Validation of a Community Pediatric HIV Risk Assessment Screening Checklist Among 0 to 19 Years Old in Selected Communities of Taraba State, Nigeria

Aisha Nantim Dadi; Godpower Omoregie; Jennifer Anyanti; Chinedu Onyezobi; Etiobhio Ehimen; Bilkisu Jibrin; Emeka Obinna Okeke; Eliane Vrolings; Oluwatosin Adeoye

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.12

Validation of a Community Pediatric HIV Risk Assessment Screening Checklist Among 0 to 19 Years Old in Selected Communities of Taraba State, Nigeria

Aisha Nantim Dadi, Godpower Omoregie, Jennifer Anyanti, Chinedu Onyezobi, Etiobhio Ehimen, Bilkisu Jibrin, Emeka Obinna Okeke, Eliane Vrolings, Oluwatosin Adeoye

Published in International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science (Volume 8, Issue 1)

Received: 9 December 2021 Accepted: 29 December 2021 Published: 9 February 2022

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Abstract

In Nigeria, many children die from AIDS-related illnesses, because they lack access to HIV testing and care early due to perceived low risk of HIV infection by their caregivers. Early diagnosis through community-based HIV testing is being used more widely to increase coverage, but the positivity yield is very low compared to facility-based testing, hence the importance of targeted testing. Partners in Nigeria have used different HIV risk assessment tools to screen children and provide targeted testing to increase yields. The Federal Ministry of Health harmonized these tools to come up with a country-specific tool used in screening children and adolescents for HIV infection. The Society for Family Health through the Lafiya Yara project carried out validation of the tool among children and adolescents in Taraba State. The Lafiya Yara project is an HIV-focused program implemented in 8 of the 16 Local Government Areas of Taraba state. Informed consent was sought from caregivers and the (standard) harmonized HIV risk stratification checklist with 14 screening questions was administered to 3,001 children 0-19 years in 10 communities randomly selected from 5 Local Government Areas. The children after being classified as “at risk” and “not at risk” based on the stratification tool were tested for HIV, and SPSS version 25 was used to analyse data. Out of the 3,001 children screened, 1,565 (52.1%) were males, their mean age was 10.37±5.60, and 932 (31.1%) were in the age group 15 to 19 years. The tool classified 2,257 to be at risk, with 31 of them being HIV positive when tested. Out of the 744 classified as not being at risk, 6 of them were HIV positive, thus the sensitivity of the tool was 1.4% and specificity was 99.2%. The prevalence of HIV among the population was 1.2%, with the age-group 15 to 19 years having the highest HIV prevalence of 2.7%. The HIV risk stratification tool has a low sensitivity and a high specificity which make suggest it is not the best tool for use. There is therefore a need to review the tool to make it more targeted and increase its sensitivity. Different tools may also be adapted for different age bands such as younger children and the adolescents.

Published in	International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science (Volume 8, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.12
Page(s)	8-11
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

HIV Risk Assessment Tool, Lafia Yara Project, Sensitivity, Specificity

References

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[2]	Cohen D, Lungu M, van Oosterhout JJ. HIV testing coverage of family members of adult antiretroviral therapy patients in Malawi. AIDS Care. 2010; 22: 1346–1349.
[3]	Elijah G. Ward, William B. Disch, Judith A. Levy, Jean J. Schensul (2004). Perception of HIV/AIDS Risk Among Urban, Low-Income Senior-Housing Residents. AIDS Education and Prevention: Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 571-588.
[4]	J. F. Kengeya-Kayondo, L. M. Carpenter, P. M. Kintu, J. Nabaitu, R. Pool, and J. A. G. Whitworth, “Risk perception and HIV-1 prevalence in 15,000 adults in rural south-west Uganda,” AIDS, vol. 13, no. 16, pp. 2295–2302, 1999.
[5]	J. A. Cederbaum, T. D. Gilreath, and A. Barman-Adhikari, “Perceived risk and condom use among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa: a latent class analysis,” African journal of reproductive health, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 26–33, 2014.
[6]	R. Kibombo, S. Neema, and F. H. Ahmed, “Perceptions of risk to HIV infection among adolescents in Uganda: are they related to sexual behaviour?” African Journal of Reproductive Health, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 168–181, 2007.
[7]	Ijadunola KT, Abiona T C, Ijadunola M Y College students in Nigeria underestimate their risk of contracting HIV/AIDS infection,” European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 131–137, 2007.
[8]	Kayigamba FR, Bakker MI, Lammers J et al. Provider-initiated HIV testing and counselling in Rwanda: acceptability among clinic attendees and workers, reasons for testing and predictors of testing. PLoS One 2014; 9: e95459.
[9]	Kevin M. De Cock, Joseph L. Barker, Rachel Baggaley and Wafaa M. El Sadr. Where are the positives? HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa in the era of test and treat. AIDS 2019, 33: 349–352.
[10]	Jubilee M, Park FJ, Chipango K, Pule K, Machinda A, Taruberekera N. HIV index testing to improve HIV positivity rate and linkage to care and treatment of sexual partners, adolescents and children of PLHIV in Lesotho. PLoS One. 2019; 14 (3): e0212762.
[11]	Kharsany ABM, Karim QA. HIV Infection and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities. The Open AIDS Journal. 2016; 10: 34-48.
[12]	National AIDS/STIs Control Programme. National Guidelines for HIV Testing Services 2017.
[13]	Odafe S, Onotu D, Fagbamigbe JO, Ene U, Rivadeneira E, Carpenter D, et al. (2020) Increasing pediatric HIV testing positivity rates through focused testing in high-yield points of service in health facilities—Nigeria, 2016-2017. PLoS ONE 15 (6): e0234717. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234717.
[14]	Bandason T, Dauya E, Dakshina S, McHugh G, Chonzi P, Munyati S, et al. (2018) Screening tool to identify adolescents living with HIV in a community setting in Zimbabwe: A validation study. PLoS ONE 13 (10): e0204891. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204891.
[15]	Tsitsi Bandason, Grace McHugh, Ethel Dauya, Stanley Mungofa, Shungu M. Munyati, Helen A. Weiss, Hilda Mujuru, Katharina Kranzer and Rashida A. Ferrand. Validation of a screening tool to identify older children living with HIV in primary care facilities in high HIV prevalence settings. AIDS 2016, 30: 779–785.

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APA Style

Aisha Nantim Dadi, Godpower Omoregie, Jennifer Anyanti, Chinedu Onyezobi, Etiobhio Ehimen, et al. (2022). Validation of a Community Pediatric HIV Risk Assessment Screening Checklist Among 0 to 19 Years Old in Selected Communities of Taraba State, Nigeria. International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science, 8(1), 8-11. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.12

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ACS Style

Aisha Nantim Dadi; Godpower Omoregie; Jennifer Anyanti; Chinedu Onyezobi; Etiobhio Ehimen, et al. Validation of a Community Pediatric HIV Risk Assessment Screening Checklist Among 0 to 19 Years Old in Selected Communities of Taraba State, Nigeria. Int. J. HIV/AIDS Prev. Educ. Behav. Sci. 2022, 8(1), 8-11. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.12

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AMA Style

Aisha Nantim Dadi, Godpower Omoregie, Jennifer Anyanti, Chinedu Onyezobi, Etiobhio Ehimen, et al. Validation of a Community Pediatric HIV Risk Assessment Screening Checklist Among 0 to 19 Years Old in Selected Communities of Taraba State, Nigeria. Int J HIV/AIDS Prev Educ Behav Sci. 2022;8(1):8-11. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.12,
  author = {Aisha Nantim Dadi and Godpower Omoregie and Jennifer Anyanti and Chinedu Onyezobi and Etiobhio Ehimen and Bilkisu Jibrin and Emeka Obinna Okeke and Eliane Vrolings and Oluwatosin Adeoye},
  title = {Validation of a Community Pediatric HIV Risk Assessment Screening Checklist Among 0 to 19 Years Old in Selected Communities of Taraba State, Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {8-11},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhpebs.20220801.12},
  abstract = {In Nigeria, many children die from AIDS-related illnesses, because they lack access to HIV testing and care early due to perceived low risk of HIV infection by their caregivers. Early diagnosis through community-based HIV testing is being used more widely to increase coverage, but the positivity yield is very low compared to facility-based testing, hence the importance of targeted testing. Partners in Nigeria have used different HIV risk assessment tools to screen children and provide targeted testing to increase yields. The Federal Ministry of Health harmonized these tools to come up with a country-specific tool used in screening children and adolescents for HIV infection. The Society for Family Health through the Lafiya Yara project carried out validation of the tool among children and adolescents in Taraba State. The Lafiya Yara project is an HIV-focused program implemented in 8 of the 16 Local Government Areas of Taraba state. Informed consent was sought from caregivers and the (standard) harmonized HIV risk stratification checklist with 14 screening questions was administered to 3,001 children 0-19 years in 10 communities randomly selected from 5 Local Government Areas. The children after being classified as “at risk” and “not at risk” based on the stratification tool were tested for HIV, and SPSS version 25 was used to analyse data. Out of the 3,001 children screened, 1,565 (52.1%) were males, their mean age was 10.37±5.60, and 932 (31.1%) were in the age group 15 to 19 years. The tool classified 2,257 to be at risk, with 31 of them being HIV positive when tested. Out of the 744 classified as not being at risk, 6 of them were HIV positive, thus the sensitivity of the tool was 1.4% and specificity was 99.2%. The prevalence of HIV among the population was 1.2%, with the age-group 15 to 19 years having the highest HIV prevalence of 2.7%. The HIV risk stratification tool has a low sensitivity and a high specificity which make suggest it is not the best tool for use. There is therefore a need to review the tool to make it more targeted and increase its sensitivity. Different tools may also be adapted for different age bands such as younger children and the adolescents.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Validation of a Community Pediatric HIV Risk Assessment Screening Checklist Among 0 to 19 Years Old in Selected Communities of Taraba State, Nigeria
AU  - Aisha Nantim Dadi
AU  - Godpower Omoregie
