Abstract
We live in the world of digitalization of Artificial Intelligence which has brought significant improvements in many sectors of life in human society. Artificial intelligence paradigms generate results, objectives, solve problems that previously could not be solved and were blocked in a dead end that could not be solved. It has intervened and solved problems in every field in education, health, judiciary, prosecution, police, e-government, in the approximation of legislation with that of the European Union in health, science, technology, information, transport, financial systems and many other sectors. The first acts were generated by the actors of the European Union, they brought the first act in the AI Directive, the Regulation, and then followed them all over the world and developed acts on Artificial Intelligence. It has its positive benefits, but it also has some negative effects by interfering and violating human rights, privacy, personal data security, the whole world must draft policies to protect human rights and to respecting the Intelligence Code of Ethics. Have policies been taken for criminal offenses committed by artificial intelligence?My opinion is that the time has come, in every country in the world, to sanction criminal offenses committed by artificial intelligence in criminal codes.”How has Artificial Intelligence affected the world in recent years? What have been the benefits to society? Have provisions been formed in the Criminal Code for the offenses that come as a result of AI?
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Published in
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International Journal of Law and Society (Volume 9, Issue 3)
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DOI
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10.11648/j.ijls.20260903.11
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Page(s)
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304-313 |
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Creative Commons
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This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Copyright
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Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group
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Keywords
Artificial Intelligence, Limitation, Regulation, Human Rights, Personal Data, Privacy
1. Introduction
1.1. Importance of the Article
The article comes at a time when the development of artificial intelligence has brought advances in science, education, health, good governance, harmonization of laws in all areas of life, the negative impact and effects must be avoided, and this article brings awareness.
1.2. Methodology
During the research, I used the qualitative method, researching the acts of the European Union, the UN, the EC and the USA and other developed countries, the laws in Albania, the AI Code of Ethics, resolutions and conventions, the strategies of the European Union and those of other countries, reports on artificial intelligence, books and articles on artificial intelligence to draw conclusions on the negative effects and impact on the development and rapid resolution of problems that have not found a solution. The quantitative method is one of the basic methods by bringing concrete statistics and Figures from reports or from the Eurobarometer, this method shows the high impact that AI has had on the growth of investments in America compared to previous years in the USA, the United Kingdom. New research from AI, in addition to these basic methods, I have also used the historical method to highlight when artificial intelligence was first used, a contemporary method that I used in the research is the method of interpretation as one of the basic methods in legal sciences. Legal analysis and the problems of artificial intelligence to find weak points and vacuums in global policies.
1.3. Research Questions
Are Artificial Intelligence Crimes Enshrined in the Criminal Codes of States?
Is the Code of Ethics for Artificial Intelligence Implemented by Its Users?
1.4. Objectives of Scientific Research
Reflection of acts of artificial intelligence, problems with the implementation of the code of ethics in AI, the violation of human rights and the limits that AI should have, bringing concrete proposals for the sanctioning in the Criminal Code of criminal offenses committed with Artificial Intelligence, benefits in many sectors.
2. History of Artificial Intelligence
One of the earliest records of an automaton comes from 400 BC. and refers to a mechanical pigeon created by a friend of the philosopher Plato. Many years later, one of the most famous automata was created by Leonardo da Vinci around 1495. So while the idea of a machine that is able to operate on its own is ancient, for the purposes of this article, we will focus on the 20th century, when engineers and scientists began to take steps towards our modern times.
, But it was not until the turn of the century that AI truly came to the public’s attention, when the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue defeated chess grandmaster Gary Kasparov in 1997, using artificial intelligence algorithms developed by IBM engineers.
Aristotle (384–322 BC), whose bust appears on the cover of this book, was the firstto formulate a set of precise laws governing the rational part of the mind. He developed an informal system of syllogisms for proper reasoning, which in principle allowed one to generate conclusions mechanically, given initial premises.
Initially, artificial intelligence was defined in an article in the law on electronic governance, which was amended by, 00/2024 12.9.2024. On some changes and additions to law no. 43/2023, “On electronic governance, a definition which was removed during the amendment of the law. An accepted definition of artificial intelligence, “artificial intelligence” generally refers to the ability of computers to perform tasks traditionally associated with human abilities.
