Cardiovascular Diseases and the Common Risk Factors Presented by Patients at Kitwe Teaching Hospital

Mwanza Josphat; Sichilima Matafwali Alfred

doi:doi:10.11648/j.rs.20190401.11

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Cardiovascular Diseases and the Common Risk Factors Presented by Patients at Kitwe Teaching Hospital

Mwanza Josphat, Sichilima Matafwali Alfred

Published in Rehabilitation Science (Volume 4, Issue 1)

Received: 23 October 2018 Accepted: 7 May 2019 Published: 5 June 2019

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Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, such as cardiac disease, vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial diseases. CVDs are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Zambia. A case-control study was conducted among 74 patients suffering from cardiovascular disease (CVD) at Kitwe Teaching Hospital (KTH) and 74 controls (patients without CVD). All participants completed a questionnaire regarding socio-demographics, risk factors of CVD and Knowledge based questions of CVD. Chi-square test was used to determine significant associations and a result yielding a p value of less than 5% was considered statistically significant. Independent factors associated with development of CVD were established using a Binary Logistic Regression. Unadjusted odds ratio (OR) and Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. The independent risk factors which were significantly associated with the development of CVD were hypertension (OR 59.143, 95% CI 20.122-173.833; AOR 97.289, 95% CI 24.479 -386.662), diabetes mellitus (OR 3.725, 95% CI 1.722 – 8.057; AOR 6.033, 95% CI 1.630 -22.332), family history (OR 2.504, 95% CI 1.242-5.050; AOR 0.862, 95% CI 0.244 -3.041), smoking (OR 1.587, 95% CI 0.731-3.448; AOR 0.746, 95% CI 0.164 -3.403), alcohol consumption (OR 1.387, 95% CI 0.725 -2.654; AOR 3.392, 95% CI 0.833 – 13.823), high blood cholesterol (OR 4.364, 95% CI 0.894 – 21.293; AOR 4.482, 95% CI 0.242- 82.888) and increased age (P value: 0.039). Three factor were significantly associated with reduced risk of developing CVD. These were physical activity (OR 0.575, 95% CI 0.287-1.150; AOR 1.849, 95% CI 0.507 – 6.751), balanced diet (OR 0.890, 95% CI 0.456 – 2.195; AOR 1.451, 95% CI 0.404 – 5.214) and regular weight check and control (OR 0.897, 95% CI 0.471 – 1.710; AOR 0.593, 95% CI 0.177 – 1.990). Interventions such as proper control of hypertension and diabetes pharmacologically or non – pharmacologically, as well as providing health education on life style risk factors that are associated with CVD may significantly reduce morbidity and mortality due to the disease.

Published in	Rehabilitation Science (Volume 4, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.rs.20190401.11
Page(s)	1-6
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Kitwe Teaching Hospital, Cardiovascular Disease, Non-Communicable Disease

References

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[3]	Siziya S, Rudatsikira E, Babaniyi O, Songolo P, Mulenga D, et al. (2012) Prevalence and Correlates of Hypertension among Adults Aged 25 Years or Older in a Mining Town of Kitwe, Zambia. J Hypertens 1:105. doi: 10.4172/2167-1095.1000105.
[4]	Al-Nafisi. H (2017). Knowledge of Cardiovascular Disease and its Risk Factors among the Community in Kuwait. MedCrave Group LLC
[5]	Adhikari N, Sapakota KP, Adhikari S (2018). Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) Risk Attitude and Knowledge Level of Major Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases among 15-19 Years Eleventh and Twelfth-Grade Students of Lekhnath Municipality. J Community Med Health Educ 8: 584. doi: 10.4172/2161-0711.1000584
[6]	Linda M. Smith (2015). Educational Intervention: Effects on Heart Disease Risk Factor Knowledge Among African Americans. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks, Walden University.
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[8]	Huda Nimer Mohammad Lahham (2009). Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors Among Diabetic Patients in Nablus District, West Bank, Palestine: case-control study. Thesis submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master in Public Health, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
[9]	Boateng D, Wekesah F, Browne JL, Agyemang C, Agyei-Baffour P, Aikins Ad-G, et al. (2017) Knowledge and awareness of and perception towards cardiovascular disease risk in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. PLoS ONE 12 (12): e0189264. (Document was retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189264 on 28th April, 2018).
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[11]	Kapoor. R, Vyas. S, Patel. P, Mehta. H, Mehta. P, Modi. J, and Nair. S (2013). A case-control study of risk factors for ischemic heart disease in patients attending tertiary care hospitals in India. South East Asia Journal of Public Health 2013; 3 (1): 57-60.
[12]	El-Hajj. M, Salameh. P, Rachidi. S, Al-Hajje. A, Lahoud. N and Hosseini. H (2018). Stroke risk factors: a hospital-based case–control study in Lebanon. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine Open; 8 (6) 1–10, DOI: 10.1177/2054270417713692.
[13]	Ram RV, Trivedi AV (2012). Behavioural risk factors of coronary artery disease: A paired matched case control study. J Cardiovasc Dis Res 2012; 3: 212-7.
[14]	Thanh Chung Nguyen (2016). A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Vietnam. Thesis presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Curtin University.
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[16]	Muula S. A, Rudatsikira. M, Babaniyi. O, Songolo. P, Mulenga. D and Siziya S. (2012). Factors Associated with High Cholesterol levels in Lusaka, Zambia: A Community-Based Study. Medical Journal of Zambia, Vol. 39, No. 4 (2012).
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Mwanza Josphat, Sichilima Matafwali Alfred. (2019). Cardiovascular Diseases and the Common Risk Factors Presented by Patients at Kitwe Teaching Hospital. Rehabilitation Science, 4(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rs.20190401.11

