Sociodemographic Factors Associated with HAART Non-adherence Among HIV-Infected Adults in Lerato Clinic, Bertha Qxowa Hospital, Gauteng, South Africa

Nzale Nzali Ntumbanzondo Arnold; Nzale Nzali Kadiombo Tshilela Anastasie; Longo-Mbenza Benjamin; Nge Okwe Augustin; Kisoka Lusunsi Christian; Kamangu Ntambwe Eric; Ngonde Mambakasa Ange Christian

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.16

Sociodemographic Factors Associated with HAART Non-adherence Among HIV-Infected Adults in Lerato Clinic, Bertha Qxowa Hospital, Gauteng, South Africa

Nzale Nzali Ntumbanzondo Arnold, Nzale Nzali Kadiombo Tshilela Anastasie, Longo-Mbenza Benjamin, Nge Okwe Augustin, Kisoka Lusunsi Christian, Kamangu Ntambwe Eric, Ngonde Mambakasa Ange Christian

Published in International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science (Volume 8, Issue 1)

Received: 28 April 2022 Accepted: 17 May 2022 Published: 26 May 2022

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Abstract

Background and aims: HIV/AIDS is a pandemic infection with socio-economic factors associated with HAART non-adherence. It is well established that the clinical efficiency of HAART in suppressing the HIV virus toward a long survival needs a non-adherence rate of less than 5%. South Africa is facing a high level of HIV/AIDS rate, where a low level of non-adherence is needed. Methods: The investigator conducted a cross-sectional study at Lerato Clinic in Germiston, Gauteng, South Africa from September 2019 to December 2019. Non-adherence was measured by doing first a pill count for all eligible patients every working day preceding inclusion by self-reported method following quantitative (missing dosage of ART). Non-adherence was defined as taking their medication ≤ 95% of the time. A threshold of non-adherence > 5% was considered high, with P < 0.05 statistically significant. Results: Out of 278 patients (56%, n ꞊ 156 Males; 44%, n ꞊ 122 Females) with a sex ratio of 1.3 Male ÷ 1 Female, all were evaluated. The majority of patients were younger than 45 years (67%, n ꞊ 187), single (43%, n ꞊ 120), Blacks (75.8%, n ꞊ 211), those with High School level (48%, n ꞊ 134), and Jobless people (45%, n ꞊ 126). Out of all patients, 19% (n ꞊ 52) were recognized as non-adherents to HAART in Lerato clinic in Betha Qxowa Hospital, Germiston, Gauteng, South Africa. However, there was no significant univariate association (P = 0.452) between Ethnic groups and non-adherence to HAART: 19.4% (n = 41/211) among blacks, 13.9% (n= 5/36) among Caucasians/ Whites, 7.7% (n = 1/13) among coloured, and 27.8% (n = 5/18) among Indians. The univariate risk of non-adherence to HAART was respectively multiplied by 2, 3, 5, and 4 by male gender, aging, low education level, and Widowed. Conclusion: Our study found the level of non-adherence to be 19%, very high, but comparable to other developing countries. Stigma or fear of disclosure, being away from home, too busy with other things, the side‑effects, and toxicity of ART drugs, are the main obstacles to ART adherence.

Published in	International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science (Volume 8, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.16
Page(s)	30-35
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Sociodemographic Factors Associated, Non-adherence to HAART, HIV/AIDS