2.1. Legal Regulations at European Level
'AI system' means a machine-based system that is designed to operate with varying levels of autonomy and that can exhibit adaptability after deployment, and that, for explicit or implicit objectives, draws conclusions, from the data it receives, on how to generate outputs such as predictions, content, recommendations or decisions that can affect physical or virtual environments.
| [5] | Council of Europe Treaty Series - No. 225 Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law Vilnius, 5.IX. 2024 https://rm.coe.int/1680afae3c |
[5]
Artificial intelligence has been around for some time, but legal regulations in the European Union date back to In April 2021, the European Commission proposed the first EU law on artificial intelligence, creating a risk-based classification system for AI.
EU AI Act compliance timeline.
In June 2024, the EU adopted the world's first rules on AI. The Artificial Intelligence Act will be fully applicable 24 months after its entry into force, but some parts will be applicable sooner:
The ban on AI systems that pose unacceptable risks started to apply on 2 February 2025.
Artificial Intelligence serves humanity, many issues that previously remained unresolved are now easily solved, but this also comes at a price, there are some negative sides, which must be taken as soon as possible to recover. The first act was the EU directive on artificial intelligence, then it was accompanied by a regulation on artificial intelligence, the EU Artificial Intelligence Act: the first regulation on artificial intelligence.
The use of artificial intelligence in the EU is regulated by the Artificial Intelligence Act, the world's first comprehensive law on Artificial Intelligence. Published: 08-06-2023.
Last updated: 19-02-2025,
| [8] | Summary of the legal basis for European integration supporting material for the European integration school 2021 p. 41] Center for Official Publications in Albania. |
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thus making it mandatory throughout the European Union. To protect human rights that were violated by artificial intelligence, measures were taken and a convention to protect human rights was issued by the Council of Europe. It aims to ensure that activities within the life cycle of artificial intelligence systems are fully compatible with human rights, democracy and the rule of law.
On 5 September 2024
, the Council of Europe Framework Convention2 on Artificial Intelligence was signed by Andorra, Georgia, Iceland, Norway, the Republic of Moldova, San Marino, the United Kingdom, Israel, the United States and the European Union3 https://www.whitecase.com/insight-our-thinking/ai-watch-global-regulatory-tracker-european-union
United Nations Resolution on Artificial Intelligence: a Major Global Policy Effort to Harness Technology for Sustainable Development []
Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law.
Jan 31, 2025 — The Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law provides a framework for.
2.2. Privacy and Data Protection
The UN resolution addresses data privacy protections to ensure the safe development of AI, particularly when the data used is sensitive personal information, such as health, biometrics or financial data. Member States and relevant stakeholders are encouraged to monitor AI systems for risk and assess their impact on data security measures and the protection of personal data throughout their lifecycle (6.e, p. 5/8). Privacy impact assessments and detailed testing of products during development are suggested as mechanisms to protect data and preserve our fundamental privacy rights.
3. Benefits of AI
It has an impact on the economy, the information sector, the manufacturing sector, the assembly sector, those related to the digital system, the financial services sector, mortgages, education, health, job creation. [Arjana Llano author's opinion based on the website.
Automated government services sector, e-albenia, public procurement.
AI tools like Google Maps analyze traffic, weather, and road conditions in real time to suggest faster and more fuel-efficientroutes.
In healthcare, AI can increase access to equitable medical diagnostics, especially for historically underserved groups underdiagnosed. For example, MIT developed an AI-powered model called Miai that can detect breast cancer before it develops.
Many surgeries are now performed by artificial intelligence, and thousands of lives have been saved [Arjana Llano, author's opinion] Education In education, AI-driven platforms and tools can provide high-quality, low-cost educational resources to millions of individuals and improve access for marginalized groups.
In the justice system, AI can play an increasingly important role in helping users - citizens, lawyers and judges alike - with their specific legal needs.
It serves many benefits to the police, prosecution, but it must also be taken into account and the risk, not to be used without criteria, and prosecutors, judges or lawyers, to use it in full compliance with the acts in the protection of human rights to recognize the limitations and respect the protection of personal data, both in the investigation and in the extraction of information that is sensitive and that violates human rights and their reputation, or order and security. This category is very important to be trained on the regulation, directive of EU, resolutions, and the Convention on Artificial Intelligence of the Council of Europe for the Protection of Human Rights in accordance with all other conventions that guarantee and protect human rights.
Investigative data should not be released until the perpetrators are punished, as they endanger the life, health, and dignity of individuals who have been victims of criminal offenses, because the perpetrators take revenge. Training of prosecutors, police officers.
. [Arjana Llano]
Artificial intelligence in Albania will also be introduced into the judicial system, in the Supreme Court to control the quality of judicial decisions, this is an innovation, it will promote the increase in quality, control, and efficiency in the judiciary.
Parliament adopted the EU Digital Markets Act and the Digital Services Act.
On 11 March 2025, the AI Office published the third draft of the “General Purpose AI Code of Practice” (“the Code”). The Code aims to help providers of general purpose AI models comply with their obligations under the EU AI Act. To this end, the Code sets out a series of “commitments” and “measures” relating, among others, to transparency and copyright rules.
The Strategy complements the Continent’s AI Action Plan with concrete actions aimed at harnessing the transformative potential of AI. It contains 3 sections:
The European Union has issued:
1) Artificial Intelligence Strategy;
2) Artificial Intelligence Action Plan.
The Strategy complements the Continent’s AI Action Plan with concrete actions aimed at harnessing the transformative potential of AI.
It contains 3 sections:
Key sectoral projects including targeted measures to boost the adoption of AI in 10 key industry sectors and the public sector. The industry sectors include healthcare and pharmaceuticals, mobility, transport and automotive, robotics, manufacturing, engineering and construction, climate and environment, energy, agri-food; etc.
European bodies established for artificial intelligence.
3.1. AI Board
1-The European Artificial Intelligence Board ("AI Board") is a key advisory body that was established by the AI Act, which entered into force on 1 August 2024.
3.2. International Bodies for AI
The UN has established a High-Level Advisory Body on AI. This panel analyses the current situation and recommends strategies for international governance, promoting a comprehensive and inclusive approach. Composed of up to 39 experts from different disciplines, the Body aims to align AI governance with human rights and the Sustainable Development Goals. It engages with diverse stakeholder groups, including governments, the private sector and civil society, to ensure a collaborative approach.
(1) International Telecommunication Union and UNESCO
(2) UNDP Promotes the Use of AI to Support Sustainable Development
(3) UNICEF Has Launched the "Generation AI" Initiative to Ensure That AI Systems Respect Children's Rights.
(4) Council of Europe Commissioner
4. Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence
UNESCO produced the first global standard on AI ethics - the "Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence" in November 2021. It is applicable to all 194 UNESCO member states.
The protection of human rights and dignity is the cornerstone of the Recommendation, based on the advancement of fundamental principles such as transparency and fairness, always remembering the importance of human oversight of AI systems.
The aim of the Global Observatory on AI Ethics and Governance is to provide a global resource for policymakers, regulators, academics, the private sector and civil society to find solutions to the most pressing challenges posed by Artificial Intelligence.
The Observatory displays information on the readiness of countries to adopt AI in an ethical and responsible manner.
It also hosts the AI Ethics and Governance Lab, which gathers contributions, impactful research, tools and good practices.
The Panel’s final report outlines a plan to address the risks associated with AI and share its transformative potential globally.
Scientific Body Leading Evidence-based Governance of AI
Under the Global Digital Compact, Member States established the Independent International Scientific Panel on AI to strengthen scientific understanding and ensure that global discussions are guided by the best available evidence. Composed of 40 leading experts, it is the first global scientific body dedicated to assessing how AI is reshaping societies.
5. Some Ethical Principles for AI UNESCO
UNESCO has issued some important principles in the field of artificial intelligence, they should be recognized by all countries that use artificial intelligence, I will mention some of the most important of them which I will interpret.
5.1. Proportionality
Proportionality and non-harm, this is one of the fundamental principles which shows that the goal sought to be achieved through the use of artificial intelligence must be achieved, without harming fundamental human rights, if a right is harmed, this must bring greater benefits than the human right that is harmed, the great public interest, in the protection of the security, life, health, dignity of many individuals of human society.
5.2. Security and Protection
Threats or attacks, or vulnerabilities that may come from artificial intelligence must be avoided, for the protection of humanity.
Privacy must be respected and promoted and protected, this is a very important principle since the violation of privacy brings harmful consequences, it is protected in national laws and international conventions, privacy must be protected, the exception must be made only for a public interest greater than a personal interest.
5.3. Governance and International Cooperation
International law must be respected, national sovereignty must not be affected, the exception is made only for the protection of human lives, the dignity of the nation, the high social risk.
Responsibility and accountability
Artificial intelligence systems must be auditable and traceable, their control is very important to avoid irreparable damage.
5.4. Transparency
The ethical application of artificial intelligence depends on transparency, this is the essence, without transparency no one understands its limits, the integrity of its use and the violation of human rights.
| [22] | Jan 31, 2025 — The Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law. |
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6. Public Awareness
Training in secondary and university education on artificial intelligence is the cornerstone for knowledge about AI and the consequences it brings to human society. Training in media literacy and that of Artificial Intelligence. Introduction of artificial intelligence education in secondary and university curricula, as an elective subject.
What is the history of artificial intelligence (AI)
to ruin the public image and humiliate individuals who have built everything in their lives with their own strength without relying on anyone, must be avoided and international actors must take preventive measures against such attacks. Opening fake profiles on social networks, denigrating, or even making false images with artificial intelligence dedicated to individuals, to harm. Taking international measures in such cases would serve humanity, to prevent in the future possible attacks throughout the world of individuals with influence in scientific and academic achievements, or Figures with a deserved career in society. Or even subjecting these Figures to scientific experiments, to harm life, health, are intolerable and the perpetrators must be punished, as other human lives are at risk.”’
Another important issue is that the acts of artificial intelligence and all rights, obligations or interferences that stem from the acts should not have retroactive effect to the detriment of individuals anywhere in the world. The force and consequences of the acts come after their entry into force. Retroactive power can only be made an exception, for the benefit of individuals and human society.
The Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence, Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law was adopted on 17 May 2024, making it the first legally binding international treaty on the governance of AI.
The Convention aims to ensure that activities within the life cycle of AI systems are fully compatible with human rights, democracy and the rule of law, while being conducive to technological progress and innovation. It complements existing regulations such as the EU AI Act by providing a broader international perspective on the development and responsible use of AI.
7. Regulatory Legal Framework in Albania for Protection from AI
Law No. 124/2024 “On the Protection of Personal Data”: Implemented since January 31, 2025, this law is fully aligned with the GDPR and acts as the main legal framework affecting AI systems that process personal data (e.g., automated decision-making, biometrics, profiling).
Law No. 25/2024 “On Cybersecurity”: Aligned with the EU NIS2 trends, this law regulates AI systems used in critical infrastructure, public services, banking and energy, requiring compliance with security obligations, security by design and incident reporting.
Law No. 43/2023 on Electronic Government (Amended): This law provides the basis for the provision of electronic services, including provisions defining AI as the simulation of human intelligence processes through algorithms.
This law defines the definition of AI and the manner of its functioning and regulation in Albania.
Decision of the Council of Ministers No. 479 (July 24, 2024): This important sub-legal act approves the methodology and technical standards for the use of AI in Albania. It defines the principles of risk management, transparency and accountability for public institutions.
Cross-sectoral strategy “Digital Agenda 2022–2026”: Approved to promote the adoption of AI in public services, to improve IT infrastructure and to increase digital skills. This strategy has been aligned with the standards of the European Union in the framework of European integration and the laws that have come from the approximation with the EU acquis as a result of the opening of the EU-led chapter groups. The EU in cooperation with the working groups established on the basis of VKM 749date 19.12.2028 for the establishment, organization and functioning of the state structure responsible for the development of negotiations and the conclusion of the Treaty of Accession of the Republic of Albania to the European Union as amended.
8. Regulatory Supervision and Future Legislation
Oversight is currently spread across agencies, with the Information and Data Protection Commissioner (IDP) covering privacy, AKCESK managing cybersecurity and AKSHI leading digital governance. In a notable development, an AI virtual assistant called "Diella" was appointed as the "Minister of State for Artificial Intelligence" in September 2025 to oversee procurement and fight corruption, although this role operates in an advisory rather than binding capacity.
The position of the “European Court of Human Rights” in Strasbourg on AI
“The Court considers that any State which claims a pioneering role in the development of new technologies bears a particular responsibility to find the right balance in this regard”
| [29] | Bashkimi Evropian (BE): Akti i IA-së. |
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. The progress made in technology and science has been unprecedented during the lifetime of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”). Significant advances in the field of information and digital technologies, and in particular algorithmic and artificial intelligence (AI) systems, continue to occur with increasing frequency. In particular, AI has rapidly evolved from a specific field of computer science into a transformative force that affects the way we interact with the world and has brought new perspectives to the discussion about the content and application of human rights and freedoms and correlatively about their protection. The legal landscape surrounding AI is still in its infancy, both in terms of applicable regulations and case law. It was only in 2024 that the Council of Europe and the European Union adopted the first legally binding instruments aimed at providing a legal framework for states to regulate activities within the life cycle of AI systems and their impact on human rights. The Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law is the first legally binding international treaty in this area, which requires each Party to ensure that activities within the life cycle of AI systems are fully compatible with human rights, democracy and the rule of law.”
Parliamentary Assembly Resolution 2342 (2020)
In this resolution, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe noted that a large number of Artificial Intelligence applications for use by police and criminal justice systems had been used, or their introduction was being considered, in Council of Europe member States. The resolution referred in particular to applications that allow facial recognition, predictive policing, identification of potential victims of crime, risk assessment in decision-making on detention, sentencing and parole, and identification of "unsolved cases".
The importance given by the European Parliament to consumer protection with new rules on crypto-assets
The European Parliament has given the green light to a new framework to regulate the volatile world of cryptocurrencies. The use of crypto-assets and the technology behind them has proven to be both extremely promising and problematic. This is why the EU is working on rules to help foster the development of these technologies and their use in the EU, while protecting users.
9. The Regulation also Foresees High Risks of AI
AI systems that negatively affect security or fundamental rights will be considered as high risk and will be divided into two categories: [EU AI Act: first regulation on artificial intelligenceThe use of artificial intelligence in the EU is regulated by the AI Act, the world’s first comprehensive AI law. Find out how it protects you.
| [32] | United Kingdom: AI Regulation White Paper. |
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1) AI systems used in products that fall under EU product safety legislation. This includes toys, aviation, cars, medical devices and lifts.
2) Artificial intelligence systems falling into specific areas that will need to be registered in an EU database: Management and operation of critical infrastructure.
Vocational education and trainingEmployment, management of workers and access to self-employmentAccess and enjoyment of essential private and public services and benefits.
Law enforcementMigration, asylum and border control management [EU AI Act: first regulation on artificial intelligence.
The use of artificial intelligence in the EU is regulated by the AI Act, the world’s first comprehensive AI law. Find out how it protectsyou.
10. Global AI Acts
They are issued worldwide, US, UK, Canada, China, Japanthese indicators are that security and accountability, responsibility are increasing throughout the developed world
(1) AI Regulations in 2025: US, EU, UK,
| [29] | Bashkimi Evropian (BE): Akti i IA-së. |
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(2) Key Components of AI Regulations
(3) Privacy and Data Protection
(4) Safety and Security
(5) Transparency and Explainability
(6) Accountability and Responsibility
(7) AI Regulations Around the World
(8) European Union (EU): AI Act
(9) US: Executive Order 14179
(10) US: AI Bill of Rights
(11) UK: AI Regulation White Paper
(12) Canada: Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (AIDA)
(13) China: Generative AI Regulation
(14) International AI Initiatives
(15) OECD AI Principles
(16) GPAI (Global Partnership on AI)
(17) Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI
(18) Best Practices for Complying with AI Regulations
(19) Establish Clear AI Governance Policies
(20) Implement Continuous Compliance Solutions
(21) Implement Comprehensive Data Management Practices
(22) Continuously Monitor and Audit AI Systems
11. Legal Discussion and Argument
The benefits that AI brings are very great, but on the other hand it also brings risks to society, individuals who use it must respect the AI code of ethics and the European Union regulation with its limits, as a binding act in all European Union countries.
Author: Arjana Llano
“”
I would suggest that artificial intelligence be used in social media to stop disinformation, calls for war, violence, terrorism, murder, incitement to hatred and shameful acts that are published on social media, and the elimination of sexist language in the media, this would serve humanity, to cleanse the media from publications, unethical and immoral actions, in defense of world order, with the protection of life, of untruths, in the prevention of hate speech, xenophobia, anti-Semitism, bullying”” [Arjana Kasaj Llano, opinion of the author of the article]“AI can be used in the world to issue digital debit and credit cards with the image and appearance of the face of individuals to withdraw amounts of money from bank accounts, this would avoid bank robberies as a result of cloning cards and other banking maneuvers to steal money from banks. AI can be used in the future for digital passports with the image of the face of human subjects and data on the dimensions and anatomical data of the human body,” this way helps to avoid the renewal of passports, payments and financial costs, avoiding bureaucracies for issuing a passport, using the passport by similar persons to travel to other countries in the world., but in this case, many security elements must be taken into account, codes that cannot be deciphered by anyone during use, so as not to fall prey to receiving such information from anyone.
Civil society organizations and human rights defenders have raised serious concerns about legal gaps and exception Digital Rights and AI: can the EU protect human rights in the age of artificial intelligence?
Artificial intelligence can be used to spread disinformation in manipulated images, in manipulated videos, it can be used to increase the performance of public video conferences by developing the speed of sound, fake images to hit the public reputation of individuals in human society by means of algorithms receiving data about individuals all over the world. [Arjana Kasaj Llano, author's opinion] The individuals affected in these cases are vulnerable and unprotected, AI affects where they are not visible to the human eye and because people are dressed it has an impact that shows naked body images of people, these are the dilemmas that must be resolved for the protection of human rights worldwide The globe. It can be used as a magnifying glass to see invisible and hidden things. The European Union has adopted acts on artificial intelligence, Directives, Regulations, Acts, and Resolutions, which define the limits of artificial intelligence. These limits must be implemented by all countries in the developed world. Respect for the Code of Ethics for Artificial Intelligence remains one of the main dilemmas. These norms must be implemented to uphold the rights of human society. An important act in Europe is the Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Human Rights from Violations and Unlawful Use of Artificial Intelligence. Through artificial intelligence, computer systems are interfered with and copyrights are stolen, cybersecurity is one of the other issues related to them. The acts on artificial intelligence should also be extended to other countries of the globe that are not part of the European Union in order to ensure that legal regulation is not lacking and that borders are clearly established by defining mechanisms for protection from artificial intelligence. At the same time, strategies should not be lacking, they should be in line with those of the EU and the developed countries of the world, to keep pace with developed countries, not to be left behind in terms of AI knowledge. The world has evolved at an extraordinary speed, preparing robot humans for war, robot humans for operations, robot taxis, drones with remote controls, flying saucers with robotic remote controls, explosive devices on airplanes with AI, development affects both for the better, on the other hand it also brings global risks that come from humanity, from AI, from major forces and the world feels unprotected, endangered, and afraid. AI can affect the stock market, digital cryptoassets, it can affect the results of elections when counting is electronic and voting is electronic, it can affect the change of the result. Its impacts are very large, from individuals who are specialists in these fields, without disassembling all the indications that they have in society. It affects computer systems by disrupting scientific research, deleting sentences and affecting the collapse of research projects, interfering with phones, by disrupting writing, deforming words, sentences, if you take it into analysis, there is no end to the problems. Taking protective measures is adequate and necessary.
The introduction of criminal offenses committed by individuals who use Artificial Intelligence into the Criminal Code would reduce some consequences and the perpetrators would not remain unpunished. I recommend that, in addition to criminal norms for violations committed with artificial intelligence, ethical norms for artificial intelligence be added to the Codes of Ethics of state institutions that use artificial intelligence, so that they are contemporary in accordance with international and European norms on artificial intelligence and the ethics of its use."" [Arjana Kasaj Llano, author's opinion]
AI performance on demanding benchmarks continues to improve.
12. Statistical Polls on the Positive Impacts of AI
UKines AI investment implications, risks and constraints
New research from the AI Index reveals a significant lack of standardization in responsible AI reporting. Leading developers, including OpenAI, Google and Anthropic,
mainly test their models against various responsible AI standards. This practice complicates efforts to systematically compare the risks and limitations of major AI models
.Investment in generative AI is growing significantly.
Despite a decline in overall private investment in AI last year, funding for generative AI increased, almost eightfold from 2022 to $25.2 billion. Key players in the generative AI space, including OpenAI, Anthropic, Hugging Face and Inflection, reported significant fundraising rounds.
To ensure that Europe makes the most of AI’s potential, MEPs have stressed the need for human-centric AI legislation, aiming to create a framework that is trustworthy, can enforce ethical standards, supports jobs, help build competitive "made in Europe" AI and influence global standards.
13. Conclusions and Recommendations
Artificial intelligence has been around for a long time. One of the earliest records of an automaton dates back to 400 BC and refers to a mechanical pigeon created by a friend of the philosopher Plato.
Responsibility and accountability
Artificial intelligence systems must be auditable and traceable, their control is very important to avoid irreparable damage.
The importance that the European Parliament has given to consumer protection with new rules on crypto-assets remains essential.
Artificial intelligence has brought visible results in education, science, health, transparency, technology, justice, police, prosecutors, lawyers, visible impacts in every area of life.
The European Parliament has given the green light to a new framework to regulate the volatile world of cryptocurrencies. The use of crypto-assets and the technology behind them has proven to be both extremely promising and problematic.
UNESCO has issued some important principles in the field of artificial intelligence that should be recognized by all countries using artificial intelligence. The goal of the Global Observatory on AI Ethics and Governance is to provide a global resource for policymakers, regulators, academics, the private sector and civil society to find solutions to the most urgent challenges posed by Artificial Intelligence.
The introduction of criminal offenses committed by individuals who use Artificial Intelligence into the Criminal Code would reduce some consequences and prevent perpetrators from going unpunished.
The European Union, UN, USA, UK, Canada, have adopted acts on artificial intelligence, Directives, Regulations, Acts, and Resolutions, which define the limits of artificial intelligence. These limits must be implemented by all countries in the developed world. Respect for the Code of Ethics for Artificial Intelligence remains one of the main dilemmas. These norms must be implemented to uphold the rights of human society.
AI system' means a machine-based system that is designed to operate with varying levels of autonomy and that can exhibit adaptability after deployment, and that, for explicit or implicit objectives, draws conclusions, from the data it receives, on how to generate results such as predictions, content, recommendations or decisions that can affect physical or virtual environments.
Acts on artificial intelligence should be extended to other countries of the globe that are not part of the European Union in order to ensure that legal regulation is not lacking and boundaries are clearly set by defining mechanisms for protection from artificial intelligence At the same time, strategies should not be lacking, they should be in line with those of the EU and the developed countries of the world, in order to keep pace with developed countries, not to lag behind in terms of AI knowledge.
AI is increasingly integrated into everyday life.
From healthcare to transportation, AI is rapidly moving from the lab to everyday life. In 2023, the FDA approved 223 AI-enabled medical devices, up from just six in 2015. The European Court of Human Rights has held that any State claiming a pioneering role in the development of new technologies bears a particular responsibility to strike the right balance in this regard”
The progress made in technology and science has been unprecedented during the lifetime of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”). Significant advances in the field of information and digital technologies, and in particular algorithmic and artificial intelligence systems (IA) continue to occur, and with increasing frequency.
New research from the IA Index reveals a significant lack of standardization in responsible IA reporting.
In countries such as China (83%), Indonesia (80%), and Thailand (77%), strong majorities see AI products and services as more beneficial than harmful.
Another important point is that AI acts and any rights, obligations, or interferences arising from them should not have retroactive effect to harm individuals anywhere in the world. The force and consequences of acts come after they come into force. Retroactive effect can only be made as an exception, for the benefit of individuals and human society.
Implementation of the Code of Ethics in Artificial Intelligence, by anyone who owns, officials, judges, police, prosecutors, and any other individual who uses artificial intelligence, without violating human rights in accordance with conventions, training of categories that use AI for the protection of human rights and the limits of its permissibility, based on the EU Regulation on AI and the Code of Ethics, and the EC convention on the limits of permissibility, in order not to fall prey to the consumption of criminal offenses from not recognizing the acts, the necessity of time.
Monitoring and auditing remain the most essential issues for artificial intelligence.
Respect for the Code of Ethics of Artificial Intelligence is an issue that must be regulated in every national and international institution where artificial intelligence is used, to avoid harmful consequences on human rights, and any other consequences that negatively affect all spheres.
Introducing AI education in high schools and university curricula as an elective subject to inform and raise awareness about the positive and negative effects that it has and how human society should be protected.
Raising awareness about AI, of the audience, through media programs would serve human society.
In every country in the world, sanctioning criminal offenses committed with artificial intelligence would save lives, health, and protect against human rights violations. Taking measures in the international arena to supplement the Criminal Code are an adequate necessity.
Bridges of global cooperation must be found to protect human rights. The Council of Europe has issued the Convention for the Protection of Rights Violations by Artificial Intelligence. Human rights are at risk, banning Artificial Intelligence that poses a risk, or brings negative effects. Mechanisms have been created all over the world for protection from Artificial Intelligence.
Public awareness of students and pupils about education on Artificial Intelligence remains one of the challenges of the time which must be promoted in every country in the world, to consider how to protect from Artificial Intelligence, sensitive health, personal financial, commercial, criminal data, remain dilemmas that must be protected from Artificial Intelligence.
Countries must develop policies and strategies in line with those of the EU and the developed countries of the world USA, United Kingdom, Canada, China, Japan. These strategies should be designed in accordance with conventions for the protection of human rights and all institutions using artificial intelligence should also have basic knowledge of the Code of Ethics, Convention, Resolution, Directive, Regulation of AI as an obligation to prevent consequences, in life, health, rights, that can be violated and cannot be recovered. In short, artificial intelligence should be used only for the benefits, resources and goods that it can bring to human society.
I recommend that, in addition to criminal norms for violations committed with artificial intelligence, ethical norms for artificial intelligence be added to the Codes of Ethics of state institutions that use artificial intelligence, so that they are contemporary in accordance with international and European norms on artificial intelligence and the ethics of its use.
Abbreviations
SHBA | Shtetet e Bashkuara te Amerikes |
EU | European Union |
AI | Artificial Intelligence |
UK | The United Kingdom |
Unesko | Organizate NderkombetareOrganizata e Kombeve të Bashkuara për Arsimin |
OECD | Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development |
UNICEF | United Nations Children's Fund Organization |
MEPS | Member of the European Parliament |
Author Contributions
Arjana Kasaj Llano: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing
Conflicts of Interest
I declare that I have no conflict of interest with the journal that is publishing the article and with any of the members of the editorial board.
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APA Style
Llano, A. K. (2026). Artificial Intelligence: The Benefits and Ethics of Its Use in Every Sector. International Journal of Law and Society, 9(3), 304-313. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20260903.11
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Llano, A. K. Artificial Intelligence: The Benefits and Ethics of Its Use in Every Sector. Int. J. Law Soc. 2026, 9(3), 304-313. doi: 10.11648/j.ijls.20260903.11
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Llano AK. Artificial Intelligence: The Benefits and Ethics of Its Use in Every Sector. Int J Law Soc. 2026;9(3):304-313. doi: 10.11648/j.ijls.20260903.11
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@article{10.11648/j.ijls.20260903.11,
author = {Arjana Kasaj Llano},
title = {Artificial Intelligence: The Benefits and Ethics of Its Use in Every Sector},
journal = {International Journal of Law and Society},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {304-313},
doi = {10.11648/j.ijls.20260903.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20260903.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijls.20260903.11},
abstract = {We live in the world of digitalization of Artificial Intelligence which has brought significant improvements in many sectors of life in human society. Artificial intelligence paradigms generate results, objectives, solve problems that previously could not be solved and were blocked in a dead end that could not be solved. It has intervened and solved problems in every field in education, health, judiciary, prosecution, police, e-government, in the approximation of legislation with that of the European Union in health, science, technology, information, transport, financial systems and many other sectors. The first acts were generated by the actors of the European Union, they brought the first act in the AI Directive, the Regulation, and then followed them all over the world and developed acts on Artificial Intelligence. It has its positive benefits, but it also has some negative effects by interfering and violating human rights, privacy, personal data security, the whole world must draft policies to protect human rights and to respecting the Intelligence Code of Ethics. Have policies been taken for criminal offenses committed by artificial intelligence?My opinion is that the time has come, in every country in the world, to sanction criminal offenses committed by artificial intelligence in criminal codes.”How has Artificial Intelligence affected the world in recent years? What have been the benefits to society? Have provisions been formed in the Criminal Code for the offenses that come as a result of AI?},
year = {2026}
}
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Artificial Intelligence: The Benefits and Ethics of Its Use in Every Sector
AU - Arjana Kasaj Llano
Y1 - 2026/07/17
PY - 2026
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20260903.11
DO - 10.11648/j.ijls.20260903.11
T2 - International Journal of Law and Society
JF - International Journal of Law and Society
JO - International Journal of Law and Society
SP - 304
EP - 313
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2640-1908
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20260903.11
AB - We live in the world of digitalization of Artificial Intelligence which has brought significant improvements in many sectors of life in human society. Artificial intelligence paradigms generate results, objectives, solve problems that previously could not be solved and were blocked in a dead end that could not be solved. It has intervened and solved problems in every field in education, health, judiciary, prosecution, police, e-government, in the approximation of legislation with that of the European Union in health, science, technology, information, transport, financial systems and many other sectors. The first acts were generated by the actors of the European Union, they brought the first act in the AI Directive, the Regulation, and then followed them all over the world and developed acts on Artificial Intelligence. It has its positive benefits, but it also has some negative effects by interfering and violating human rights, privacy, personal data security, the whole world must draft policies to protect human rights and to respecting the Intelligence Code of Ethics. Have policies been taken for criminal offenses committed by artificial intelligence?My opinion is that the time has come, in every country in the world, to sanction criminal offenses committed by artificial intelligence in criminal codes.”How has Artificial Intelligence affected the world in recent years? What have been the benefits to society? Have provisions been formed in the Criminal Code for the offenses that come as a result of AI?
VL - 9
IS - 3
ER -
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