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Mwanza Josphat; Sichilima Matafwali Alfred. Cardiovascular Diseases and the Common Risk Factors Presented by Patients at Kitwe Teaching Hospital. Rehabil. Sci. 2019, 4(1), 1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.rs.20190401.11

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AMA Style

Mwanza Josphat, Sichilima Matafwali Alfred. Cardiovascular Diseases and the Common Risk Factors Presented by Patients at Kitwe Teaching Hospital. Rehabil Sci. 2019;4(1):1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.rs.20190401.11

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@article{10.11648/j.rs.20190401.11,
  author = {Mwanza Josphat and Sichilima Matafwali Alfred},
  title = {Cardiovascular Diseases and the Common Risk Factors Presented by Patients at Kitwe Teaching Hospital},
  journal = {Rehabilitation Science},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-6},
  doi = {10.11648/j.rs.20190401.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rs.20190401.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.rs.20190401.11},
  abstract = {Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, such as cardiac disease, vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial diseases. CVDs are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Zambia. A case-control study was conducted among 74 patients suffering from cardiovascular disease (CVD) at Kitwe Teaching Hospital (KTH) and 74 controls (patients without CVD). All participants completed a questionnaire regarding socio-demographics, risk factors of CVD and Knowledge based questions of CVD. Chi-square test was used to determine significant associations and a result yielding a p value of less than 5% was considered statistically significant. Independent factors associated with development of CVD were established using a Binary Logistic Regression. Unadjusted odds ratio (OR) and Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. The independent risk factors which were significantly associated with the development of CVD were hypertension (OR 59.143, 95% CI 20.122-173.833; AOR 97.289, 95% CI 24.479 -386.662), diabetes mellitus (OR 3.725, 95% CI 1.722 – 8.057; AOR 6.033, 95% CI 1.630 -22.332), family history (OR 2.504, 95% CI 1.242-5.050; AOR 0.862, 95% CI 0.244 -3.041), smoking (OR 1.587, 95% CI 0.731-3.448; AOR 0.746, 95% CI 0.164 -3.403), alcohol consumption (OR 1.387, 95% CI 0.725 -2.654; AOR 3.392, 95% CI 0.833 – 13.823), high blood cholesterol (OR 4.364, 95% CI 0.894 – 21.293; AOR 4.482, 95% CI 0.242- 82.888) and increased age (P value: 0.039). Three factor were significantly associated with reduced risk of developing CVD. These were physical activity (OR 0.575, 95% CI 0.287-1.150; AOR 1.849, 95% CI 0.507 – 6.751), balanced diet (OR 0.890, 95% CI 0.456 – 2.195; AOR 1.451, 95% CI 0.404 – 5.214) and regular weight check and control (OR 0.897, 95% CI 0.471 – 1.710; AOR 0.593, 95% CI 0.177 – 1.990). Interventions such as proper control of hypertension and diabetes pharmacologically or non – pharmacologically, as well as providing health education on life style risk factors that are associated with CVD may significantly reduce morbidity and mortality due to the disease.},
 year = {2019}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Cardiovascular Diseases and the Common Risk Factors Presented by Patients at Kitwe Teaching Hospital
AU  - Mwanza Josphat
AU  - Sichilima Matafwali Alfred
Y1  - 2019/06/05
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rs.20190401.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.rs.20190401.11
