Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Load Suppression and Associated Factors Among Client on Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ethiopia

Abdurrahman Geleto Sado; Solomon Wolde-Mariam Chakso; Girma Worku Obsie

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220802.13

| Peer-Reviewed

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Load Suppression and Associated Factors Among Client on Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ethiopia

Abdurrahman Geleto Sado, Solomon Wolde-Mariam Chakso, Girma Worku Obsie

Published in International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science (Volume 8, Issue 2)

Received: 5 October 2022 Accepted: 17 November 2022 Published: 29 November 2022

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

The aim of therapy following treatment failure is to attain and maintain Virological suppressions via the three 90 target by the year 2020 to accelerate reaching epidemic control of those on Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) shall be virally suppressed. Objective: The purposed of this study to evaluate Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) on High viral load suppression and factors associated among client on ART in Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital, Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, 2019. Methods: Institution based cross sectional study was done by chart review. A total of 430 study subjects were selected with complete information included in the analysis. The collected data was entered in to Epi info Version 7 software then cleaned data was exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. All independent variables with at p-value<0.2 in the crude analysis were involved in the multiple logistic regression analysis with 95% CI computed. A P-value<0.05 has considered statistically significant. Result: A total of 430 people living with HIV enrolled in this study was, 356 (82.8%) had not suppressed viral load with the corresponding 95% confidence interval was (79.2, 86.3). People living with HIV enrolled with '''baseline Hgb < 10g/dl [AOR=1.834, 95% CI (1.407, 2.710)], patients having poor adherence [AOR=15.204, 95% CI (8.087, 28.58)] and patients enrolled to care who use substance [AOR=1.6, 95% CI (1.021, 3.118)] were at risky to get high viral load. Conclusion: The findings of this study strongly showed that on treatment viral load suppression rates 17.2% patients had suppressed viral load < 1000 RNAcopies/mL. This proportion falls short of the UNAIDS’ 90% target for on treatment viral suppression. Poor adherence, Hgb level < 10g/dl and substance use were factors that decreases rates of viral load suppression. Therefore, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) treatment program can maintain and potentially improve virological treatment outcomes by improving access to targeted viral load testing.

Published in	International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science (Volume 8, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220802.13
Page(s)	61-68
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Anti-Retroviral Therapy Asella Referral & Teaching Hospital, Associated Factors, Viral Load Suppression