References

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[4]	Peltzer K, Pengpid S. Socioeconomic factors in adherence to HIV therapy in low- and middle-income countries. J Health Popul Nutr. 2013 Jun; 31 (2): 150-70. doi: 10.3329/jhpn. v31i2. 16379. PMID: 23930333; PMCID: PMC3702336.
[5]	Iacob S A et al. “Improving the Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy, a Difficult but Essential Task for a Successful HIV Treatment-Clinical Points of View and Practical Considerations.” Frontiers in pharmacology vol. 8 831. 23 Nov. 2017, doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00831.
[6]	Kip E, Ehlers VJ and Van der Wal DM. (2009). Patients' Adherence to Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Botswana. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 41 (2): 149-57. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26303547_Patients'_Adherence_to_Anti-Retroviral_Therapy_in_Botswana. (Accessed: 23 January 2022).
[7]	Mukui IN, Ng’ang’a L, Williamson J, Wamicwe JN, Vakil S, Katana A, et al. Rates and predictors of non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV‑positive individuals in Kenya: Results from the second Kenya AIDS indicator survey, 2012. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0167465.
[8]	Ibrahim Y, Sutan R, Latif KA, Al-Abed AA, Amara A, Adam I. Poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy and associated factors among people living with HIV in Omdurman city, Sudan. Malays J Public Health Med 2014; 14: 90‑101.
[9]	Tadios Y, Davey G. Antiretroviral treatment adherence and its correlate in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J 2006; 44: 237‑44.
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[12]	Rosenblum M, Deeks SG, van der Laan M, Bangsberg DR. The risk of virologic failure decreases with duration of HIV suppression, at greater than 50% adherence to antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2009; 4: e7196.
[13]	Byakika‑Tusiime J, Oyugi JH, Tumwikirize WA, Katabira ET, Mugyenyi PN, Bangsberg D. Ability to purchase and secure stable therapy are significant predictors of non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy in Kampala, Uganda. In: Tenth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston, USA; 2003.
[14]	Laurent C, Fatou N, Gueye NF, Diakhaté N, Ndir A, Gueye M, et al. Long‑term follow-up of a cohort of patients under HAART in Senegal. In: 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Boston, MA, USA; 2003. p. 10‑4.
[15]	Jima F, Tatiparthi R. Prevalence of nonadherence and its associated factors affecting on HIV adult’s follow-up at an antiretroviral therapy clinic in Batu Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia. Indian J Sex Transm Dis 2018; 39: 91-7.
[16]	Day J, Godoka N, Nyamafeni P, Chigwanda M. Adherence to ART in clinical trial settings in Zimbabwe and Uganda: Lessons learned. In: Proceedings of the International AIDS Conference; 2002.
[17]	Byakika‑Tusiime J, Polley EC, Oyugi JH, Bangsberg DR. Free HIV antiretroviral therapy enhances adherence among individuals on stable treatment: implications for potential shortfalls in free antiretroviral therapy. PloS one 2013; 8: e70375.
[18]	Laurent C, Diakhate N, Gueye NF, Touré MA, Sow PS, Faye MA, Gueye M, Lanièce I, Kane CT, Liégeois F, Vergne L. The Senegalese government’s highly active antiretroviral therapy initiative: an 18‑month follow‑up study. Aids 2002; 16: 1363‑70.
[19]	Orrell C, Cohen K, Mauff K, Bangsberg DR, Maartens G, Wood R. A randomized controlled trial of real-time electronic adherence monitoring with text message dosing reminders in people starting first-line antiretroviral therapy. JAIDS 2015; 70: 495‑502.
[20]	Ijeoma Okoronkwo, Uchenna Okeke, Anthonia Chinweuba, Peace Iheanacho, "Nonadherence Factors and Sociodemographic Characteristics of HIV-Infected Adults Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria", International Scholarly Research Notices, vol. 2013, Article ID 843794, 8 pages, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/843794
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Nzale Nzali Ntumbanzondo Arnold, Nzale Nzali Kadiombo Tshilela Anastasie, Longo-Mbenza Benjamin, Nge Okwe Augustin, Kisoka Lusunsi Christian, et al. (2022). Sociodemographic Factors Associated with HAART Non-adherence Among HIV-Infected Adults in Lerato Clinic, Bertha Qxowa Hospital, Gauteng, South Africa. International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science, 8(1), 30-35. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.16

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Nzale Nzali Ntumbanzondo Arnold; Nzale Nzali Kadiombo Tshilela Anastasie; Longo-Mbenza Benjamin; Nge Okwe Augustin; Kisoka Lusunsi Christian, et al. Sociodemographic Factors Associated with HAART Non-adherence Among HIV-Infected Adults in Lerato Clinic, Bertha Qxowa Hospital, Gauteng, South Africa. Int. J. HIV/AIDS Prev. Educ. Behav. Sci. 2022, 8(1), 30-35. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.16

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AMA Style

Nzale Nzali Ntumbanzondo Arnold, Nzale Nzali Kadiombo Tshilela Anastasie, Longo-Mbenza Benjamin, Nge Okwe Augustin, Kisoka Lusunsi Christian, et al. Sociodemographic Factors Associated with HAART Non-adherence Among HIV-Infected Adults in Lerato Clinic, Bertha Qxowa Hospital, Gauteng, South Africa. Int J HIV/AIDS Prev Educ Behav Sci. 2022;8(1):30-35. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.16

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@article{10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.16,
  author = {Nzale Nzali Ntumbanzondo Arnold and Nzale Nzali Kadiombo Tshilela Anastasie and Longo-Mbenza Benjamin and Nge Okwe Augustin and Kisoka Lusunsi Christian and Kamangu Ntambwe Eric and Ngonde Mambakasa Ange Christian},
  title = {Sociodemographic Factors Associated with HAART Non-adherence Among HIV-Infected Adults in Lerato Clinic, Bertha Qxowa Hospital, Gauteng, South Africa},
  journal = {International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {30-35},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhpebs.20220801.16},
  abstract = {Background and aims: HIV/AIDS is a pandemic infection with socio-economic factors associated with HAART non-adherence. It is well established that the clinical efficiency of HAART in suppressing the HIV virus toward a long survival needs a non-adherence rate of less than 5%. South Africa is facing a high level of HIV/AIDS rate, where a low level of non-adherence is needed. Methods: The investigator conducted a cross-sectional study at Lerato Clinic in Germiston, Gauteng, South Africa from September 2019 to December 2019. Non-adherence was measured by doing first a pill count for all eligible patients every working day preceding inclusion by self-reported method following quantitative (missing dosage of ART). Non-adherence was defined as taking their medication ≤ 95% of the time. A threshold of non-adherence > 5% was considered high, with P Results: Out of 278 patients (56%, n ꞊ 156 Males; 44%, n ꞊ 122 Females) with a sex ratio of 1.3 Male ÷ 1 Female, all were evaluated. The majority of patients were younger than 45 years (67%, n ꞊ 187), single (43%, n ꞊ 120), Blacks (75.8%, n ꞊ 211), those with High School level (48%, n ꞊ 134), and Jobless people (45%, n ꞊ 126). Out of all patients, 19% (n ꞊ 52) were recognized as non-adherents to HAART in Lerato clinic in Betha Qxowa Hospital, Germiston, Gauteng, South Africa. However, there was no significant univariate association (P = 0.452) between Ethnic groups and non-adherence to HAART: 19.4% (n = 41/211) among blacks, 13.9% (n= 5/36) among Caucasians/ Whites, 7.7% (n = 1/13) among coloured, and 27.8% (n = 5/18) among Indians. The univariate risk of non-adherence to HAART was respectively multiplied by 2, 3, 5, and 4 by male gender, aging, low education level, and Widowed. Conclusion: Our study found the level of non-adherence to be 19%, very high, but comparable to other developing countries. Stigma or fear of disclosure, being away from home, too busy with other things, the side‑effects, and toxicity of ART drugs, are the main obstacles to ART adherence.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Sociodemographic Factors Associated with HAART Non-adherence Among HIV-Infected Adults in Lerato Clinic, Bertha Qxowa Hospital, Gauteng, South Africa
AU  - Nzale Nzali Ntumbanzondo Arnold
AU  - Nzale Nzali Kadiombo Tshilela Anastasie
AU  - Longo-Mbenza Benjamin
AU  - Nge Okwe Augustin
AU  - Kisoka Lusunsi Christian
AU  - Kamangu Ntambwe Eric
AU  - Ngonde Mambakasa Ange Christian
Y1  - 2022/05/26
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.16
T2  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JF  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JO  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
SP  - 30
EP  - 35
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5765
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.16
AB  - Background and aims: HIV/AIDS is a pandemic infection with socio-economic factors associated with HAART non-adherence. It is well established that the clinical efficiency of HAART in suppressing the HIV virus toward a long survival needs a non-adherence rate of less than 5%. South Africa is facing a high level of HIV/AIDS rate, where a low level of non-adherence is needed. Methods: The investigator conducted a cross-sectional study at Lerato Clinic in Germiston, Gauteng, South Africa from September 2019 to December 2019. Non-adherence was measured by doing first a pill count for all eligible patients every working day preceding inclusion by self-reported method following quantitative (missing dosage of ART). Non-adherence was defined as taking their medication ≤ 95% of the time. A threshold of non-adherence > 5% was considered high, with P Results: Out of 278 patients (56%, n ꞊ 156 Males; 44%, n ꞊ 122 Females) with a sex ratio of 1.3 Male ÷ 1 Female, all were evaluated. The majority of patients were younger than 45 years (67%, n ꞊ 187), single (43%, n ꞊ 120), Blacks (75.8%, n ꞊ 211), those with High School level (48%, n ꞊ 134), and Jobless people (45%, n ꞊ 126). Out of all patients, 19% (n ꞊ 52) were recognized as non-adherents to HAART in Lerato clinic in Betha Qxowa Hospital, Germiston, Gauteng, South Africa. However, there was no significant univariate association (P = 0.452) between Ethnic groups and non-adherence to HAART: 19.4% (n = 41/211) among blacks, 13.9% (n= 5/36) among Caucasians/ Whites, 7.7% (n = 1/13) among coloured, and 27.8% (n = 5/18) among Indians. The univariate risk of non-adherence to HAART was respectively multiplied by 2, 3, 5, and 4 by male gender, aging, low education level, and Widowed. Conclusion: Our study found the level of non-adherence to be 19%, very high, but comparable to other developing countries. Stigma or fear of disclosure, being away from home, too busy with other things, the side‑effects, and toxicity of ART drugs, are the main obstacles to ART adherence.
VL  - 8
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Nzale Nzali Ntumbanzondo Arnold