T2  - Rehabilitation Science
JF  - Rehabilitation Science
JO  - Rehabilitation Science
SP  - 1
EP  - 6
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-594X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rs.20190401.11
AB  - Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, such as cardiac disease, vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial diseases. CVDs are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Zambia. A case-control study was conducted among 74 patients suffering from cardiovascular disease (CVD) at Kitwe Teaching Hospital (KTH) and 74 controls (patients without CVD). All participants completed a questionnaire regarding socio-demographics, risk factors of CVD and Knowledge based questions of CVD. Chi-square test was used to determine significant associations and a result yielding a p value of less than 5% was considered statistically significant. Independent factors associated with development of CVD were established using a Binary Logistic Regression. Unadjusted odds ratio (OR) and Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. The independent risk factors which were significantly associated with the development of CVD were hypertension (OR 59.143, 95% CI 20.122-173.833; AOR 97.289, 95% CI 24.479 -386.662), diabetes mellitus (OR 3.725, 95% CI 1.722 – 8.057; AOR 6.033, 95% CI 1.630 -22.332), family history (OR 2.504, 95% CI 1.242-5.050; AOR 0.862, 95% CI 0.244 -3.041), smoking (OR 1.587, 95% CI 0.731-3.448; AOR 0.746, 95% CI 0.164 -3.403), alcohol consumption (OR 1.387, 95% CI 0.725 -2.654; AOR 3.392, 95% CI 0.833 – 13.823), high blood cholesterol (OR 4.364, 95% CI 0.894 – 21.293; AOR 4.482, 95% CI 0.242- 82.888) and increased age (P value: 0.039). Three factor were significantly associated with reduced risk of developing CVD. These were physical activity (OR 0.575, 95% CI 0.287-1.150; AOR 1.849, 95% CI 0.507 – 6.751), balanced diet (OR 0.890, 95% CI 0.456 – 2.195; AOR 1.451, 95% CI 0.404 – 5.214) and regular weight check and control (OR 0.897, 95% CI 0.471 – 1.710; AOR 0.593, 95% CI 0.177 – 1.990). Interventions such as proper control of hypertension and diabetes pharmacologically or non – pharmacologically, as well as providing health education on life style risk factors that are associated with CVD may significantly reduce morbidity and mortality due to the disease.
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Mwanza Josphat

Department of Public Health, Micheal Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
Sichilima Matafwali Alfred

Department of Biological Sciences, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia

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APA Style

Mwanza Josphat, Sichilima Matafwali Alfred. (2019). Cardiovascular Diseases and the Common Risk Factors Presented by Patients at Kitwe Teaching Hospital. Rehabilitation Science, 4(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rs.20190401.11

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ACS Style

Mwanza Josphat; Sichilima Matafwali Alfred. Cardiovascular Diseases and the Common Risk Factors Presented by Patients at Kitwe Teaching Hospital. Rehabil. Sci. 2019, 4(1), 1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.rs.20190401.11

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AMA Style

Mwanza Josphat, Sichilima Matafwali Alfred. Cardiovascular Diseases and the Common Risk Factors Presented by Patients at Kitwe Teaching Hospital. Rehabil Sci. 2019;4(1):1-6. doi: 10.11648/j.rs.20190401.11

