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A Critical Analysis of the Impact of the Presidential Amnesty Programme on the Unrest in the Niger Delta Region

Received: 29 January 2022     Accepted: 21 February 2022     Published: 31 May 2022
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Abstract

There is no gainsaying that the Niger Delta region has been a theatre of conflicts since the discovery of petroleum resources in commercial quantities in the area. It has been an unbroken chain of layers of conflicts. What took place in the region at the discovery of oil was akin to the scramble for Africa by European powers. Like in the scramble for Africa, the emphasis was on the control of resources. The control of resources has always been at the center of imperialism and its attendant conflicts. Ontologically, resources are scarce and will always be scarce. It is an existential fact that the scarcity of resources always induces conflicts. But needs are infinite. Oil is a universally daily needed natural resource. As important as it is, it is not evenly globally distributed. The abundance of oil deposits in the Niger Delta ipso facto makes it a center of multinational economic interest. Naturally, the hawks, economic predators of all shades and hues did swoop in on the region. In the multinational quest for the control of the petroleum resources in the Niger Delta region, different theories of ownership were advanced. The refusal to be bystanders in the control of the oil resources domiciled in their region and the pains caused by the environmental degradation occasioned by oil exploration and exploitation led to series of confrontations that have culminated in a protracted unrest in the Niger Delta region. The introduction of the amnesty program to the region proved to be a game changer. This work critiques the impacts of the presidential amnesty program on the unrest.

Published in International and Public Affairs (Volume 6, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.ipa.20220601.12
Page(s) 8-12
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Niger, Delta, Oil, Insurgency, Amnesty, Nigeria, Exploitation

References
[1] Jegede, O & Idiaru, W (2020). Nigeria: Legal Framework And Requirements For Oil And Gas Investment In Nigeria. https://www.mondaq.com/nigeria/oil-gas-electricity/998566/legal-framework-and-requirements-for-oil-and-gas-investment-in-nigeria
[2] Ajibola, I. O. (2015). Nigeria’s Amnesty Program: The Role of Empowerment in Achieving Peace and Development in Post-Conflict Niger Delta. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015589996
[3] Cusick, M & Sisk, A. (2018). Millions Own Gas And Oil Under Their Land. Here's Why Only Some Strike It Rich. https://www.npr.org/2018/03/15/592890524/millions-own-gas-and-oil-under-their-land-heres-why-only-some-strike-it-rich
[4] Gentle, N. (2015). Federal Oil and Gas Royalty and Revenue Reform. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/reports/2015/06/19/115580/federal-oil-and-gas-royalty-and-revenue-reform/
[5] Kaniye S. A & Ebeku. (2002). Oil and the Niger Delta People: The Injustice of the Land Use Act. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43239024
[6] Ogbogbo, C. B. (2005). Towards understanding the Niger Delta question: A review of Osadolor’s the Niger Delta question: Background to constitutional reform. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857133
[7] Edevbie, D. (2000). The Politics of 13 Percent Derivation Principle. http://www.waado.org/environment/fedgovt_nigerdelta/RevenueAllocation/13PercentAllocation.htm
[8] Uche, C & Uche, O. (2004). Oil and the Politics of Revenue Allocation in Nigeria. https://www.ascleiden.nl/pdf/workingpaper54.pdf
[9] Aigbogu, F. (1995). It took five tries to hang Saro-Wiwa. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/it-took-five-tries-to-hang-saro-wiwa-1581703.html
[10] Adebayo, T. (2016, November 4). Premium Times. “Why we renewed attacks on oil facilities”
[11] Ajibola; A. O. (2015). Nigeria’s Amnesty Program: The Role of Empowerment in Achieving Peace and Development in Post-Conflict Niger Delta. DOI: 10.1177/215824401558999
[12] Kuku, K. (2012). Remaking the Niger Delta: Challenges and opportunities. Surrey, UK: Mandingo Publishing.
[13] Ogbogbo, C. (2005). The Niger Delta peoples and the resource control conflict, 1960-1995: An assessment of conflict handling styles. Perspectives on Peace and Conflict in Africa: Essays in Honor of General (Dr.) Abdulsalami A. Abubakar, 169-180.
[14] Clowes, W. (2020, Feb. 2). Bloomberg. “Ex-Nigerian Militant Boyloaf Says Oil Amnesty Is Price of Peace”. https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/ex-nigerian-militant-boyloaf-says-oil-amnesty-is-price-of-peace-1.1383661
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Socrates Ebo, Yimini Shadrack George. (2022). A Critical Analysis of the Impact of the Presidential Amnesty Programme on the Unrest in the Niger Delta Region. International and Public Affairs, 6(1), 8-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ipa.20220601.12

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    ACS Style

    Socrates Ebo; Yimini Shadrack George. A Critical Analysis of the Impact of the Presidential Amnesty Programme on the Unrest in the Niger Delta Region. Int. Public Aff. 2022, 6(1), 8-12. doi: 10.11648/j.ipa.20220601.12

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    AMA Style

    Socrates Ebo, Yimini Shadrack George. A Critical Analysis of the Impact of the Presidential Amnesty Programme on the Unrest in the Niger Delta Region. Int Public Aff. 2022;6(1):8-12. doi: 10.11648/j.ipa.20220601.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ipa.20220601.12,
      author = {Socrates Ebo and Yimini Shadrack George},
      title = {A Critical Analysis of the Impact of the Presidential Amnesty Programme on the Unrest in the Niger Delta Region},
      journal = {International and Public Affairs},
      volume = {6},
      number = {1},
      pages = {8-12},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ipa.20220601.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ipa.20220601.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ipa.20220601.12},
      abstract = {There is no gainsaying that the Niger Delta region has been a theatre of conflicts since the discovery of petroleum resources in commercial quantities in the area. It has been an unbroken chain of layers of conflicts. What took place in the region at the discovery of oil was akin to the scramble for Africa by European powers. Like in the scramble for Africa, the emphasis was on the control of resources. The control of resources has always been at the center of imperialism and its attendant conflicts. Ontologically, resources are scarce and will always be scarce. It is an existential fact that the scarcity of resources always induces conflicts. But needs are infinite. Oil is a universally daily needed natural resource. As important as it is, it is not evenly globally distributed. The abundance of oil deposits in the Niger Delta ipso facto makes it a center of multinational economic interest. Naturally, the hawks, economic predators of all shades and hues did swoop in on the region. In the multinational quest for the control of the petroleum resources in the Niger Delta region, different theories of ownership were advanced. The refusal to be bystanders in the control of the oil resources domiciled in their region and the pains caused by the environmental degradation occasioned by oil exploration and exploitation led to series of confrontations that have culminated in a protracted unrest in the Niger Delta region. The introduction of the amnesty program to the region proved to be a game changer. This work critiques the impacts of the presidential amnesty program on the unrest.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

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    AB  - There is no gainsaying that the Niger Delta region has been a theatre of conflicts since the discovery of petroleum resources in commercial quantities in the area. It has been an unbroken chain of layers of conflicts. What took place in the region at the discovery of oil was akin to the scramble for Africa by European powers. Like in the scramble for Africa, the emphasis was on the control of resources. The control of resources has always been at the center of imperialism and its attendant conflicts. Ontologically, resources are scarce and will always be scarce. It is an existential fact that the scarcity of resources always induces conflicts. But needs are infinite. Oil is a universally daily needed natural resource. As important as it is, it is not evenly globally distributed. The abundance of oil deposits in the Niger Delta ipso facto makes it a center of multinational economic interest. Naturally, the hawks, economic predators of all shades and hues did swoop in on the region. In the multinational quest for the control of the petroleum resources in the Niger Delta region, different theories of ownership were advanced. The refusal to be bystanders in the control of the oil resources domiciled in their region and the pains caused by the environmental degradation occasioned by oil exploration and exploitation led to series of confrontations that have culminated in a protracted unrest in the Niger Delta region. The introduction of the amnesty program to the region proved to be a game changer. This work critiques the impacts of the presidential amnesty program on the unrest.
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Author Information
  • Centre for Continuing Education, Federal University Otuoke, Bayelsa, Nigeria

  • Philosophy Unit, Directorate of General Studies, University of Africa Toru-Orua, Bayelsa, Nigeria

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