Department of Public Health, Lomo University of Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
Nzale Nzali Kadiombo Tshilela Anastasie

Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
Longo-Mbenza Benjamin

Department of Public Health, Lomo University of Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
Nge Okwe Augustin

Department of Public Health, Lomo University of Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
Kisoka Lusunsi Christian

Department of Public Health, Lomo University of Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
Kamangu Ntambwe Eric

Department of Basic Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
Ngonde Mambakasa Ange Christian

Department of Family Medicine, Congo Protestant University, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

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Nzale Nzali Ntumbanzondo Arnold, Nzale Nzali Kadiombo Tshilela Anastasie, Longo-Mbenza Benjamin, Nge Okwe Augustin, Kisoka Lusunsi Christian, et al. (2022). Sociodemographic Factors Associated with HAART Non-adherence Among HIV-Infected Adults in Lerato Clinic, Bertha Qxowa Hospital, Gauteng, South Africa. International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science, 8(1), 30-35. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.16

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ACS Style

Nzale Nzali Ntumbanzondo Arnold; Nzale Nzali Kadiombo Tshilela Anastasie; Longo-Mbenza Benjamin; Nge Okwe Augustin; Kisoka Lusunsi Christian, et al. Sociodemographic Factors Associated with HAART Non-adherence Among HIV-Infected Adults in Lerato Clinic, Bertha Qxowa Hospital, Gauteng, South Africa. Int. J. HIV/AIDS Prev. Educ. Behav. Sci. 2022, 8(1), 30-35. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.16

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AMA Style

Nzale Nzali Ntumbanzondo Arnold, Nzale Nzali Kadiombo Tshilela Anastasie, Longo-Mbenza Benjamin, Nge Okwe Augustin, Kisoka Lusunsi Christian, et al. Sociodemographic Factors Associated with HAART Non-adherence Among HIV-Infected Adults in Lerato Clinic, Bertha Qxowa Hospital, Gauteng, South Africa. Int J HIV/AIDS Prev Educ Behav Sci. 2022;8(1):30-35. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.16

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@article{10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.16,
  author = {Nzale Nzali Ntumbanzondo Arnold and Nzale Nzali Kadiombo Tshilela Anastasie and Longo-Mbenza Benjamin and Nge Okwe Augustin and Kisoka Lusunsi Christian and Kamangu Ntambwe Eric and Ngonde Mambakasa Ange Christian},
  title = {Sociodemographic Factors Associated with HAART Non-adherence Among HIV-Infected Adults in Lerato Clinic, Bertha Qxowa Hospital, Gauteng, South Africa},
  journal = {International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {30-35},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhpebs.20220801.16},
  abstract = {Background and aims: HIV/AIDS is a pandemic infection with socio-economic factors associated with HAART non-adherence. It is well established that the clinical efficiency of HAART in suppressing the HIV virus toward a long survival needs a non-adherence rate of less than 5%. South Africa is facing a high level of HIV/AIDS rate, where a low level of non-adherence is needed. Methods: The investigator conducted a cross-sectional study at Lerato Clinic in Germiston, Gauteng, South Africa from September 2019 to December 2019. Non-adherence was measured by doing first a pill count for all eligible patients every working day preceding inclusion by self-reported method following quantitative (missing dosage of ART). Non-adherence was defined as taking their medication ≤ 95% of the time. A threshold of non-adherence > 5% was considered high, with P Results: Out of 278 patients (56%, n ꞊ 156 Males; 44%, n ꞊ 122 Females) with a sex ratio of 1.3 Male ÷ 1 Female, all were evaluated. The majority of patients were younger than 45 years (67%, n ꞊ 187), single (43%, n ꞊ 120), Blacks (75.8%, n ꞊ 211), those with High School level (48%, n ꞊ 134), and Jobless people (45%, n ꞊ 126). Out of all patients, 19% (n ꞊ 52) were recognized as non-adherents to HAART in Lerato clinic in Betha Qxowa Hospital, Germiston, Gauteng, South Africa. However, there was no significant univariate association (P = 0.452) between Ethnic groups and non-adherence to HAART: 19.4% (n = 41/211) among blacks, 13.9% (n= 5/36) among Caucasians/ Whites, 7.7% (n = 1/13) among coloured, and 27.8% (n = 5/18) among Indians. The univariate risk of non-adherence to HAART was respectively multiplied by 2, 3, 5, and 4 by male gender, aging, low education level, and Widowed. Conclusion: Our study found the level of non-adherence to be 19%, very high, but comparable to other developing countries. Stigma or fear of disclosure, being away from home, too busy with other things, the side‑effects, and toxicity of ART drugs, are the main obstacles to ART adherence.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Sociodemographic Factors Associated with HAART Non-adherence Among HIV-Infected Adults in Lerato Clinic, Bertha Qxowa Hospital, Gauteng, South Africa
AU  - Nzale Nzali Ntumbanzondo Arnold
AU  - Nzale Nzali Kadiombo Tshilela Anastasie
AU  - Longo-Mbenza Benjamin
AU  - Nge Okwe Augustin
AU  - Kisoka Lusunsi Christian
AU  - Kamangu Ntambwe Eric
AU  - Ngonde Mambakasa Ange Christian
Y1  - 2022/05/26
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.16
T2  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JF  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JO  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
SP  - 30
EP  - 35
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5765
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220801.16
AB  - Background and aims: HIV/AIDS is a pandemic infection with socio-economic factors associated with HAART non-adherence. It is well established that the clinical efficiency of HAART in suppressing the HIV virus toward a long survival needs a non-adherence rate of less than 5%. South Africa is facing a high level of HIV/AIDS rate, where a low level of non-adherence is needed. Methods: The investigator conducted a cross-sectional study at Lerato Clinic in Germiston, Gauteng, South Africa from September 2019 to December 2019. Non-adherence was measured by doing first a pill count for all eligible patients every working day preceding inclusion by self-reported method following quantitative (missing dosage of ART). Non-adherence was defined as taking their medication ≤ 95% of the time. A threshold of non-adherence > 5% was considered high, with P Results: Out of 278 patients (56%, n ꞊ 156 Males; 44%, n ꞊ 122 Females) with a sex ratio of 1.3 Male ÷ 1 Female, all were evaluated. The majority of patients were younger than 45 years (67%, n ꞊ 187), single (43%, n ꞊ 120), Blacks (75.8%, n ꞊ 211), those with High School level (48%, n ꞊ 134), and Jobless people (45%, n ꞊ 126). Out of all patients, 19% (n ꞊ 52) were recognized as non-adherents to HAART in Lerato clinic in Betha Qxowa Hospital, Germiston, Gauteng, South Africa. However, there was no significant univariate association (P = 0.452) between Ethnic groups and non-adherence to HAART: 19.4% (n = 41/211) among blacks, 13.9% (n= 5/36) among Caucasians/ Whites, 7.7% (n = 1/13) among coloured, and 27.8% (n = 5/18) among Indians. The univariate risk of non-adherence to HAART was respectively multiplied by 2, 3, 5, and 4 by male gender, aging, low education level, and Widowed. Conclusion: Our study found the level of non-adherence to be 19%, very high, but comparable to other developing countries. Stigma or fear of disclosure, being away from home, too busy with other things, the side‑effects, and toxicity of ART drugs, are the main obstacles to ART adherence.
VL  - 8
IS  - 1
ER  -

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