References

[1]	EPHI. "HIV Related Estimates and Projections for Ethiopia", 2015.
[2]	Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia "HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Office" Ministry of Health, 2016.
[3]	WHO. "Consolidated Guidelines on the use of Antiretroviral Drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection Recommendations for a Public Health approach", 2016.
[4]	Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: "Country progress report on HIV/AIDS response", Ministry of Health; 2012.
[5]	Bacha T, Tilahun B, and Worku A. "Predictors of treatment failure and time to detection and switching in HIV-infected Ethiopian children receiving first line anti-retroviral therapy," BMC infectious diseases. 12 (197), 2012.
[6]	Goetz M. B., Rim land M., et al., "Effect of Expanded HIV Testing Programs on the status of newly diagnosed HIV-infected patients in Two Veterans Health Administration facilities, "Journal of Acquired. Immune Defic. Syndr. (57), 2011.
[7]	Jonathan Z., et al., "Minority HIV-1 Drug Resistance Mutations and the Risk of NNRTI-based Antiretroviral Treatment Failure," A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis. Journal of American medical association. 305 (13): 1327–1335, 2011.
[8]	WHO, "Case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children, ", 2006.
[9]	Joint United Nations Program me on HIV/AIDS, "How AIDS changed everything," Geneva, 2015.
[10]	Mburu G, Hodgson I, Teltschik A, Ram M, Haamujompa C, Bajpai D., et al., "Rights-based services for adolescents living with HIV: adolescent self-efficacy and implications for health sys in Zambia," Reproductive Health Matters, 2013.
[11]	Diress G., et al.,"Viral Load Suppression after Enhanced Adherence Counseling and Its Predictors among High Viral Load HIV Sero positive People in North Wollo Zone Public Hospitals, Northeast Ethiopia,", Journal of Hindawi AIDS Research and Treatment, Volume 2020, Article ID 8909232, 9, 2019.
[12]	World Health Organization Global Tuberculosis Report, Contract No. WHO/ HTM/TB, 2014. 08.
[13]	Agwu AL, Fairlie L., et al., "Antiretroviral treatment, management challenges and outcomes in perinatal HIV-infected adolescents," J Int. AIDS Soc. 2013; 16: 18579. tems in Zambia, Reproduction of Health Matters. 21 (41): 176–185, 2013.
[14]	Yao Loskop S, Ofori-Attach P. etal,"Viral Suppression and Its Associated Factors in HIV Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART): A Retrospective Study in the Ho Municipality, Ghana," Journal of Hindawi AIDS Research and Treatment Volume 2020, Article ID 9247451, 1-7, 2020.
[15]	Fonsah J. Y, Njamnshi A. K., et al.," Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Yaoundé-Cameroon: Association with Opportunistic Infections, Depression, ART Regimen and Side Effects," Journal of PLoS ONE. 12: 10-13, 2017.
[16]	Visual M., suthat C., et al., "The Effect of Detectable HIV Viral Load among HIV-Infected Children during Antiretroviral Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Study in Thailand," journal of Journal ListChildren (Basel); 5 (1), Jan; 2018.
[17]	Zealiyas K, Get netHaile G., et al., "Viral load suppression status and associated factors among patient on antiretroviral treatment in Ethiopia," J HIV Retrovirus, Volume 4, 2018.
[18]	Signaloff KCE, Hammers RL, Wallis CL, Kityo C, Siwale M, I’ve P., et al.,"Unnecessary antiretroviral treatment switches and accumulationof HIV resistance mutations: two arguments for viral load monitoring in Africa," J Acquire Immune DeficSyndr.; 58: 23–31, 2011.
[19]	HIV status Undetectable," Four essential interventions to improve HIV treatment save lives and reduce transmission," Geneva: medicines Sans Frontiers; 2013.
[20]	Bayou TarikuA., et al., "Determinants of virological failure among patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a case–control study," journal of HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care, Augst, 2017.
[21]	Poveda E, Crespo M. Hot News, "Impact of low-level viremia on treatment outcomes during ART is it time to revise the definition of virological failure," AIDS Rev, 20 (1): 71–72, 2018.
[22]	Cohen MS, McCauley M, Gamble TR.," HIV treatment as prevention and HPTN 052," CurrOpin HIV AIDS. 7: 99–105, 2012.
[23]	AIDS info., "Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents," 2016.
[24]	UNAIDS reference, "The need for routine viral load testing, " 2016.
[25]	Putting HIV and HCV to the test, " a product guide for point-of-care CD4 and laboratory-based and point-of-care virological HIV and HCV tests," Geneva: Medicines Sans Frontiers; 2015.
[26]	Mdodo R, Frazier EL., et al.,"Cigarette smoking prevalence among adults with HIV compared with the general adult population in the United States," Cross-sectional surveys. Ann Intern Med: 162: 335-344, 2015.
[27]	Rebouças M. C., Silva M. O. D., etal., "Tuberculosis incidence among people living with HIV/AIDS with Virological failure of antiretroviral therapy in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil," Braz. J. Infect. Dis; 21: 562–566, 2017.
[28]	Monroe AK, Lau B, Mugavero MJ, Mathews WC, Mayer KH, Napravnik S., et al., "Heavy alcohol use is associated with worse retention in HIV care," JA cquired Immune Defic Syndr. 73 (4): 419–25, 2016.
[29]	Charles M, Leger P, Severe P., et al., "Virological, clinical and immunologic responses following failure of first-line antiretroviral therapy in Haiti," Journal of the International AIDS Society.; 15 (2): 173–75, 2012.
[30]	Williams EC, Hahn JA, Saitz R, Bryant K, Lira MC, Samet JH., "Alcohol use and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: currentknowledge, implications, and future directions," Alcohol Clin Express.; 40 (10): 2056–72, 2016.
[31]	Kowalski., et al.,"Current Hemoglobin Levels Are More Predictive of Disease Progression Than Hemoglobin Measured at Baseline in Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Treatment for HIV Type 1 Infection," journal of AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, October, 2017.
[32]	Bryant KJ, Nelson S., et al.,"Braithwaite RS, Roach D Integrating HIV/AIDS and alcohol research," p: 33, 2010.
[33]	O'Cleirigh C, Valentine SE, Pinkston M, Herman D, Bedoya CA., et al., "The unique challenges facing HIV-positive patients who smoke cigarettes, HIV viremia, art adherence, engagement in HIV care and concurrent substance use," AIDS Behave.; 19: 178-185, 2014.
[34]	Thitilertdecha P., KhowawisetsutL., et al., "Impact of Vaccination on Distribution of T cell Subsets in Antiretroviral-Treated HIV-Infected Children," Journal of Dis. Mark.; (10): 1155, 2017.
