In 2019 three transformative free trade agreements (FTAs) between Chile-Canada, Chile-Argentina and Canada-Israel were updated, including with them for the first time, individual chapters exclusively dedicated to gender. Due to the fact that these gender chapters are at most two years old, there has been little to no academic literature on their effectiveness and impact on gender equality. This paper aims to highlight possible successes and failures of the gender chapters through a review of human rights and labor chapters as examples of best practices that would demonstrate elements necessary to establish an effective gender chapter that would successfully tilt the scales towards gender equality. The research conducted highlighted potential areas of weakness in the gender chapters in terms of lack of specific indicators, lack of specific country analyses of the respective gender equality conditions and industries predominantly employing women in each country, and lack of effective monitoring and evaluation (M&E) mechanisms and subsequent dispute resolution mechanisms. Overall, if policy makers and trade negotiators wish to create effective gender chapters in future agreements, or in subsequent amendments to the 2019 gender chapters, there must be specific attention to the gender sensitivity of trade and the identified areas of weakness.
| Published in | International and Public Affairs (Volume 5, Issue 2) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ipa.20210502.15 |
| Page(s) | 75-91 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group |
International Law, International Trade, Development, Gender, Equality, Parity, Small Medium Enterprises, Free Trade Agreements
| [1] | Isabel Coche, Barbara Kotschwar, Jose Manuel Salazar-Xirinachs, Gender Issues in Trade Policy-Making, OAS Trade Series, Department of Trade, Tourism and Competitiveness Executive Secretariat for Integral Development (SEDI), June 2006. |
| [2] | Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), Article 1, Dec. 18, 1979c 1249 U. N. T. S 13 [hereinafter CEDAW]. |
| [3] | Padideh Ala’l and Renata Vargas Amaral, The Importance (and Complexity) of Mainstreaming Gender in Trade Agreements, CIGI (Oct. 10, 2019) https://www.cigionline.org/articles/importance-and-complexity-mainstreaming-gender-trade-agreements. |
| [4] | UN Women Watch, Resource Paper: Gender Equality & Trade Policy, 3 (2011). |
| [5] | Brad McDonald, International Trade: Commerce among Nations, International Monetary Fund (Feb. 24, 2020) https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/trade.htm. |
| [6] | World Trade Organization, Gender Aware Trade Policy: A Springboard for Women’s Economic Empowerment, 6 (2017). |
| [7] | United Kingdom Parliament, Trade and Gender (Nov. 28, 2018), https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmintrade/667/66708.htm. |
| [8] | UN Women, Gender Equality & Trade Policy, https://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/trade/Effects-of-Trade-on-Gender-Equality-in-Labour-Markets-and-Small-scale-Enterprises.html#20. |
| [9] | Suzanne Zakaria, Fair Trade for Women, at Last: Using a Sanctions Framework To Enforce Gender Equality Rights in Multilateral Trade Agreements, 20 (1) Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law 244, 246 (2018). |
| [10] | The World Bank, Brief: Trade and Gender, (Mar. 8, 2019) https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/trade/brief/trade-and-gender. |
| [11] | Gurushri Swamy, International Trade and Women, Economic and Political Weekly 39 (45) 4885-4889, 4885 (Nov. 6–12, 2005). |
| [12] | Suzanne Zakaria, Fair Trade for Women, at Last: Using a Sanctions Framework To Enforce Gender Equality Rights in Multilateral Trade Agreements, 20 (1) Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law 244, 246 (2018) at 245. |
| [13] | International Labor Organization, World Employment Social Outlook: Trends for Women 2018 Global Snapshot 6 (2018). |
| [14] | Camila Arza, The Gender Dimensions of Pension Systems: Policies and Constraints for the Protection of Older Women, UN Women, Discussion Paper No. 1, 2 (July 2015). |
| [15] | United Nations Women, Facts and Figures: Economic Empowerment (July 2018) https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/economic-empowerment/facts-and-figures. |
| [16] | World Trade Organization, Gender Aware Trade Policy: A Springboard for Women’s Economic Empowerment, 5 (2017). |
| [17] | SOFA Team and Cheryl Doss, Working Paper on The Role of Women in Agriculture, FAO No. 11-02, at 3 (2011). |
| [18] | Constance Z. Wagner, Looking at Regional Trade Agreements through the Lens of Gender, 31 St. Louis U. Pub. L. Rev. 497, 514 (2012). |
| [19] | Constance Z. Wagner, Looking at Regional Trade Agreements through the Lens of Gender, 31 St. Louis U. Pub. L. Rev. 497, 521 (2012). |
| [20] | Constance Z. Wagner, Looking at Regional Trade Agreements through the Lens of Gender, 31 St. Louis U. Pub. L. Rev. 497, 496 (2012). |
| [21] | Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Preamble, Apr. 15, 1994, 1867 [hereinafter Marrakesh Agreement]. |
| [22] | Christian Gonzales, Sonali Jain-Chandra, Kalpana Kochhar and Monique Newiak, Fair Play: More Equal Laws Boost Female Labor Force Participation, IMF Staff Discussion Note, SDN/15/12, 27 (Feb. 2015). |
| [23] | Simonetta, International Trade is at Risk of Leaving Women Behind, UNCTAD (Apr. 10, 2018) https://unctad.org/en/pages/newsdetails.aspx?OriginalVersionID=1741. |
| [24] | Jonathan Woetzel, Anu Madgavkar, Kweilin Ellingrud, Eric Labaye, Sandrine Devillard, Eric Kutcher, James Manyika, Richard Dobbs, and Mekala Krishnan, The Power of Parity: How Advancing Women’s Equality Can Add $12 Trillion to Global Growth, McKinsey Global Institute, 1 (Sep. 2015). |
| [25] | World Trade Organization, Women and Trade: Sustainable Development Goal on Gender Equality https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/gendersdg_e.htm. |
| [26] | Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G. A. Res. 217 (III) A, U. N. Doc. A/RES/217 (III) (Dec. 10, 1948) [hereinafter UDHR]. |
| [27] | Article 2, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G. A. Res. 217 (III) A, U. N. Doc. A/RES/217 (III) (Dec. 10, 1948) [hereinafter UDHR]. |
| [28] | European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 213 UNTS 222 (Sep. 3, 1953) [hereinafter ECHR]. |
| [29] | Article 1, European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 213 UNTS 222 (Sep. 3, 1953) [hereinafter ECHR]. |
| [30] | Josephine A. Odera and Judy Mulusa, SDGs, Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment: What Prospective for Delivery, 2 (November 2019). |
| [31] | Treaty of Rome: Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community, 25. |
| [32] | Treaty Establishing the Economic Community of Central African States, 18 October 1983 [herein after EECAS]. |
| [33] | Article 60 (2) (b), Treaty Establishing the Economic Community of Central African States, 18 October 1983 [herein after EECAS]. |
| [34] | Maastricht Treaty, TEU or Union Treaty: Treaty on European Union, 7 February 1992, 1992 O. J. (C191) 1, 31 I. L. M. 253 [Hereinafter TEU]. |
| [35] | Article 6, Maastricht Treaty, TEU or Union Treaty: Treaty on European Union, 7 February 1992, 1992 O. J. (C191) 1, 31 I. L. M. 253 [Hereinafter TEU]. |
| [36] | North American Free Trade Agreement, Can.-Mex.-U.S., Dec. 17, 1992, 32 I. L. M. 289 [hereinafter NAFTA]. |
| [37] | Article 49 (g), North American Free Trade Agreement, Can.-Mex.-U.S., Dec. 17, 1992, 32 I. L. M. 289 [hereinafter NAFTA]. |
| [38] | Jose-Antonio Monteiro, Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreement, World Trade Organization, Economic Research and Statistics Division, 4 (Dec. 2018). |
| [39] | Damian Raess and Dora Sari, Labor Provisions in Trade Agreements (LABPTA): Introducing a New Dataset, Global Policy 9, 451-466 (2018). |
| [40] | Jose-Antonio Monteiro, Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreement, World Trade Organization, Economic Research and Statistics Division, 5 (Dec. 2018). |
| [41] | Maria Panezi, The Case for Developing a Model Chapter on Gender and Trade, CIGI, (Apr. 5, 2018) https://www.66online.org/articles/case-developing-model-chapter-gender-and-trade. |
| [42] | Sama Al Mutair, Dora Konomi and Lisa, Page, Trade and Gender, Trade Lab: University of Ottawa and Queen’s University Clinic, 10 (May 17, 2018). |
| [43] | Amrita Bahn, Measure the Gender Responsiveness of Free Trade Agreements: Using a Self-Evaluation Framework, 14 (11) Global Trade and Customs Journal, 517 – 527, 518 (Dec. 1, 2019). |
| [44] | Simonetta Zarilli, The Gender Chapters in Trade Agreements: A True Revolution? ICTSD (Nov. 14, 2017). |
| [45] | United Nations Human Rights, A Guide to Measurement and Implementation, United Nations Human Rights, 16 (2012). |
| [46] | United Nations, 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, Goal 5 (2015). |
| [47] | Marie Hyland, Simeon Djankov, and Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg, Gendered Laws and Women in the Work Force, Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2 (May 2020). |
| [48] | Jose-Antonio Monteiro, Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreement, World Trade Organization, Economic Research and Statistics Division, 3 (Dec. 2018). |
| [49] | Jonathan Woetzel, Anu Madgavkar, Kweilin Ellingrud, Eric Labaye, Sandrine Devillard, Eric Kutcher, James Manyika, Richard Dobbs, and Mekala Krishnan, The Power of Parity: How Advancing Women’s Equality Can Add $12 Trillion to Global Growth, McKinsey Global Institute, 9 (Sep. 2015). 9. |
| [50] | Suzanne Zakaria, Fair Trade for Women, at Last: Using a Sanctions Framework To Enforce Gender Equality Rights in Multilateral Trade Agreements, 20 (1) Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law 244, 258 (2018). |
| [51] | Senegal Family Code, Article 153, January 17, 1989. Original French Text: “Le choix de la résidence du ménage appartient au mari; la femme est tenue d’y habiter avec lui et il est tenu de l’y recevoir”. |
| [52] | Marie Hyland, Simeon Djankov, and Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg, Gendered Laws and Women in the Work Force, Peterson Institute for International Economics, 3 (May 2020). |
| [53] | Kenya, Employment Act, Chapter 226, Section 5 (3), 2007. |
| [54] | Mali, Law No. 2011-087, Relating to the Code of Persons and Code, Article 316, December 30, 2011. |
| [55] | Kingdom of Jordan, Civil Status Code, Article 58, 2001. |
| [56] | [Marie Hyland, Simeon Djankov, and Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg, Gendered Laws and Women in the Work Force, Peterson Institute for International Economics, 4 (May 2020). |
| [57] | Women, Business and the Law, A Decade of Reform, World Bank Group 11 (2019). |
| [58] | [Marie Hyland, Simeon Djankov, and Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg, Gendered Laws and Women in the Work Force, Peterson Institute for International Economics, 5 (May 2020). |
| [59] | Camila Arza, The Gender Dimensions of Pension Systems: Policies and Constraints for the Protection of Older Women, UN Women, Discussion Paper No. 1, 8 (July 2015). |
| [60] | Ole Hagen Jorgensen, Romero Rocha and Anna Fruttero, Growign Old in an Older Brazil: Implications of Population Ageing on Growth, Poverty, Public Finance, and Service Delivery, The World Bank, 76 (2011). |
| [61] | United Nations SDG Goals, SDG Indicators, A/RES/71/313, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/Global%20Indicator%20Framework%20after%202020%20review_Eng.pdf. |
| [62] | United Nations, 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, Goal 5, Target 1. b (2015). |
| [63] | United Nations, 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, Goal 5, Target 4.5 (2015). |
| [64] | United Nations, 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, Goal 5, Target 4.7 (2015). |
| [65] | Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights, Human Rights Impact Assessments for Trade and Investment Agreements, Report of the Expert Seminar, 11 (Jun. 23-24, 2010). |
| [66] | Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights, Human Rights Impact Assessments for Trade and Investment Agreements, Report of the Expert Seminar, 12 (Jun. 23-24, 2010). |
| [67] | [Constance Z. Wagner, Looking at Regional Trade Agreements through the Lens of Gender, 31 St. Louis U. Pub. L. Rev. 497, 508 (2012). |
| [68] | Meredith Kolsky Lewis, Human Rights Provisions in Free Trade Agreements: Do the Ends Justify the Means, 12 (1) Loyola University Chicago International Law Review, 1–22, 9 (2014). |
| [69] | [Meredith Kolsky Lewis, Human Rights Provisions in Free Trade Agreements: Do the Ends Justify the Means, 12 (1) Loyola University Chicago International Law Review, 1–22, 10 (2014). |
| [70] | Mariama Williams, Gender and Trade: Impacts and Implications for Financial Resources for Gender Equality, OECD 2 (May 2007). |
| [71] | UN Women Watch, Resource Paper: Gender Equality & Trade Policy, 4 (2011). |
| [72] | Trade Act of 2002, H. R. 3009 107th Congress (2001-2002), Sec. 2104, June 8, 2002. |
| [73] | [Constance Z. Wagner, Looking at Regional Trade Agreements through the Lens of Gender, 31 St. Louis U. Pub. L. Rev. 497, 518 (2012). |
| [74] | UN Women Watch, Gender Equality & Trade Policy, VI. Trade, Agriculture, Food Security and Gender Equality https://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/trade/Trade-Agriculture-Food-Security-and-Gender-Equality.html. |
| [75] | Constance Z. Wagner, Looking at Regional Trade Agreements through the Lens of Gender, 31 St. Louis U. Pub. L. Rev. 497, 517 (2012). |
| [76] | DR-CAFTA Falls Short on Workers’ Rights, Human Rights Watch (Jul. 26, 2005) https://www.hrw.org/news/2005/07/26/dr-cafta-falls-short-workers-rights. |
| [77] | United Nations, 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, Goal 2 (2015). |
| [78] | [United Nations, 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, Goal 2, Target 2. 3 (2015). |
| [79] | Dorotea Lopez, Felope Munoz & Javiera Caceres, Working Paper: Gender Inclusion in Chilean Free Trade Agreements, udp Facultad de Economia y Empresa, 7 (May 2019). |
| [80] | Gretchen Borchlet, The Impact Poverty Has on Women’s Health, 43 (3) Human Rights Magazine (Aug. 1 2018). |
| [81] | United Nations, 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, Goal 3 (2015). |
| [82] | [United Nations, 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, Goal 3, Target 3.7 (2015). |
| [83] | Kaori Miyamoto and Marianne Musumeci, Strengthening the Gender Dimension of Aid for Trade, OECD, 6 (2020). |
| [84] | James Harrison, Human Rights Impact Assessments of Free Trade Agreements: What is the State of the Art? Warwick University, 6 (November 2013). |
| [85] | UN Women, Communications Procedure, https://www.unwomen.org/en/csw/communications-procedure. |
| [86] | Central American-Dominican Republic-United States Free Trade Agreement, arts. 10.8.1–3, 43 ILM 514 Aug. 5, 2004 [hereinafter CAFTA-DR]. |
| [87] | Dr. Phillip Paiement, Leveraging Trade Agreements for Labor Law Enforcement: Drawing Lessons from the US-Guatemala CAFTA Dispute, 49 GJIL, 675–692, 684 (2018). |
| [88] | Article 16.2: 1 (a), Central American-Dominican Republic-United States Free Trade Agreement, arts. 10.8.1–3, 43 ILM 514 Aug. 5, 2004 [hereinafter CAFTA-DR]. |
| [89] | In re Guatemala – Issues Relating to the Obligations (U.S. v. Guatemala), Final Report, CAFTA-DR Arb. Panel (June 14, 2017) [hereinafter U.S. v. Guatemala], para 219. |
| [90] | Dr. Phillip Paiement, Leveraging Trade Agreements for Labor Law Enforcement: Drawing Lessons from the US-Guatemala CAFTA Dispute, 49 GJIL, 675–692, 692 (2018). |
| [91] | USTR, CAFTA-DR Labor Capacity Building Fact Sheet (May 2011) https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/fact-sheets/2011/may/cafta-dr-labor-capacity-building. |
| [92] | How Labor Issues Are Complicating the Latest Wave of Free Trade Pacts, Knowledge @ Wharton, University of Pennsylvania (July 2014) https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/labor-issues-complicating-latest-wave-free-trade-pacts/. |
| [93] | Katie Simpson, Updated Canada-Israel trade agreement to give gender rules ‘teeth’, CBC News, (May 2018) https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-israel-free-trade-agreement-gender-1.4680309. |
| [94] | Suzanne Zakaria, Fair Trade for Women, at Last: Using a Sanctions Framework To Enforce Gender Equality Rights in Multilateral Trade Agreements, 20 (1) Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law 244, 259 (2018). |
| [95] | Ewelina U. Ochab, How Targeted Sanctions Can Provide a Response to the Most Egregious Human Rights Violators, Forbes (Mar. 6, 2020) https://www.forbes.com/sites/ewelinaochab/2020/03/06/how-targeted-sanctions-can-provide-a-response-to-the-most-egregious-human-rights-violations/#266542423c42. |
| [96] | Human Rights Watch, The US Global Magnitsky Act, (Sep. 13, 2017) https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/13/us-global-magnitsky-act. |
| [97] | Free Trade Agreement, Chile-Uruguay, Oct. 4, 2016. |
| [98] | Free Trade Agreement, Canada-Chile, Appendix II - Chapter N-bis, Feb. 5, 2019. |
| [99] | Free Trade Agreement, Chile-Argentina, May 2, 2019. |
| [100] | Foreign Trade Information System, Trade Policy Developments: Argentina - Chile Trade Agreement, http://www.sice.oas.org/TPD/ARG_CHL/ARG_CHL_e.ASP. |
| [101] | Preamble, Free Trade Agreement, Chile-Argentina, May 2, 2019. |
| [102] | Chapter 15, Free Trade Agreement, Chile-Argentina, May 2, 2019. |
| [103] | Government of Canada, Canada-Israel Free Trade Agreement, (May 28, 2018) https://international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/israel/fta-ale/index.aspx?lang=eng. |
| [104] | Alicia Frohmann, An Opportunity for a Gender Equality Focus in Trade Policy?, ICTSD, (Nov. 16, 2018) https://www.ictsd.org/opinion/an-opportunity-for-a-gender-equality-focus-in-trade-policy. |
| [105] | Jean Galbraith and Beatrix Lu, Gender-Identity Protection, Trade and the Trump Administration: a Tale of Reluctant Progressivism, Yale Journal of Law Reform 129, 44-63, 48 (Oct. 7, 2019). |
| [106] | U.S., Mexico, Canada Agreement, Article 23, Nov. 30, 2018 [hereinafter USMCA]. |
| [107] | Jean Galbraith and Beatrix Lu, Gender-Identity Protection, Trade and the Trump Administration: a Tale of Reluctant Progressivism, Yale Journal of Law Reform 129, 44-63, 50 (Oct. 7, 2019). |
| [108] | Raj Bhala & Cody N. Wood, Two Dimensional Hard-Soft Law Theory and the Advancement of Women's and LGBTQ Rights through Free Trade Agreements, 47 Ga. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 302, 302 (2019). |
| [109] | Valerie Hughes, Gender Chapters in Trade Agreements: Nice Rhetoric or Sound Policy? Mainstreaming Gender in Trade Agreements (October 2019) https://www.cigionline.org/articles/gender-chapters-trade-agreements-nice-rhetoric-or-sound-policy. |
| [110] | UNCTAD, The New Way of Addressing Gender Equality Issues in Trade Agreements: is it a true revolution? No. 53 Policy Brief, 4 (Oct. 2017). |
| [111] | Jean Galbraith and Beatrix Lu, Gender-Identity Protection, Trade and the Trump Administration: a Tale of Reluctant Progressivism, Yale Journal of Law Reform 129, 44-63, 49 (Oct. 7, 2019). |
| [112] | Article N-bis-01, Free Trade Agreement, Canada-Chile, Appendix II - Chapter N-bis, Feb. 5, 2019. |
| [113] | Government of Canada, First Trade and Gender Committee meeting under the Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement (CCFTA) Trade and Gender Chapter, https://www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/chile-chili/meeting-26-04-2019-reunion.aspx?lang=eng. |
| [114] | Center for Reproductive Rights, Uruguay becomes the Third Nation in Latin American in Decriminalize Abortion, (October 2012) https://reproductiverights.org/press-room/uruguay-becomes-the-third-nation-in-latin-america-to-decriminalize-abortion. |
| [115] | Uki Goni, Argentina set to become first major Latin American country to legalise abortion, The Guardian, (March 2020) https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/01/argentina-set-to-become-first-major-latin-american-country-to-legalise-abortion. |
| [116] | Jose Miguel Vivanco, A Backward Step for Reproductive Rights in Chile, Human Rights Watch (Apr. 2018) https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/04/16/backward-step-reproductive-rights-chile. |
| [117] | Alvaro Santos, The lessons of TPP and the Future of Labor Chapters in Trade Agreements, Institute for International Law and Justice, 2, 15 (Mar. 2018). |
| [118] | Constitucion Politica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, CP, Diario Oficial de la Federacion (DOF) 50-02-1917, Title VI, ultimas reformas DOF 10-02-2014 (Mex.) [hereinafter Mexican Constitution]. |
| [119] | John P. Isa, Testing the NAALC’s Dispute Resolution System: A Case Study, 7 AM. U. J. Gender Soc. Pol. & L, 179, 187 (1998). |
| [120] | Free Trade Agreement, Canada-Israel, (May 27, 2019). |
| [121] | Joana Smith, U.S. Unlikely to Accept NAFTA Gender Chapter with Teeth: Trade Experts, CBC News (Sep. 23, 2017) https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/nafta-gender-chapter-experts-1.4304197. |
| [122] | Katie Simpson, Updated Canada-Israel trade agreement to give gender rules ‘teeth’, Bilaterals.org (May 2018) https://www.bilaterals.org/?updated-canada-israel-trade. |
| [123] | Article 19.2, Free Trade Agreement, Canada-Israel, (May 27, 2019. |
| [124] | Article 19.11, Free Trade Agreement, Canada-Israel, (May 27, 2019. |
| [125] | Article 19.13, Free Trade Agreement, Canada-Israel, (May 27, 2019. |
| [126] | Raj Bhala & Cody N. Wood, Two Dimensional Hard-Soft Law Theory and the Advancement of Women's and LGBTQ Rights through Free Trade Agreements, 47 Ga. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 302, 305 (2019). |
| [127] | Judith Warner, Nora Ellman, Diana Boesch, The Women’s Leadership Gap, Center for American Progress (November 2018) https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/reports/2018/11/20/461273/womens-leadership-gap-2/. |
APA Style
Maya Sophie Cohen. (2021). The Pink Trojan Horse: Inserting Gender Issues into Free Trade Agreements. International and Public Affairs, 5(2), 75-91. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ipa.20210502.15
ACS Style
Maya Sophie Cohen. The Pink Trojan Horse: Inserting Gender Issues into Free Trade Agreements. Int. Public Aff. 2021, 5(2), 75-91. doi: 10.11648/j.ipa.20210502.15
AMA Style
Maya Sophie Cohen. The Pink Trojan Horse: Inserting Gender Issues into Free Trade Agreements. Int Public Aff. 2021;5(2):75-91. doi: 10.11648/j.ipa.20210502.15
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ipa.20210502.15,
author = {Maya Sophie Cohen},
title = {The Pink Trojan Horse: Inserting Gender Issues into Free Trade Agreements},
journal = {International and Public Affairs},
volume = {5},
number = {2},
pages = {75-91},
doi = {10.11648/j.ipa.20210502.15},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ipa.20210502.15},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ipa.20210502.15},
abstract = {In 2019 three transformative free trade agreements (FTAs) between Chile-Canada, Chile-Argentina and Canada-Israel were updated, including with them for the first time, individual chapters exclusively dedicated to gender. Due to the fact that these gender chapters are at most two years old, there has been little to no academic literature on their effectiveness and impact on gender equality. This paper aims to highlight possible successes and failures of the gender chapters through a review of human rights and labor chapters as examples of best practices that would demonstrate elements necessary to establish an effective gender chapter that would successfully tilt the scales towards gender equality. The research conducted highlighted potential areas of weakness in the gender chapters in terms of lack of specific indicators, lack of specific country analyses of the respective gender equality conditions and industries predominantly employing women in each country, and lack of effective monitoring and evaluation (M&E) mechanisms and subsequent dispute resolution mechanisms. Overall, if policy makers and trade negotiators wish to create effective gender chapters in future agreements, or in subsequent amendments to the 2019 gender chapters, there must be specific attention to the gender sensitivity of trade and the identified areas of weakness.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - The Pink Trojan Horse: Inserting Gender Issues into Free Trade Agreements AU - Maya Sophie Cohen Y1 - 2021/12/03 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ipa.20210502.15 DO - 10.11648/j.ipa.20210502.15 T2 - International and Public Affairs JF - International and Public Affairs JO - International and Public Affairs SP - 75 EP - 91 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2640-4192 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ipa.20210502.15 AB - In 2019 three transformative free trade agreements (FTAs) between Chile-Canada, Chile-Argentina and Canada-Israel were updated, including with them for the first time, individual chapters exclusively dedicated to gender. Due to the fact that these gender chapters are at most two years old, there has been little to no academic literature on their effectiveness and impact on gender equality. This paper aims to highlight possible successes and failures of the gender chapters through a review of human rights and labor chapters as examples of best practices that would demonstrate elements necessary to establish an effective gender chapter that would successfully tilt the scales towards gender equality. The research conducted highlighted potential areas of weakness in the gender chapters in terms of lack of specific indicators, lack of specific country analyses of the respective gender equality conditions and industries predominantly employing women in each country, and lack of effective monitoring and evaluation (M&E) mechanisms and subsequent dispute resolution mechanisms. Overall, if policy makers and trade negotiators wish to create effective gender chapters in future agreements, or in subsequent amendments to the 2019 gender chapters, there must be specific attention to the gender sensitivity of trade and the identified areas of weakness. VL - 5 IS - 2 ER -
Information
Email: