Estimation and Comparative Analysis of Atmospheric Refractivity and Fade Depth for Microwave Links in Calabar

Akinloye Bolanle Eunice; Enyenihi Henry Johnson; Ezenugu Isaac A.

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.18

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Estimation and Comparative Analysis of Atmospheric Refractivity and Fade Depth for Microwave Links in Calabar

Akinloye Bolanle Eunice, Enyenihi Henry Johnson, Ezenugu Isaac A.

Published in International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics (Volume 1, Issue 4)

Received: 16 October 2016 Accepted: 28 December 2016 Published: 21 January 2017

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Abstract

Generally, to radio link engineers, determination of fade depth and refractivity of propagation links remains very significant, especially, during radio propagation planning. It gives a good insight into the expected performances of the communication link and serves as bedrock to improve on Quality of Service (QoS). In this paper, three years (2012 to 2014) radiosonde atmospheric parameter data from Nigerian Meteorological Agency was used to determine the point refractivity gradient along with fade depth for Calabar, in Cross River state of Nigeria. In respect of the refractivity gradient for Calabar, the results showed the highest occurrence is in January with refractivity gradient of -33.0018 N units and the lowest refractivity gradient occurred in August with value of -305.2692 N units. Furthermore, the fade depth from the three different International Telecommunication Union (ITU) models; namely, ITU-R P.530-16 model, ITU-R P.530-14 model, and ITU-R P.530-9 model also indicated monthly and seasonal variations, with yearly average values of 139.74576 dB, 129.79196 dB and 154.57691 dB respectively.

Published in	International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics (Volume 1, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.18
Page(s)	82-85
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2017. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Refractivity, Refractive Gradient, Fade Depth, Multipath Fading, Microwave Link

References

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[2]	Chigbu N. N.; Onogu M. I, Ajayi G. O (2004). Characteristics of microwave propagation in vapourised atmosphere. Global journal of mathematics sciences, Vol. 3 (2), 123-136.
[3]	Grabner M, Kvicera V, Pechac P (2011). First and second order statistics of clear-air attenuation on 11GHz terrestrial path.6th European conference on antennas and propagation (EUCAP). IEEE: pp. 2401-2404.
[4]	Valma, E., Tamosiunaite, M., Tamosiunas, S., Tamosiuniene, M., & Zilinskas, M. (2011). Variation of radio refractivity with height above ground. Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika, 111 (5), 23-26.
[5]	Asiyo M. O and Affulo T. J. (2012). Tropospheric propagation mechanisms influencing multipath fading based on local measurements; in proc. of Southen Africa telecommunication networks and applications conference, Fancourt, George, South Africa.
[6]	Seybold J. S. (2005). Introduction to RF propagation. WileyInterscience. John Willey and Sons, Inc.: pp. 116-118.
[7]	Adeyemi, B., & Emmanuel, I. (2011). Monitoring tropospheric radio refractivity over Nigeria Using CM-SAF data derived from NOAA-15, 16 and 18 Satellites. Indian Journal of Radio & Space Physics, 40 (6), 301-310.
[8]	Gao, J., Brewster, K., & Xue, M. (2008). Variation of radio refractivity with respect to moisture and temperature and influence on radar ray path. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 25 (6), 1098-1106.
[9]	Seybold J. S. (2007). Introduction to RF propagation. WileyInterscience. John Willey and Sons, Inc.: pp. 116-118.
[10]	Bean B. R and Dutton E. J. (1966). Radio meteorology. US department of commerce, National Bereau of standard monograph. Dover publication Co. NewYork pp 92-100.
[11]	Adediji T. A, Ajewole. M. O, Ojo O. L and Ojo T. S. (2008). Estimation of clear-air fades depth due to radioclimatological parameters for microwave link applications in akure, Nigeria. International journal of engineering and applied sciences. Vol. 7, no. 3, pp 1-8.
[12]	Agba B. L, Ben-Sik-Ali O, Morin R. and Bergeron G (2011). Recent evolution of ITU method for prediction of multipath fading on terrestrial microwave links. Progress in Electromagnetics Res. Symposium Proc. Marrakesh, Morocco, Mar. 20-23: 1375.
[13]	Ayantunji B. G, and Umeh M. C. (2010). Statistical study of the dependence of tropospheric refractive index on different weather vagaries. AFRICON2013. IEEE2013:133-180.
[14]	Ugwu E. B, Umeh M. C, Ugonabo O. J (2015). Microwave propagation due to earth’s atmosphere at very high frequency (VHF) and ultra high frequency (UHF) bands in Nsukka under clear-air condition. International Journal of Physical sciences. vol 10 (11), pp. 359-363.
[15]	ITU-R P.530-16 (2015). Recommendation ITU-R P.530-16 (07/2015), “Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of terrestrial line of sight systems,” International Telecommunication Union, Geneva, 2015.. Available at: https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/p/R-REC-P.530-16-201507-I!!PDF-E.pdf. Accessed on: 4th March 2016.
[16]	ITU-R P.530-14 (2012). Recommendation ITU-R P.530-14, “Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of terrestrial line of sight systems,” International Telecommunication Union, Geneva, 2012. Available at: https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/p/R-REC-P.530-14-200503-S!!PDF-E.pdf. Accessed on: 4th March 2016.
[17]	ITU-R P.530-9 (2001). Recommendation ITU-R P.530-9, “Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of terrestrial line of sight systems,” International Telecommunication Union, Geneva, 2001. Available at: https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/p/R-REC-P.530-9-200102-S!!PDF-E.pdf. Accessed on: 4th March 2016.

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Akinloye Bolanle Eunice, Enyenihi Henry Johnson, Ezenugu Isaac A. (2017). Estimation and Comparative Analysis of Atmospheric Refractivity and Fade Depth for Microwave Links in Calabar. International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics, 1(4), 82-85. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.18

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ACS Style

Akinloye Bolanle Eunice; Enyenihi Henry Johnson; Ezenugu Isaac A. Estimation and Comparative Analysis of Atmospheric Refractivity and Fade Depth for Microwave Links in Calabar. Int. J. Syst. Sci. Appl. Math. 2017, 1(4), 82-85. doi: 10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.18

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AMA Style

Akinloye Bolanle Eunice, Enyenihi Henry Johnson, Ezenugu Isaac A. Estimation and Comparative Analysis of Atmospheric Refractivity and Fade Depth for Microwave Links in Calabar. Int J Syst Sci Appl Math. 2017;1(4):82-85. doi: 10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.18

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@article{10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.18,
  author = {Akinloye Bolanle Eunice and Enyenihi Henry Johnson and Ezenugu Isaac A.},
  title = {Estimation and Comparative Analysis of Atmospheric Refractivity and Fade Depth for Microwave Links in Calabar},
  journal = {International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics},
  volume = {1},
  number = {4},
  pages = {82-85},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.18},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijssam.20160104.18},
  abstract = {Generally, to radio link engineers, determination of fade depth and refractivity of propagation links remains very significant, especially, during radio propagation planning. It gives a good insight into the expected performances of the communication link and serves as bedrock to improve on Quality of Service (QoS). In this paper, three years (2012 to 2014) radiosonde atmospheric parameter data from Nigerian Meteorological Agency was used to determine the point refractivity gradient along with fade depth for Calabar, in Cross River state of Nigeria. In respect of the refractivity gradient for Calabar, the results showed the highest occurrence is in January with refractivity gradient of -33.0018 N units and the lowest refractivity gradient occurred in August with value of -305.2692 N units. Furthermore, the fade depth from the three different International Telecommunication Union (ITU) models; namely, ITU-R P.530-16 model, ITU-R P.530-14 model, and ITU-R P.530-9 model also indicated monthly and seasonal variations, with yearly average values of 139.74576 dB, 129.79196 dB and 154.57691 dB respectively.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Estimation and Comparative Analysis of Atmospheric Refractivity and Fade Depth for Microwave Links in Calabar
AU  - Akinloye Bolanle Eunice
AU  - Enyenihi Henry Johnson
AU  - Ezenugu Isaac A.
Y1  - 2017/01/21
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.18
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.18
T2  - International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics
JF  - International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics
JO  - International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics
SP  - 82
EP  - 85
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5803
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.18
AB  - Generally, to radio link engineers, determination of fade depth and refractivity of propagation links remains very significant, especially, during radio propagation planning. It gives a good insight into the expected performances of the communication link and serves as bedrock to improve on Quality of Service (QoS). In this paper, three years (2012 to 2014) radiosonde atmospheric parameter data from Nigerian Meteorological Agency was used to determine the point refractivity gradient along with fade depth for Calabar, in Cross River state of Nigeria. In respect of the refractivity gradient for Calabar, the results showed the highest occurrence is in January with refractivity gradient of -33.0018 N units and the lowest refractivity gradient occurred in August with value of -305.2692 N units. Furthermore, the fade depth from the three different International Telecommunication Union (ITU) models; namely, ITU-R P.530-16 model, ITU-R P.530-14 model, and ITU-R P.530-9 model also indicated monthly and seasonal variations, with yearly average values of 139.74576 dB, 129.79196 dB and 154.57691 dB respectively.
VL  - 1
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Akinloye Bolanle Eunice

Department of Electrical/Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria
Enyenihi Henry Johnson

Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Akwa Ibom State University, Mkpat Enin, Nigeria
Ezenugu Isaac A.

Department of Electrical Engineering, Imo State University (IMSU), Owerri, Nigeria

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APA Style

Akinloye Bolanle Eunice, Enyenihi Henry Johnson, Ezenugu Isaac A. (2017). Estimation and Comparative Analysis of Atmospheric Refractivity and Fade Depth for Microwave Links in Calabar. International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics, 1(4), 82-85. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.18

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ACS Style

Akinloye Bolanle Eunice; Enyenihi Henry Johnson; Ezenugu Isaac A. Estimation and Comparative Analysis of Atmospheric Refractivity and Fade Depth for Microwave Links in Calabar. Int. J. Syst. Sci. Appl. Math. 2017, 1(4), 82-85. doi: 10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.18

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AMA Style

Akinloye Bolanle Eunice, Enyenihi Henry Johnson, Ezenugu Isaac A. Estimation and Comparative Analysis of Atmospheric Refractivity and Fade Depth for Microwave Links in Calabar. Int J Syst Sci Appl Math. 2017;1(4):82-85. doi: 10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.18

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.18,
  author = {Akinloye Bolanle Eunice and Enyenihi Henry Johnson and Ezenugu Isaac A.},
  title = {Estimation and Comparative Analysis of Atmospheric Refractivity and Fade Depth for Microwave Links in Calabar},
  journal = {International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics},
  volume = {1},
  number = {4},
  pages = {82-85},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.18},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijssam.20160104.18},
  abstract = {Generally, to radio link engineers, determination of fade depth and refractivity of propagation links remains very significant, especially, during radio propagation planning. It gives a good insight into the expected performances of the communication link and serves as bedrock to improve on Quality of Service (QoS). In this paper, three years (2012 to 2014) radiosonde atmospheric parameter data from Nigerian Meteorological Agency was used to determine the point refractivity gradient along with fade depth for Calabar, in Cross River state of Nigeria. In respect of the refractivity gradient for Calabar, the results showed the highest occurrence is in January with refractivity gradient of -33.0018 N units and the lowest refractivity gradient occurred in August with value of -305.2692 N units. Furthermore, the fade depth from the three different International Telecommunication Union (ITU) models; namely, ITU-R P.530-16 model, ITU-R P.530-14 model, and ITU-R P.530-9 model also indicated monthly and seasonal variations, with yearly average values of 139.74576 dB, 129.79196 dB and 154.57691 dB respectively.},
 year = {2017}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Estimation and Comparative Analysis of Atmospheric Refractivity and Fade Depth for Microwave Links in Calabar
AU  - Akinloye Bolanle Eunice
AU  - Enyenihi Henry Johnson
AU  - Ezenugu Isaac A.
Y1  - 2017/01/21
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.18
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.18
T2  - International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics
JF  - International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics
JO  - International Journal of Systems Science and Applied Mathematics
SP  - 82
EP  - 85
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5803
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijssam.20160104.18
AB  - Generally, to radio link engineers, determination of fade depth and refractivity of propagation links remains very significant, especially, during radio propagation planning. It gives a good insight into the expected performances of the communication link and serves as bedrock to improve on Quality of Service (QoS). In this paper, three years (2012 to 2014) radiosonde atmospheric parameter data from Nigerian Meteorological Agency was used to determine the point refractivity gradient along with fade depth for Calabar, in Cross River state of Nigeria. In respect of the refractivity gradient for Calabar, the results showed the highest occurrence is in January with refractivity gradient of -33.0018 N units and the lowest refractivity gradient occurred in August with value of -305.2692 N units. Furthermore, the fade depth from the three different International Telecommunication Union (ITU) models; namely, ITU-R P.530-16 model, ITU-R P.530-14 model, and ITU-R P.530-9 model also indicated monthly and seasonal variations, with yearly average values of 139.74576 dB, 129.79196 dB and 154.57691 dB respectively.
VL  - 1
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download