[35]	Shutter J, Bernstein SL, Model AB, "Cigarette smoking behaviors and beliefs in persons living with HIV/AIDS," Am J Health Behave.: 36: 75-85, 2012.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Abdurrahman Geleto Sado, Solomon Wolde-Mariam Chakso, Girma Worku Obsie. (2022). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Load Suppression and Associated Factors Among Client on Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science, 8(2), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220802.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Abdurrahman Geleto Sado; Solomon Wolde-Mariam Chakso; Girma Worku Obsie. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Load Suppression and Associated Factors Among Client on Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. Int. J. HIV/AIDS Prev. Educ. Behav. Sci. 2022, 8(2), 61-68. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220802.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Abdurrahman Geleto Sado, Solomon Wolde-Mariam Chakso, Girma Worku Obsie. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Load Suppression and Associated Factors Among Client on Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. Int J HIV/AIDS Prev Educ Behav Sci. 2022;8(2):61-68. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220802.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220802.13,
  author = {Abdurrahman Geleto Sado and Solomon Wolde-Mariam Chakso and Girma Worku Obsie},
  title = {Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Load Suppression and Associated Factors Among Client on Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ethiopia},
  journal = {International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  pages = {61-68},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220802.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220802.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhpebs.20220802.13},
  abstract = {The aim of therapy following treatment failure is to attain and maintain Virological suppressions via the three 90 target by the year 2020 to accelerate reaching epidemic control of those on Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) shall be virally suppressed. Objective: The purposed of this study to evaluate Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) on High viral load suppression and factors associated among client on ART in Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital, Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, 2019. Methods: Institution based cross sectional study was done by chart review. A total of 430 study subjects were selected with complete information included in the analysis. The collected data was entered in to Epi info Version 7 software then cleaned data was exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. All independent variables with at p-value<0.2 in the crude analysis were involved in the multiple logistic regression analysis with 95% CI computed. A P-value<0.05 has considered statistically significant. Result: A total of 430 people living with HIV enrolled in this study was, 356 (82.8%) had not suppressed viral load with the corresponding 95% confidence interval was (79.2, 86.3). People living with HIV enrolled with '''baseline Hgb < 10g/dl [AOR=1.834, 95% CI (1.407, 2.710)], patients having poor adherence [AOR=15.204, 95% CI (8.087, 28.58)] and patients enrolled to care who use substance [AOR=1.6, 95% CI (1.021, 3.118)] were at risky to get high viral load. Conclusion: The findings of this study strongly showed that on treatment viral load suppression rates 17.2% patients had suppressed viral load < 1000 RNAcopies/mL. This proportion falls short of the UNAIDS’ 90% target for on treatment viral suppression. Poor adherence, Hgb level < 10g/dl and substance use were factors that decreases rates of viral load suppression. Therefore, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) treatment program can maintain and potentially improve virological treatment outcomes by improving access to targeted viral load testing.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Load Suppression and Associated Factors Among Client on Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ethiopia
AU  - Abdurrahman Geleto Sado
AU  - Solomon Wolde-Mariam Chakso
AU  - Girma Worku Obsie
Y1  - 2022/11/29
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220802.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220802.13
T2  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JF  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JO  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
SP  - 61
EP  - 68
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5765
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220802.13
AB  - The aim of therapy following treatment failure is to attain and maintain Virological suppressions via the three 90 target by the year 2020 to accelerate reaching epidemic control of those on Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) shall be virally suppressed. Objective: The purposed of this study to evaluate Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) on High viral load suppression and factors associated among client on ART in Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital, Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, 2019. Methods: Institution based cross sectional study was done by chart review. A total of 430 study subjects were selected with complete information included in the analysis. The collected data was entered in to Epi info Version 7 software then cleaned data was exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. All independent variables with at p-value<0.2 in the crude analysis were involved in the multiple logistic regression analysis with 95% CI computed. A P-value<0.05 has considered statistically significant. Result: A total of 430 people living with HIV enrolled in this study was, 356 (82.8%) had not suppressed viral load with the corresponding 95% confidence interval was (79.2, 86.3). People living with HIV enrolled with '''baseline Hgb < 10g/dl [AOR=1.834, 95% CI (1.407, 2.710)], patients having poor adherence [AOR=15.204, 95% CI (8.087, 28.58)] and patients enrolled to care who use substance [AOR=1.6, 95% CI (1.021, 3.118)] were at risky to get high viral load. Conclusion: The findings of this study strongly showed that on treatment viral load suppression rates 17.2% patients had suppressed viral load < 1000 RNAcopies/mL. This proportion falls short of the UNAIDS’ 90% target for on treatment viral suppression. Poor adherence, Hgb level < 10g/dl and substance use were factors that decreases rates of viral load suppression. Therefore, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) treatment program can maintain and potentially improve virological treatment outcomes by improving access to targeted viral load testing.
VL  - 8
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Abdurrahman Geleto Sado

Asella Town Health Office, Asella, Ethiopia
Solomon Wolde-Mariam Chakso

Asella Town Health Office, Asella, Ethiopia
Girma Worku Obsie

Department of Public Health College of Health Science, Arsi University, Assela, Ethiopia

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Abdurrahman Geleto Sado, Solomon Wolde-Mariam Chakso, Girma Worku Obsie. (2022). Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Load Suppression and Associated Factors Among Client on Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science, 8(2), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220802.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Abdurrahman Geleto Sado; Solomon Wolde-Mariam Chakso; Girma Worku Obsie. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Load Suppression and Associated Factors Among Client on Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. Int. J. HIV/AIDS Prev. Educ. Behav. Sci. 2022, 8(2), 61-68. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220802.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Abdurrahman Geleto Sado, Solomon Wolde-Mariam Chakso, Girma Worku Obsie. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Load Suppression and Associated Factors Among Client on Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. Int J HIV/AIDS Prev Educ Behav Sci. 2022;8(2):61-68. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220802.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220802.13,
  author = {Abdurrahman Geleto Sado and Solomon Wolde-Mariam Chakso and Girma Worku Obsie},
  title = {Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Load Suppression and Associated Factors Among Client on Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ethiopia},
  journal = {International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science},
  volume = {8},
  number = {2},
  pages = {61-68},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220802.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220802.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhpebs.20220802.13},
  abstract = {The aim of therapy following treatment failure is to attain and maintain Virological suppressions via the three 90 target by the year 2020 to accelerate reaching epidemic control of those on Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) shall be virally suppressed. Objective: The purposed of this study to evaluate Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) on High viral load suppression and factors associated among client on ART in Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital, Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, 2019. Methods: Institution based cross sectional study was done by chart review. A total of 430 study subjects were selected with complete information included in the analysis. The collected data was entered in to Epi info Version 7 software then cleaned data was exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. All independent variables with at p-value<0.2 in the crude analysis were involved in the multiple logistic regression analysis with 95% CI computed. A P-value<0.05 has considered statistically significant. Result: A total of 430 people living with HIV enrolled in this study was, 356 (82.8%) had not suppressed viral load with the corresponding 95% confidence interval was (79.2, 86.3). People living with HIV enrolled with '''baseline Hgb < 10g/dl [AOR=1.834, 95% CI (1.407, 2.710)], patients having poor adherence [AOR=15.204, 95% CI (8.087, 28.58)] and patients enrolled to care who use substance [AOR=1.6, 95% CI (1.021, 3.118)] were at risky to get high viral load. Conclusion: The findings of this study strongly showed that on treatment viral load suppression rates 17.2% patients had suppressed viral load < 1000 RNAcopies/mL. This proportion falls short of the UNAIDS’ 90% target for on treatment viral suppression. Poor adherence, Hgb level < 10g/dl and substance use were factors that decreases rates of viral load suppression. Therefore, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) treatment program can maintain and potentially improve virological treatment outcomes by improving access to targeted viral load testing.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Load Suppression and Associated Factors Among Client on Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ethiopia
AU  - Abdurrahman Geleto Sado
AU  - Solomon Wolde-Mariam Chakso
AU  - Girma Worku Obsie
Y1  - 2022/11/29
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220802.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220802.13
T2  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JF  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
JO  - International Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Education and Behavioural Science
SP  - 61
EP  - 68
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5765
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhpebs.20220802.13
AB  - The aim of therapy following treatment failure is to attain and maintain Virological suppressions via the three 90 target by the year 2020 to accelerate reaching epidemic control of those on Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) shall be virally suppressed. Objective: The purposed of this study to evaluate Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) on High viral load suppression and factors associated among client on ART in Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital, Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, 2019. Methods: Institution based cross sectional study was done by chart review. A total of 430 study subjects were selected with complete information included in the analysis. The collected data was entered in to Epi info Version 7 software then cleaned data was exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. All independent variables with at p-value<0.2 in the crude analysis were involved in the multiple logistic regression analysis with 95% CI computed. A P-value<0.05 has considered statistically significant. Result: A total of 430 people living with HIV enrolled in this study was, 356 (82.8%) had not suppressed viral load with the corresponding 95% confidence interval was (79.2, 86.3). People living with HIV enrolled with '''baseline Hgb < 10g/dl [AOR=1.834, 95% CI (1.407, 2.710)], patients having poor adherence [AOR=15.204, 95% CI (8.087, 28.58)] and patients enrolled to care who use substance [AOR=1.6, 95% CI (1.021, 3.118)] were at risky to get high viral load. Conclusion: The findings of this study strongly showed that on treatment viral load suppression rates 17.2% patients had suppressed viral load < 1000 RNAcopies/mL. This proportion falls short of the UNAIDS’ 90% target for on treatment viral suppression. Poor adherence, Hgb level < 10g/dl and substance use were factors that decreases rates of viral load suppression. Therefore, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) treatment program can maintain and potentially improve virological treatment outcomes by improving access to targeted viral load testing.
VL  - 8
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download