AU  - Jennifer Anyanti
AU  - Chinedu Onyezobi
AU  - Etiobhio Ehimen
AU  - Bilkisu Jibrin
AU  - Emeka Obinna Okeke
AU  - Eliane Vrolings
AU  - Oluwatosin Adeoye
Y1  - 2022/02/09
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.12
T2  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JF  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JO  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
SP  - 8
EP  - 11
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5765
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.12
AB  - In Nigeria, many children die from AIDS-related illnesses, because they lack access to HIV testing and care early due to perceived low risk of HIV infection by their caregivers. Early diagnosis through community-based HIV testing is being used more widely to increase coverage, but the positivity yield is very low compared to facility-based testing, hence the importance of targeted testing. Partners in Nigeria have used different HIV risk assessment tools to screen children and provide targeted testing to increase yields. The Federal Ministry of Health harmonized these tools to come up with a country-specific tool used in screening children and adolescents for HIV infection. The Society for Family Health through the Lafiya Yara project carried out validation of the tool among children and adolescents in Taraba State. The Lafiya Yara project is an HIV-focused program implemented in 8 of the 16 Local Government Areas of Taraba state. Informed consent was sought from caregivers and the (standard) harmonized HIV risk stratification checklist with 14 screening questions was administered to 3,001 children 0-19 years in 10 communities randomly selected from 5 Local Government Areas. The children after being classified as “at risk” and “not at risk” based on the stratification tool were tested for HIV, and SPSS version 25 was used to analyse data. Out of the 3,001 children screened, 1,565 (52.1%) were males, their mean age was 10.37±5.60, and 932 (31.1%) were in the age group 15 to 19 years. The tool classified 2,257 to be at risk, with 31 of them being HIV positive when tested. Out of the 744 classified as not being at risk, 6 of them were HIV positive, thus the sensitivity of the tool was 1.4% and specificity was 99.2%. The prevalence of HIV among the population was 1.2%, with the age-group 15 to 19 years having the highest HIV prevalence of 2.7%. The HIV risk stratification tool has a low sensitivity and a high specificity which make suggest it is not the best tool for use. There is therefore a need to review the tool to make it more targeted and increase its sensitivity. Different tools may also be adapted for different age bands such as younger children and the adolescents.
VL  - 8
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Aisha Nantim Dadi

Society for Family Health, Abuja, Nigeria
Godpower Omoregie

Society for Family Health, Abuja, Nigeria
Jennifer Anyanti

Society for Family Health, Abuja, Nigeria
Chinedu Onyezobi

Society for Family Health, Abuja, Nigeria
Etiobhio Ehimen

Society for Family Health, Abuja, Nigeria
Bilkisu Jibrin

Society for Family Health, Abuja, Nigeria
Emeka Obinna Okeke

Society for Family Health, Abuja, Nigeria
Eliane Vrolings

Aidsfonds, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Oluwatosin Adeoye

Society for Family Health, Abuja, Nigeria

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APA Style

Aisha Nantim Dadi, Godpower Omoregie, Jennifer Anyanti, Chinedu Onyezobi, Etiobhio Ehimen, et al. (2022). Validation of a Community Pediatric HIV Risk Assessment Screening Checklist Among 0 to 19 Years Old in Selected Communities of Taraba State, Nigeria. International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science, 8(1), 8-11. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.12

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ACS Style

Aisha Nantim Dadi; Godpower Omoregie; Jennifer Anyanti; Chinedu Onyezobi; Etiobhio Ehimen, et al. Validation of a Community Pediatric HIV Risk Assessment Screening Checklist Among 0 to 19 Years Old in Selected Communities of Taraba State, Nigeria. Int. J. HIV/AIDS Prev. Educ. Behav. Sci. 2022, 8(1), 8-11. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.12

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AMA Style

Aisha Nantim Dadi, Godpower Omoregie, Jennifer Anyanti, Chinedu Onyezobi, Etiobhio Ehimen, et al. Validation of a Community Pediatric HIV Risk Assessment Screening Checklist Among 0 to 19 Years Old in Selected Communities of Taraba State, Nigeria. Int J HIV/AIDS Prev Educ Behav Sci. 2022;8(1):8-11. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.12,
  author = {Aisha Nantim Dadi and Godpower Omoregie and Jennifer Anyanti and Chinedu Onyezobi and Etiobhio Ehimen and Bilkisu Jibrin and Emeka Obinna Okeke and Eliane Vrolings and Oluwatosin Adeoye},
  title = {Validation of a Community Pediatric HIV Risk Assessment Screening Checklist Among 0 to 19 Years Old in Selected Communities of Taraba State, Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {8-11},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhpebs.20220801.12},
  abstract = {In Nigeria, many children die from AIDS-related illnesses, because they lack access to HIV testing and care early due to perceived low risk of HIV infection by their caregivers. Early diagnosis through community-based HIV testing is being used more widely to increase coverage, but the positivity yield is very low compared to facility-based testing, hence the importance of targeted testing. Partners in Nigeria have used different HIV risk assessment tools to screen children and provide targeted testing to increase yields. The Federal Ministry of Health harmonized these tools to come up with a country-specific tool used in screening children and adolescents for HIV infection. The Society for Family Health through the Lafiya Yara project carried out validation of the tool among children and adolescents in Taraba State. The Lafiya Yara project is an HIV-focused program implemented in 8 of the 16 Local Government Areas of Taraba state. Informed consent was sought from caregivers and the (standard) harmonized HIV risk stratification checklist with 14 screening questions was administered to 3,001 children 0-19 years in 10 communities randomly selected from 5 Local Government Areas. The children after being classified as “at risk” and “not at risk” based on the stratification tool were tested for HIV, and SPSS version 25 was used to analyse data. Out of the 3,001 children screened, 1,565 (52.1%) were males, their mean age was 10.37±5.60, and 932 (31.1%) were in the age group 15 to 19 years. The tool classified 2,257 to be at risk, with 31 of them being HIV positive when tested. Out of the 744 classified as not being at risk, 6 of them were HIV positive, thus the sensitivity of the tool was 1.4% and specificity was 99.2%. The prevalence of HIV among the population was 1.2%, with the age-group 15 to 19 years having the highest HIV prevalence of 2.7%. The HIV risk stratification tool has a low sensitivity and a high specificity which make suggest it is not the best tool for use. There is therefore a need to review the tool to make it more targeted and increase its sensitivity. Different tools may also be adapted for different age bands such as younger children and the adolescents.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Validation of a Community Pediatric HIV Risk Assessment Screening Checklist Among 0 to 19 Years Old in Selected Communities of Taraba State, Nigeria
AU  - Aisha Nantim Dadi
AU  - Godpower Omoregie
AU  - Jennifer Anyanti
AU  - Chinedu Onyezobi
AU  - Etiobhio Ehimen
AU  - Bilkisu Jibrin
AU  - Emeka Obinna Okeke
AU  - Eliane Vrolings
AU  - Oluwatosin Adeoye
Y1  - 2022/02/09
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.12
T2  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JF  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JO  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
SP  - 8
EP  - 11
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5765
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.12
AB  - In Nigeria, many children die from AIDS-related illnesses, because they lack access to HIV testing and care early due to perceived low risk of HIV infection by their caregivers. Early diagnosis through community-based HIV testing is being used more widely to increase coverage, but the positivity yield is very low compared to facility-based testing, hence the importance of targeted testing. Partners in Nigeria have used different HIV risk assessment tools to screen children and provide targeted testing to increase yields. The Federal Ministry of Health harmonized these tools to come up with a country-specific tool used in screening children and adolescents for HIV infection. The Society for Family Health through the Lafiya Yara project carried out validation of the tool among children and adolescents in Taraba State. The Lafiya Yara project is an HIV-focused program implemented in 8 of the 16 Local Government Areas of Taraba state. Informed consent was sought from caregivers and the (standard) harmonized HIV risk stratification checklist with 14 screening questions was administered to 3,001 children 0-19 years in 10 communities randomly selected from 5 Local Government Areas. The children after being classified as “at risk” and “not at risk” based on the stratification tool were tested for HIV, and SPSS version 25 was used to analyse data. Out of the 3,001 children screened, 1,565 (52.1%) were males, their mean age was 10.37±5.60, and 932 (31.1%) were in the age group 15 to 19 years. The tool classified 2,257 to be at risk, with 31 of them being HIV positive when tested. Out of the 744 classified as not being at risk, 6 of them were HIV positive, thus the sensitivity of the tool was 1.4% and specificity was 99.2%. The prevalence of HIV among the population was 1.2%, with the age-group 15 to 19 years having the highest HIV prevalence of 2.7%. The HIV risk stratification tool has a low sensitivity and a high specificity which make suggest it is not the best tool for use. There is therefore a need to review the tool to make it more targeted and increase its sensitivity. Different tools may also be adapted for different age bands such as younger children and the adolescents.
VL  - 8
IS  - 1
ER  -

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