Moulds and Ochratoxin A Occurrence in Cola Nitida Fresh Nuts after Treatment by Fungicide Epoxiconazole and Stored for Several Months in Various Containers

Nimaga Daouda; Kouadio James Halbin; Nindjin Charlemagne; Tetchi Fabrice Achille; Amani Georges

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.20

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Moulds and Ochratoxin A Occurrence in Cola Nitida Fresh Nuts after Treatment by Fungicide Epoxiconazole and Stored for Several Months in Various Containers

Nimaga Daouda, Kouadio James Halbin, Nindjin Charlemagne, Tetchi Fabrice Achille, Amani Georges

Published in International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 6)

Received: 27 November 2013 Published: 20 December 2013

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Abstract

The conservation of fresh kolanuts produced in Côte d’Ivoire and intended for the export, poses a veritable problem for the farmers. After 2 or 3 months of storage, the stock of kolanuts dramatically diminished occasioning high loss of economic resources. The aim of the present study was to find strategies for the best conservation for long period by investigation in appropriated nature of container, temperature of storage and in a possible fungicide adequate for kolanuts. Three (03) containers namely traditional made from the leaves of Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benn.) Benth., polyvinyl chloride (PVC) container and perforated cardboard have been studied. The temperatures of storage investigated were 26°C and 29°C while epoxiconazole is used as the fungicide. Fungi and Ochratoxin A (OTA) occurrence have been taken as bio-indicators of kolanuts healthy. Fungi were isolated by using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and standard laboratory methods while OTA was extracted with a methanol/3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and purified using an immunoaffinity column prior to HPLC analysis with fluorescence detection. As results, the best temperature of storage could be 26°C and the container PVC had been found more efficient in fungi reduction in kolanuts when compared to traditional container made from leaves of Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benn.) Benth. In addition, OTA levels are stayed lows after 10 months of kolanuts storage. Moreover, the fungicide epoxiconazole was able to prevent Aspergillius flavus proliferation and retarded both Penicillium sp. contamination and OTA secretion in kolanuts until 6 months of storage. Taken together, the results suggested that a combination of the using of PVC container and fungicide epoxiconazole and 26°C as temperature of storage could improve significantly the conservation of fresh kolanuts for several months.

Published in	International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences (Volume 2, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.20
Page(s)	327-331
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2013. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Fresh Kolanuts-Storage, PVC Container, Temperature-26°C, Fungicide-Epoxiconazole

References

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[2]	T. Quarcoo, "A Handbook on Kola", CRIN, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1973.
[3]	A. M. Daramola, Insect Pests of Cola in Nigeria (Research bulletin), vol. 3, CRIN, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1978.
[4]	A.M. Daramola, "The biology of the kola weevils Balanogastris kolae on Cola acuminata and C. Verticilata", Insect Science and Its Application, 1981, Vol 2, pp. 201–205.
[5]	A.M. Daramola, "Studies on the control of Kolanut weevils. Balanogastis kolae and sophrorhinus Sp (coleopteran curculionidae)", Tropical Stored Products Information, 1983, Vol 46, pp. 11–16.
[6]	O. Nzekwu, "Kola nut. Nigeria Magazine", 1961, Vol 7, pp. 298–305.
[7]	N. E. Egbe and O. Sobamiwa, "Utilization of cocoa, kola, coffee, cashew and tea in Nigeria," in Progress in Tree Crop Research, pp. 217–224, CRIN, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1989.
[8]	L.N. Dongo, K. Manjula and B. Orisajo, "Occurrence of ochratoxin A in Nigerian kola nuts", African Crop Science Conference Proceedings, 2007, Vol 8, pp. 2133-2135.
[9]	E.E. Creppy, "Update of survey, regulation and toxic effects of mycotoxins in Europe", Toxicol Lett, 2002, Vol 127, pp. 19‑28.
[10]	H.D. Haubeck, G. Lorkowski, E. Koelsch and R. Roeschenthaler, "Immunosuppression by ochratoxin A and its prevention by phenylalanine", Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1981, Vol 41, pp. 1040–1042.
[11]	S. Obrecht-Pflumio, T. Chassat, G. Dirheimer and D. Marzin, "Genotoxicity of ochratoxin A by almonellamutagenicity test after bioactivation by mouse kidney microsomes. Mutation Research", 1999, Vol 446, pp. 95–102.
[12]	K. Mayura, J.F. Edwards, E.A. Maull and T.D. Phillips, "The effects of ochratoxin A on postimplantation rat embryosin culture", Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1989, Vol 18, pp. 411–415.
[13]	M. Castegnaro, H. Bartsch, and I. Chernozemsky, "Endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumors in the Balkans", Cancer Research, 1987, 47, pp. 3608–3609.
[14]	S.O. Agbeniyi and M.S. Ayodele, "Effect of storage moulds on the nutritional quality of kolanuts in Nigeria", Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2010, Vol 9, pp. 512–515.
[15]	D.B.A.Ogutuga, "Chemical composition and potential commercial uses of kola nuts Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott &Endlicher", Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science, 1975, Vol 8, pp. 121–125.
[16]	S.O. Agbeniyi and B. Fawole, "Effect of curing and pre-storage dip treatments on the control of storage mould of kola nuts", European Food Research and Technology, 1999, Vol 208, pp. 47–49.
[17]	D. Nimaga, J.H. Kouadio, C. Nindjin, F. Tetchi and G. Amani, "Strategies of kolanuts conservation"- FIRCA Project report, unpublished.
[18]	L.O. Adebajo and O.J. Popoola, "Mycoflora and mycotoxins in kolanuts during storage", African Journal of Biotechnology, 2003, Vol 2 pp. 365-368.
[19]	P. Manda, D.S. Dano, J.H. Kouadio, A. Diakité, B. Sangaré-Tigori, M.J.M. Ezoulin, A. Soumahoro, A. Dembele and G. Fourny "Impact of industrial treatments on ochratoxin A content in artificially contaminated cocoa beans", Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A., 2009, Vol 26, pp. 1081- 1088.
[20]	D.O. Adeniyi and O.O. Kolawole, "Incidence of mycoflora complexes on retail kolanuts (C. nitida and C. acuminata) in North Central Nigeria", Journal of Applied Biosciences, 2012, Vol 56, pp. 4075– 4079.
[21]	M.A. Klich, "Aspergillus flavus: the major producer of aflatoxin", Mol Plant Pathol, 2007, Vol 8, pp.713-722.

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APA Style

Nimaga Daouda, Kouadio James Halbin, Nindjin Charlemagne, Tetchi Fabrice Achille, Amani Georges. (2013). Moulds and Ochratoxin A Occurrence in Cola Nitida Fresh Nuts after Treatment by Fungicide Epoxiconazole and Stored for Several Months in Various Containers. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 2(6), 327-331. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.20

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ACS Style

Nimaga Daouda; Kouadio James Halbin; Nindjin Charlemagne; Tetchi Fabrice Achille; Amani Georges. Moulds and Ochratoxin A Occurrence in Cola Nitida Fresh Nuts after Treatment by Fungicide Epoxiconazole and Stored for Several Months in Various Containers. Int. J. Nutr. Food Sci. 2013, 2(6), 327-331. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.20

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AMA Style

Nimaga Daouda, Kouadio James Halbin, Nindjin Charlemagne, Tetchi Fabrice Achille, Amani Georges. Moulds and Ochratoxin A Occurrence in Cola Nitida Fresh Nuts after Treatment by Fungicide Epoxiconazole and Stored for Several Months in Various Containers. Int J Nutr Food Sci. 2013;2(6):327-331. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.20

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@article{10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.20,
  author = {Nimaga Daouda and Kouadio James Halbin and Nindjin Charlemagne and Tetchi Fabrice Achille and Amani Georges},
  title = {Moulds and Ochratoxin A Occurrence in Cola Nitida Fresh Nuts after Treatment by Fungicide Epoxiconazole and Stored for Several Months in Various Containers},
  journal = {International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences},
  volume = {2},
  number = {6},
  pages = {327-331},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.20},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.20},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijnfs.20130206.20},
  abstract = {The conservation of fresh kolanuts produced in Côte d’Ivoire and intended for the export, poses a veritable problem for the farmers. After 2 or 3 months of storage, the stock of kolanuts dramatically diminished occasioning high loss of economic resources. The aim of the present study was to find strategies for the best conservation for long period by investigation in appropriated nature of container, temperature of storage and in a possible fungicide adequate for kolanuts. Three (03) containers namely traditional made from the leaves of Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benn.) Benth., polyvinyl chloride (PVC) container and perforated cardboard have been studied. The temperatures of storage investigated were 26°C and 29°C while epoxiconazole is used as the fungicide. Fungi and Ochratoxin A (OTA) occurrence have been taken as bio-indicators of kolanuts healthy. Fungi were isolated by using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and standard laboratory methods while OTA was extracted with a methanol/3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and purified using an immunoaffinity column prior to HPLC analysis with fluorescence detection. As results, the best temperature of storage could be 26°C and the container PVC had been found more efficient in fungi reduction in kolanuts when compared to traditional container made from leaves of Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benn.) Benth. In addition, OTA levels are stayed lows after 10 months of kolanuts storage. Moreover, the fungicide epoxiconazole was able to prevent Aspergillius flavus proliferation and retarded both Penicillium sp. contamination and OTA secretion in kolanuts until 6 months of storage. Taken together, the results suggested that a combination of the using of PVC container and fungicide epoxiconazole and 26°C as temperature of storage could improve significantly the conservation of fresh kolanuts for several months.},
 year = {2013}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Moulds and Ochratoxin A Occurrence in Cola Nitida Fresh Nuts after Treatment by Fungicide Epoxiconazole and Stored for Several Months in Various Containers
AU  - Nimaga Daouda
AU  - Kouadio James Halbin
AU  - Nindjin Charlemagne
AU  - Tetchi Fabrice Achille
AU  - Amani Georges
Y1  - 2013/12/20
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.20
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.20
T2  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
SP  - 327
EP  - 331
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2716
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.20
AB  - The conservation of fresh kolanuts produced in Côte d’Ivoire and intended for the export, poses a veritable problem for the farmers. After 2 or 3 months of storage, the stock of kolanuts dramatically diminished occasioning high loss of economic resources. The aim of the present study was to find strategies for the best conservation for long period by investigation in appropriated nature of container, temperature of storage and in a possible fungicide adequate for kolanuts. Three (03) containers namely traditional made from the leaves of Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benn.) Benth., polyvinyl chloride (PVC) container and perforated cardboard have been studied. The temperatures of storage investigated were 26°C and 29°C while epoxiconazole is used as the fungicide. Fungi and Ochratoxin A (OTA) occurrence have been taken as bio-indicators of kolanuts healthy. Fungi were isolated by using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and standard laboratory methods while OTA was extracted with a methanol/3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and purified using an immunoaffinity column prior to HPLC analysis with fluorescence detection. As results, the best temperature of storage could be 26°C and the container PVC had been found more efficient in fungi reduction in kolanuts when compared to traditional container made from leaves of Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benn.) Benth. In addition, OTA levels are stayed lows after 10 months of kolanuts storage. Moreover, the fungicide epoxiconazole was able to prevent Aspergillius flavus proliferation and retarded both Penicillium sp. contamination and OTA secretion in kolanuts until 6 months of storage. Taken together, the results suggested that a combination of the using of PVC container and fungicide epoxiconazole and 26°C as temperature of storage could improve significantly the conservation of fresh kolanuts for several months.
VL  - 2
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Nimaga Daouda

Dept. of Biochemistry and Tropical Products Technology, UFR STA, Nangui Abrogoua University 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, C?te d’Ivoire
Kouadio James Halbin

Dept. of Biochemistry and Microbiology, UFR Agroferesterie, University of Jean L. GUEDE, DALOA, C?te d’Ivoire
Nindjin Charlemagne

Dept. of Biochemistry and Tropical Products Technology, UFR STA, Nangui Abrogoua University 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, C?te d’Ivoire
Tetchi Fabrice Achille

Dept. of Biochemistry and Tropical Products Technology, UFR STA, Nangui Abrogoua University 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, C?te d’Ivoire
Amani Georges

Dept. of Biochemistry and Tropical Products Technology, UFR STA, Nangui Abrogoua University 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02, C?te d’Ivoire

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APA Style

Nimaga Daouda, Kouadio James Halbin, Nindjin Charlemagne, Tetchi Fabrice Achille, Amani Georges. (2013). Moulds and Ochratoxin A Occurrence in Cola Nitida Fresh Nuts after Treatment by Fungicide Epoxiconazole and Stored for Several Months in Various Containers. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 2(6), 327-331. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.20

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ACS Style

Nimaga Daouda; Kouadio James Halbin; Nindjin Charlemagne; Tetchi Fabrice Achille; Amani Georges. Moulds and Ochratoxin A Occurrence in Cola Nitida Fresh Nuts after Treatment by Fungicide Epoxiconazole and Stored for Several Months in Various Containers. Int. J. Nutr. Food Sci. 2013, 2(6), 327-331. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.20

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AMA Style

Nimaga Daouda, Kouadio James Halbin, Nindjin Charlemagne, Tetchi Fabrice Achille, Amani Georges. Moulds and Ochratoxin A Occurrence in Cola Nitida Fresh Nuts after Treatment by Fungicide Epoxiconazole and Stored for Several Months in Various Containers. Int J Nutr Food Sci. 2013;2(6):327-331. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.20

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.20,
  author = {Nimaga Daouda and Kouadio James Halbin and Nindjin Charlemagne and Tetchi Fabrice Achille and Amani Georges},
  title = {Moulds and Ochratoxin A Occurrence in Cola Nitida Fresh Nuts after Treatment by Fungicide Epoxiconazole and Stored for Several Months in Various Containers},
  journal = {International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences},
  volume = {2},
  number = {6},
  pages = {327-331},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.20},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.20},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijnfs.20130206.20},
  abstract = {The conservation of fresh kolanuts produced in Côte d’Ivoire and intended for the export, poses a veritable problem for the farmers. After 2 or 3 months of storage, the stock of kolanuts dramatically diminished occasioning high loss of economic resources. The aim of the present study was to find strategies for the best conservation for long period by investigation in appropriated nature of container, temperature of storage and in a possible fungicide adequate for kolanuts. Three (03) containers namely traditional made from the leaves of Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benn.) Benth., polyvinyl chloride (PVC) container and perforated cardboard have been studied. The temperatures of storage investigated were 26°C and 29°C while epoxiconazole is used as the fungicide. Fungi and Ochratoxin A (OTA) occurrence have been taken as bio-indicators of kolanuts healthy. Fungi were isolated by using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and standard laboratory methods while OTA was extracted with a methanol/3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and purified using an immunoaffinity column prior to HPLC analysis with fluorescence detection. As results, the best temperature of storage could be 26°C and the container PVC had been found more efficient in fungi reduction in kolanuts when compared to traditional container made from leaves of Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benn.) Benth. In addition, OTA levels are stayed lows after 10 months of kolanuts storage. Moreover, the fungicide epoxiconazole was able to prevent Aspergillius flavus proliferation and retarded both Penicillium sp. contamination and OTA secretion in kolanuts until 6 months of storage. Taken together, the results suggested that a combination of the using of PVC container and fungicide epoxiconazole and 26°C as temperature of storage could improve significantly the conservation of fresh kolanuts for several months.},
 year = {2013}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Moulds and Ochratoxin A Occurrence in Cola Nitida Fresh Nuts after Treatment by Fungicide Epoxiconazole and Stored for Several Months in Various Containers
AU  - Nimaga Daouda
AU  - Kouadio James Halbin
AU  - Nindjin Charlemagne
AU  - Tetchi Fabrice Achille
AU  - Amani Georges
Y1  - 2013/12/20
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.20
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.20
T2  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
SP  - 327
EP  - 331
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2716
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.20
AB  - The conservation of fresh kolanuts produced in Côte d’Ivoire and intended for the export, poses a veritable problem for the farmers. After 2 or 3 months of storage, the stock of kolanuts dramatically diminished occasioning high loss of economic resources. The aim of the present study was to find strategies for the best conservation for long period by investigation in appropriated nature of container, temperature of storage and in a possible fungicide adequate for kolanuts. Three (03) containers namely traditional made from the leaves of Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benn.) Benth., polyvinyl chloride (PVC) container and perforated cardboard have been studied. The temperatures of storage investigated were 26°C and 29°C while epoxiconazole is used as the fungicide. Fungi and Ochratoxin A (OTA) occurrence have been taken as bio-indicators of kolanuts healthy. Fungi were isolated by using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and standard laboratory methods while OTA was extracted with a methanol/3% sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and purified using an immunoaffinity column prior to HPLC analysis with fluorescence detection. As results, the best temperature of storage could be 26°C and the container PVC had been found more efficient in fungi reduction in kolanuts when compared to traditional container made from leaves of Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benn.) Benth. In addition, OTA levels are stayed lows after 10 months of kolanuts storage. Moreover, the fungicide epoxiconazole was able to prevent Aspergillius flavus proliferation and retarded both Penicillium sp. contamination and OTA secretion in kolanuts until 6 months of storage. Taken together, the results suggested that a combination of the using of PVC container and fungicide epoxiconazole and 26°C as temperature of storage could improve significantly the conservation of fresh kolanuts for several months.
VL  - 2
IS  - 6
ER  -

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