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@article{10.11648/j.rs.20190401.11,
  author = {Mwanza Josphat and Sichilima Matafwali Alfred},
  title = {Cardiovascular Diseases and the Common Risk Factors Presented by Patients at Kitwe Teaching Hospital},
  journal = {Rehabilitation Science},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-6},
  doi = {10.11648/j.rs.20190401.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rs.20190401.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.rs.20190401.11},
  abstract = {Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, such as cardiac disease, vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial diseases. CVDs are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Zambia. A case-control study was conducted among 74 patients suffering from cardiovascular disease (CVD) at Kitwe Teaching Hospital (KTH) and 74 controls (patients without CVD). All participants completed a questionnaire regarding socio-demographics, risk factors of CVD and Knowledge based questions of CVD. Chi-square test was used to determine significant associations and a result yielding a p value of less than 5% was considered statistically significant. Independent factors associated with development of CVD were established using a Binary Logistic Regression. Unadjusted odds ratio (OR) and Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. The independent risk factors which were significantly associated with the development of CVD were hypertension (OR 59.143, 95% CI 20.122-173.833; AOR 97.289, 95% CI 24.479 -386.662), diabetes mellitus (OR 3.725, 95% CI 1.722 – 8.057; AOR 6.033, 95% CI 1.630 -22.332), family history (OR 2.504, 95% CI 1.242-5.050; AOR 0.862, 95% CI 0.244 -3.041), smoking (OR 1.587, 95% CI 0.731-3.448; AOR 0.746, 95% CI 0.164 -3.403), alcohol consumption (OR 1.387, 95% CI 0.725 -2.654; AOR 3.392, 95% CI 0.833 – 13.823), high blood cholesterol (OR 4.364, 95% CI 0.894 – 21.293; AOR 4.482, 95% CI 0.242- 82.888) and increased age (P value: 0.039). Three factor were significantly associated with reduced risk of developing CVD. These were physical activity (OR 0.575, 95% CI 0.287-1.150; AOR 1.849, 95% CI 0.507 – 6.751), balanced diet (OR 0.890, 95% CI 0.456 – 2.195; AOR 1.451, 95% CI 0.404 – 5.214) and regular weight check and control (OR 0.897, 95% CI 0.471 – 1.710; AOR 0.593, 95% CI 0.177 – 1.990). Interventions such as proper control of hypertension and diabetes pharmacologically or non – pharmacologically, as well as providing health education on life style risk factors that are associated with CVD may significantly reduce morbidity and mortality due to the disease.},
 year = {2019}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Cardiovascular Diseases and the Common Risk Factors Presented by Patients at Kitwe Teaching Hospital
AU  - Mwanza Josphat
AU  - Sichilima Matafwali Alfred
Y1  - 2019/06/05
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rs.20190401.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.rs.20190401.11
T2  - Rehabilitation Science
JF  - Rehabilitation Science
JO  - Rehabilitation Science
SP  - 1
EP  - 6
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-594X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rs.20190401.11
AB  - Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, such as cardiac disease, vascular diseases of the brain and kidney and peripheral arterial diseases. CVDs are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Zambia. A case-control study was conducted among 74 patients suffering from cardiovascular disease (CVD) at Kitwe Teaching Hospital (KTH) and 74 controls (patients without CVD). All participants completed a questionnaire regarding socio-demographics, risk factors of CVD and Knowledge based questions of CVD. Chi-square test was used to determine significant associations and a result yielding a p value of less than 5% was considered statistically significant. Independent factors associated with development of CVD were established using a Binary Logistic Regression. Unadjusted odds ratio (OR) and Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported. The independent risk factors which were significantly associated with the development of CVD were hypertension (OR 59.143, 95% CI 20.122-173.833; AOR 97.289, 95% CI 24.479 -386.662), diabetes mellitus (OR 3.725, 95% CI 1.722 – 8.057; AOR 6.033, 95% CI 1.630 -22.332), family history (OR 2.504, 95% CI 1.242-5.050; AOR 0.862, 95% CI 0.244 -3.041), smoking (OR 1.587, 95% CI 0.731-3.448; AOR 0.746, 95% CI 0.164 -3.403), alcohol consumption (OR 1.387, 95% CI 0.725 -2.654; AOR 3.392, 95% CI 0.833 – 13.823), high blood cholesterol (OR 4.364, 95% CI 0.894 – 21.293; AOR 4.482, 95% CI 0.242- 82.888) and increased age (P value: 0.039). Three factor were significantly associated with reduced risk of developing CVD. These were physical activity (OR 0.575, 95% CI 0.287-1.150; AOR 1.849, 95% CI 0.507 – 6.751), balanced diet (OR 0.890, 95% CI 0.456 – 2.195; AOR 1.451, 95% CI 0.404 – 5.214) and regular weight check and control (OR 0.897, 95% CI 0.471 – 1.710; AOR 0.593, 95% CI 0.177 – 1.990). Interventions such as proper control of hypertension and diabetes pharmacologically or non – pharmacologically, as well as providing health education on life style risk factors that are associated with CVD may significantly reduce morbidity and mortality due to the disease.
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
ER  -

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