Congo. It included any patient who tested positive for HIV and over 18 years of age. The parameters of interest were; demographic data, lifestyle, anthropometric and biological measurements. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 34.5%. Of the 115 patients with hypertension, 50 (43. 5%) knew their status and 65 (56.5%) were diagnosed during the study). low CD4 count (p=0.002), Diabetes mellitus (p=0.001), advanced age (p=0.001) and central obesity (p=0.009) emerged as mainrisk factors associated with hypertension in patients with HIV. Conclusion: hypertension is one of the cardiovascular risk factors present in seropositive patients and whose prevalence should attract the attention of both political and health authorities. VL - 7 IS - 1 ER -
Information
Email: