Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria

Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni; Odika Ifeoma Maryrose; Okoye Chuma Benedict

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13

| Peer-Reviewed

Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria

Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni, Odika Ifeoma Maryrose, Okoye Chuma Benedict

Published in International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences (Volume 12, Issue 4)

Received: 26 June 2023 Accepted: 12 July 2023 Published: 26 July 2023

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

This study determined the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables cultivated and consumed in five Local Government Areas around the Rivers Niger Benue confluence at Lokoja, in north central, Nigeria with the view of estimating the daily intake amount and the possible risks to consumers. Sixteen PAHs were determined in vegetable samples purchased from farmers in local markets using a GC-MS. Estimation of daily intake was done on generally exposed consumers. The margin of exposure was used to assess the risk to consumers. The concentration (in µg/kg) of Σ16 PAHs in vegetables were in the range of 2.12±1.5 in tomatoes to 99.88±29.18 in okro samples. Among individual PAH congeners, naphthalene showed very high values in about 60% of the vegetable samples. The concentration of ΣLMW- PAHs ranged from 1.10±0.84 in tomatoes to 90.51±26.71 in okro while that of ΣHMW- PAHs ranged from 1.02±0.66 in tomatoes to 16.65±9.15 in jute leaves. The benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) concentrations in all the samples were slightly below the recommended Food Standard Agency limits of 2µg/kg in food samples. The concentrations (in µg/kg) of Σ8 carcinogenic PAHs in the samples varied from 0.79±0.29 in tomatoes to 13.99±8.05 in jute leaves. The Margin of Exposure (MOE) based on BaP, PAH 2, PAH 4 and PAH 8 for the adults was 100% higher than 10,000 which indicated low concern for human health while in children, 7.14% was less than 10,000. The source determination indicated fuel combustion and pyrolytic emission sources. This study is the first of its kind in the Rivers Niger Benue confluence in particular and in north central Nigeria in general and can serve as a useful baseline for continuous monitoring of PAHs in the locally produced and consumed vegetables in order to ensure protection of human health in the area.

Published in	International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences (Volume 12, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13
Page(s)	101-108
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Estimated Daily Intake, Human Health, Margin of Exposure, PAHs and Vegetable

References

[1]	Thompsom, D and Agbugba, I. K (2013). Marketing of Tropical Vegetable in Aba Area of Abia State Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 2: 272–9.
[2]	Oluwatoyin, T. A., Graham, A. M., Temilola., O. O., Aderonke O. O., Kehinde O. O & Babajide, I. A (2018). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Vegetables Grown on Contaminated Soils in a Sub-Saharan Tropical Environment – Lagos, Nigeria, Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2018.1517807.
[3]	Dias, J. S. and Ryder, E. (2011). World Vegetable Industry: Production, Breeding, Trends. Hort Review, 38, 299-356.
[4]	James, O and Emmanuel, U. C (2011). Comparative studies on the protein and mineral composition of some selected Nigerian vegetables. African J. Food Sci. 5, 22–25.
[5]	Southon, S. (2000). Increased Fruit and Vegetable Consumption within the EU: Potential Health Benefits. Food Research International, 33, No 3-4: 211-217. doi: 10.1016/S0963-9969(00)00036-3.
[6]	Mullie, P and Clarys, P. (2011). Association between Cardio- vascular Disease Risk Factor Knowledge and Lifestyle. Food and Nutrition Science, 2, No. 10: 1048-1053. doi: 10.4236/fns.2011.210140.
[7]	Kalpna, R., Mital, K. & Sumitra, C. (2011). Vegetable and fruit peels as a novel source of antioxidants. J. Med. Plants Res. 5, 63–71.
[8]	Ossai, E. K., Iwegbue, C. M. A., Ajungungbe, E. E & Tesi, G. O. (2015). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metal concentrations in imported canned maize. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology (4) 353-58.
[9]	Ohiozebau, E., Tendler, B., Codling, G., Kelly, E., Giesy, J. P & Jones, P. D (2017). Potential health risks posed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in muscle tissues of fishes from the Athabasca and Slave Rivers, Canada. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 39 (5): 139-160.
[10]	Paris, A., Ledauphin,, J., Poinot, P & Gaillard, J. L (2018). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fruits and vegetables: Origin, analysis, and occurrence. Environmental Pollution 234 96-106.
[11]	Tongo, I., Etor, E. E & Ezemonye, L. I. N (2018). Human Health Risk Assessment of PAHs in Fish and Shellfish from Amariaria Community, Bonny River, Nigeria J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. Vol. 22 (5) 731– 736 May 2018.
[12]	Aderinola, O. J., MekuleyI, G. O & Whenu, O. O. (2018). Total and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Water, Sediment, Fin and Shellfishes from Badagry Creek and Ologe Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. Vol. 22 (5) 675–680.
[13]	Ashraf, M. W., Taqvi, S. I. H., Solangi, A. R and Qureshi, U. A. (2013). Distribution and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Grown in Pakistan. Journal of Chemistry 2013, Article ID 873959, 5 pages, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/873959
[14]	Odika, I. M., Okoye, C. B., Odionyenma, O, M., Aduaka, C. N and Nwankwo, N. V (2023) Health Risk Assessment of PAHs from Wheat (Tritcum specie) Bambara Nut (Vigna subterranea) and Pigeon Peas (Cajanus cajanifolia) Consumed in Nigeria. European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 14 (12): 39-49.
[15]	Odika, I. M., Chuma, B. O., Gloria, C. N., Obiageli, M. Od and Uche, V. O (2022). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs contamination levels in Nigerian staple grains. Int J Innov Sci Res Technol, 10 (3): 752-757.
[16]	Ihedioha, J. N., Emmanuel, E. O., Nwachukwu, R. E., Chidinma, C., Ezeofor (2019). Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Pasta Products Consumed in Nigeria. Iranian Journal of Toxicology, 13 (1): 19-26.
[17]	Thanh-Thien Tran-Lam et al., (2018). Simultaneous determination of 18 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Dairy foods (Hanoi Metropolitan Area) by Gas Chromatography -Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Foods 7 (12) 201.
[18]	Effiong, I. A. Bassey, F. I. Iwegbue, C. M. A. Ekpa, O. D. Williams, S. A. Oguntunde, F. C Osabor, V. N and Martincigh, B. S (2016). PAHs in three commercially available fish species in Bonny and cross River estuaries in the Niger delta, Nigeria, Environ. Monit. Assess. 188 (9) 508, doi: 10.1007/s10661-016-5479-9.
[19]	Kao, T, H., Chen, S., Chen, C. J., Huang, C. W & Chen, B. H. (2012). Evaluation of Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by the QuEChERS Method and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and Their Formation in Poultry Meat As Affected by Marinating and Frying. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60 (6): 1380– 1389.
[20]	Minmin Wu., Zhonghuan Xia, Qianqian Zhan., Jing Yin., Yanchi Zhou., and Hao Yang. (2016). Distribution and Health Risk Assessment on Dietary Exposure of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables in Nanjing, China. Journal of Chemistry Volume 2016, Article ID 1581253, 8 pages Volume Article ID 1581253, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1581253
[21]	Nwaneshiudu, O. C., Autenrieth, R. L., McDonald, T. J., Donnelly, K. C., Degollado, E. D and Abusalih, A. A. (2007). Risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure from ingested food: the Azerbaijan case study. J Environ Sci Health Part B. 2007; 42: 201-209.
[22]	Yoon, E., Park, K., Lee, H., Yang, J. H & Lee, C (2007). Estimation of excess cancer risk on time- weighted lifetime average daily intake of PAHs from food ingestion. Hum Ecol Risk Assess-an Intl J. 2007; 13: 669-680.
[23]	EFSA (2008). Scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the European commission on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food. Euro Food Saf Auth J. 2008; 724: 1-11.
[24]	Afolabi, T. A., Ogbnuneke, C. C., Ogunkunle, O. A and Bamiro, F. O (2012) Comparative assessment of the potable quality of water from industrial, urban and rural parts of Lagos, Nigeria. IFE J Sci 14 (2): 221–232.
[25]	Micheal et al.,(2012) The built up environment and micro-climate variation in Lokoja. Nigeria. Am Int J Contemp Res 2 (1): 150–158.
[26]	Audu et al., (2012). Analytical view of temperature in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria. Int J Sci Technol 2 (12): 856–859.
[27]	Akpambang, V. O. E., Purcao, G., Lajide, L., Amoo, I. A., Conte, L. S & Moret, S. (2009). Determination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in commonly consumed Nigerian smoked /grilled fish and meat. Food Addit Contam. 26 (07): 1090-1103.
[28]	Shrivastava A, Gupta VB. (2011) Methods for the determination of limit of detection and limit of quantitation of the analytical methods. Chron Young Chem. 2011; 2 (1): 2125.
[29]	Tobiszewski, M and Namie’snik, J (2012). PAH Diagnostic Ratios for the Identification of Pollution Emission Sources, Environmental Pollution, 162: 110-119.
[30]	Pem, D and Jeewon, R. (2015). Fruit and vegetable intake: benefits and progress of nutrition education interventions- narrative review article. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 44 (10): 1309–1321.
[31]	Iwegbue, C. M. A., Onyonyewoma, U. A., Bassey, F. I., Nwajei, G. E & Martincigh, B. S. (2015). Concentrations and Health Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in some brands of Biscuits in Nigerian Market. Hum Ecol Risk Assess: An Intl J. 2015; 21 (2): 338-357.
[32]	Food Standard Agency (2012). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cereals, cereal products, vegetable products and traditionally smoked foods. Food Survey Information Sheet, #: 01/12, UK: FSA.; p. 1-52.
[33]	Saifullah, M and Rabbani, M. G (2009). Evaluation and characterization of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench.) genotypes. SAARC J. Agric. 7: 92-99.
[34]	Environmental Protection Agency (2001). TRI [Toxics Release Inventory] Explorer (TRI Explorer Report (USCH), Washington DC, USA.
[35]	ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry) (2009). Interaction Proﬁle for Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylenes (BTEX). US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA. Available at www.atsdr.cdc.gov/interaction proﬁles/ip05.html. CCME.
[36]	Carlo M. D., Marcello M. D., Giuliani M, Sergi M, Pepe A, et al. (2012) Detection of benzo (a) pyrene photodegradation products using DNA electrochemical sensors. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 31 (1): 270-276.
[37]	Bishnoi, N. R.; Mehat, U. and Pendit, G. G. (2006). Quantification of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fruit and vegetables using high performance liquid chromatography. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 13: 30-35.
[38]	Falco, G., Domingo, J. L., Llobet, J. M., Teixido,´ A., Casas, C and Muller, L (2003). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in foods: Human exposure through the diet in catalonia, Spain. J Food Protect. 2003; 66 (12): 2325–2331.
[39]	Lee, J. G., Suh, J. H. and Yoon, H. J. (2019). Occurrence and risk characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils by margin of exposure (MOE) approach. Appl Biol Chem, 62: 51 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/513765-019-0454-0.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni, Odika Ifeoma Maryrose, Okoye Chuma Benedict. (2023). Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 12(4), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni; Odika Ifeoma Maryrose; Okoye Chuma Benedict. Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria. Int. J. Nutr. Food Sci. 2023, 12(4), 101-108. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni, Odika Ifeoma Maryrose, Okoye Chuma Benedict. Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria. Int J Nutr Food Sci. 2023;12(4):101-108. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13,
  author = {Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni and Odika Ifeoma Maryrose and Okoye Chuma Benedict},
  title = {Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {101-108},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijnfs.20231204.13},
  abstract = {This study determined the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables cultivated and consumed in five Local Government Areas around the Rivers Niger Benue confluence at Lokoja, in north central, Nigeria with the view of estimating the daily intake amount and the possible risks to consumers. Sixteen PAHs were determined in vegetable samples purchased from farmers in local markets using a GC-MS. Estimation of daily intake was done on generally exposed consumers. The margin of exposure was used to assess the risk to consumers. The concentration (in µg/kg) of Σ16 PAHs in vegetables were in the range of 2.12±1.5 in tomatoes to 99.88±29.18 in okro samples. Among individual PAH congeners, naphthalene showed very high values in about 60% of the vegetable samples. The concentration of ΣLMW- PAHs ranged from 1.10±0.84 in tomatoes to 90.51±26.71 in okro while that of ΣHMW- PAHs ranged from 1.02±0.66 in tomatoes to 16.65±9.15 in jute leaves. The benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) concentrations in all the samples were slightly below the recommended Food Standard Agency limits of 2µg/kg in food samples. The concentrations (in µg/kg) of Σ8 carcinogenic PAHs in the samples varied from 0.79±0.29 in tomatoes to 13.99±8.05 in jute leaves. The Margin of Exposure (MOE) based on BaP, PAH 2, PAH 4 and PAH 8 for the adults was 100% higher than 10,000 which indicated low concern for human health while in children, 7.14% was less than 10,000. The source determination indicated fuel combustion and pyrolytic emission sources. This study is the first of its kind in the Rivers Niger Benue confluence in particular and in north central Nigeria in general and can serve as a useful baseline for continuous monitoring of PAHs in the locally produced and consumed vegetables in order to ensure protection of human health in the area.},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria
AU  - Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni
AU  - Odika Ifeoma Maryrose
AU  - Okoye Chuma Benedict
Y1  - 2023/07/26
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13
T2  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
SP  - 101
EP  - 108
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2716
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13
AB  - This study determined the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables cultivated and consumed in five Local Government Areas around the Rivers Niger Benue confluence at Lokoja, in north central, Nigeria with the view of estimating the daily intake amount and the possible risks to consumers. Sixteen PAHs were determined in vegetable samples purchased from farmers in local markets using a GC-MS. Estimation of daily intake was done on generally exposed consumers. The margin of exposure was used to assess the risk to consumers. The concentration (in µg/kg) of Σ16 PAHs in vegetables were in the range of 2.12±1.5 in tomatoes to 99.88±29.18 in okro samples. Among individual PAH congeners, naphthalene showed very high values in about 60% of the vegetable samples. The concentration of ΣLMW- PAHs ranged from 1.10±0.84 in tomatoes to 90.51±26.71 in okro while that of ΣHMW- PAHs ranged from 1.02±0.66 in tomatoes to 16.65±9.15 in jute leaves. The benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) concentrations in all the samples were slightly below the recommended Food Standard Agency limits of 2µg/kg in food samples. The concentrations (in µg/kg) of Σ8 carcinogenic PAHs in the samples varied from 0.79±0.29 in tomatoes to 13.99±8.05 in jute leaves. The Margin of Exposure (MOE) based on BaP, PAH 2, PAH 4 and PAH 8 for the adults was 100% higher than 10,000 which indicated low concern for human health while in children, 7.14% was less than 10,000. The source determination indicated fuel combustion and pyrolytic emission sources. This study is the first of its kind in the Rivers Niger Benue confluence in particular and in north central Nigeria in general and can serve as a useful baseline for continuous monitoring of PAHs in the locally produced and consumed vegetables in order to ensure protection of human health in the area.
VL  - 12
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni

Department of Chemistry, Kogi State College of Education (T), Kabba, Nigeria
Odika Ifeoma Maryrose

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Okoye Chuma Benedict

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni, Odika Ifeoma Maryrose, Okoye Chuma Benedict. (2023). Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 12(4), 101-108. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni; Odika Ifeoma Maryrose; Okoye Chuma Benedict. Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria. Int. J. Nutr. Food Sci. 2023, 12(4), 101-108. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni, Odika Ifeoma Maryrose, Okoye Chuma Benedict. Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria. Int J Nutr Food Sci. 2023;12(4):101-108. doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13,
  author = {Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni and Odika Ifeoma Maryrose and Okoye Chuma Benedict},
  title = {Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {101-108},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijnfs.20231204.13},
  abstract = {This study determined the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables cultivated and consumed in five Local Government Areas around the Rivers Niger Benue confluence at Lokoja, in north central, Nigeria with the view of estimating the daily intake amount and the possible risks to consumers. Sixteen PAHs were determined in vegetable samples purchased from farmers in local markets using a GC-MS. Estimation of daily intake was done on generally exposed consumers. The margin of exposure was used to assess the risk to consumers. The concentration (in µg/kg) of Σ16 PAHs in vegetables were in the range of 2.12±1.5 in tomatoes to 99.88±29.18 in okro samples. Among individual PAH congeners, naphthalene showed very high values in about 60% of the vegetable samples. The concentration of ΣLMW- PAHs ranged from 1.10±0.84 in tomatoes to 90.51±26.71 in okro while that of ΣHMW- PAHs ranged from 1.02±0.66 in tomatoes to 16.65±9.15 in jute leaves. The benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) concentrations in all the samples were slightly below the recommended Food Standard Agency limits of 2µg/kg in food samples. The concentrations (in µg/kg) of Σ8 carcinogenic PAHs in the samples varied from 0.79±0.29 in tomatoes to 13.99±8.05 in jute leaves. The Margin of Exposure (MOE) based on BaP, PAH 2, PAH 4 and PAH 8 for the adults was 100% higher than 10,000 which indicated low concern for human health while in children, 7.14% was less than 10,000. The source determination indicated fuel combustion and pyrolytic emission sources. This study is the first of its kind in the Rivers Niger Benue confluence in particular and in north central Nigeria in general and can serve as a useful baseline for continuous monitoring of PAHs in the locally produced and consumed vegetables in order to ensure protection of human health in the area.},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Concentrations, Sources and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetables Cultivated in the Environs of Rivers Niger - Benue Lokoja, Nigeria
AU  - Akinlotan Oluyinka Omoyeni
AU  - Odika Ifeoma Maryrose
AU  - Okoye Chuma Benedict
Y1  - 2023/07/26
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13
T2  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences
SP  - 101
EP  - 108
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2716
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20231204.13
AB  - This study determined the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetables cultivated and consumed in five Local Government Areas around the Rivers Niger Benue confluence at Lokoja, in north central, Nigeria with the view of estimating the daily intake amount and the possible risks to consumers. Sixteen PAHs were determined in vegetable samples purchased from farmers in local markets using a GC-MS. Estimation of daily intake was done on generally exposed consumers. The margin of exposure was used to assess the risk to consumers. The concentration (in µg/kg) of Σ16 PAHs in vegetables were in the range of 2.12±1.5 in tomatoes to 99.88±29.18 in okro samples. Among individual PAH congeners, naphthalene showed very high values in about 60% of the vegetable samples. The concentration of ΣLMW- PAHs ranged from 1.10±0.84 in tomatoes to 90.51±26.71 in okro while that of ΣHMW- PAHs ranged from 1.02±0.66 in tomatoes to 16.65±9.15 in jute leaves. The benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) concentrations in all the samples were slightly below the recommended Food Standard Agency limits of 2µg/kg in food samples. The concentrations (in µg/kg) of Σ8 carcinogenic PAHs in the samples varied from 0.79±0.29 in tomatoes to 13.99±8.05 in jute leaves. The Margin of Exposure (MOE) based on BaP, PAH 2, PAH 4 and PAH 8 for the adults was 100% higher than 10,000 which indicated low concern for human health while in children, 7.14% was less than 10,000. The source determination indicated fuel combustion and pyrolytic emission sources. This study is the first of its kind in the Rivers Niger Benue confluence in particular and in north central Nigeria in general and can serve as a useful baseline for continuous monitoring of PAHs in the locally produced and consumed vegetables in order to ensure protection of human health in the area.
VL  - 12
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download