Radiation Dose Estimation to Adult Patients Undergoing Diagnostic Chest X-Rays Examinations in Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria

Buhari Samaila; Muhammad Danyaro Rilwanu

doi:doi:10.11648/j.rst.20230901.12

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Radiation Dose Estimation to Adult Patients Undergoing Diagnostic Chest X-Rays Examinations in Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria

Buhari Samaila, Muhammad Danyaro Rilwanu

Published in Radiation Science and Technology (Volume 9, Issue 1)

Received: 3 February 2023 Accepted: 3 March 2023 Published: 20 March 2023

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Abstract

The hyperconsciousness of radiation dose delivered to the patient during chest radiological X-ray procedures are prerequisite to negate menace of exposure. The pinpoint of this research is to inquest radiation doses received by the patient for routine individual radiological chest x-ray procedures in health care system associated to Kebbi State Government, Nigeria. Entrance Surface Dose and effective dose in accordance with the exposure factors collected for the real examinations were estimated by Cal Dose_X 5.0 software. Diagnostic reference levels [75^th percentile] and other statistical parameters were calculated by the use of M. S excels spread sheet. The results obtained for ESD in this research work were 2.95mGy, 2.24mGy & 2.25mGy and 1.71mGy, 1.77mGy & 2.55mGy for Chest anteroposterior [AP], posteroanterior [PA] and lateral [LAT] respectively for Sir Yahaya Memorial Hospital (SYMH) and Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Birnin Kebbi. The effective doses were 0.68 mSv, 0.18 mSv& 0.09 mSv and 0.31 mSv, 0.13 mSv & 0.14 mSv for Chest AP, PA & LAT for SYMH and FMC respectively. Similarly, diagnostic reference level for chest AP, PA, & LAT were 2.34, 3.32 & 2.82, and 2.02, 1.88 & 3.19 respectively for SYMH and FMC. The results were compared with national and international studies. The ESD and DRLs reported in this research work for chest examinations were remarkably higher than that of the European Commission (2010), Australia (2017), NRPB (2000), UNSCEAR (2008), Iran (2008) and other research work reported elsewhere. For effective dose, the results were comparatively high except for few research work published in literatures. Therefore, the obtained results in this work revealed that the variations in the results among the two centres and other studies may likely be due to the improper selection of exposure parameters, patientbody sizes, and technical know-how of the staff. Finally, proper selection of radiological parameters and educational training to the staff can significantly reduce the risk of absorbed dose to patients.

Published in	Radiation Science and Technology (Volume 9, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.rst.20230901.12
Page(s)	8-12
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Exposure Parameters, Chest, Dose, X-ray

References

[1]	Paydar, R., Takavar, A., Kardan, M. R., Babakhani, A., Deevband, M. R., and S. Saber, S., (2012). “Patient effective dose evaluation for chest X-ray examination in three digital radiography centers”. Iran. J. Radiat. Res.
[2]	Akpaniwo, G. M., Suleiman, A. M., Nwobi, I. C., Yunusa, G. H.,, Sadiq, A. A., Abubakar, U., Mohammed, A., Iliyasu, Y. I., (2019). “Patient X-Ray Entrance Surface Dose at a Tertiary Hospital in Sokoto, North-West Nigeria”. Journal of Radiography & Radiation Sciences, 33 (1).
[3]	You-hyun, K., Jong-hak, C., Chang-kyun, K., Jung-min, K., Sung-soo, K., Yu-whan, O., Chang-yeap, L., Dae-hyun, K., Young-bae, L., Pyong-kon, C., Hyung-chul, K., and Chel-min, K., (2007). “PATIENT DOSE MEASUREMENTS IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY PROCEDURES IN KOREA”. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 123 (4), pp. 540–545.
[4]	Samaila, B. (2022). An Indirect Radiation Dose Assessment of Adult Patients Undergoing Lumbosacral Joints and Lumbar Spine Radiological X-Ray Procedures. International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol. 10, Issue. 4, pp. 29-32.
[5]	Samaila B, and Bello A. (2021). Determination of Radiation Doses Received During Knee Joint X-ray Procedures in Kebbi State, Nigeria, SPR, Volume 2, issue 1, Page No.: 506-510. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52152/spr/2021.173
[6]	Hamza, A. H., and Lamaran F. S. (2020). Assessment of Entrance Skin Dose in routine X-ray Examinations at Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe Nigeria. Unpublished.
[7]	Nsikan, E. U., and Obed, R. I. (2015). Assessment of Patients’ Entrance Skin Dose from Diagnostic X-ray Examinations at Public Hospitals of AkwaIbom State, Nigeria. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics, 12 (2), pp: 93-100.
[8]	Gholami, M., Maziar, A., Khosravi, H. R., Ebrahimzadeh, F., and Mayahi, S. (2015). Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for routine X-ray examinations in Lorestan province, Iran. International Journal of Radiation Research, January, 13 (1), pp: 85-90.
[9]	Gaetano, C., Laura, P., and Carlo, B. (2005). Local Diagnostic Reference Levels In standard X-ray examinations. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 113 (1), pp: 54–63.
[10]	Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, (2017). Entrance Skin Doses. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/entrance-skin-dose, retrieved on 12th Sept, 2020.
[11]	National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) (2000). Radiation Exposure of the UK population. Report R263.
[12]	Osibote, O. A., and Azevedo, A. C. P., (2008). Estimation of adult patient doses for common diagnostic X-ray examinations in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PhysicaMedica, 2 (4), pp: 21-28.
[13]	Asadinezhad, M, and Bahreyni Toosi, M. T. (2008). Examinations in Iran: Proposed the first Iranian Diagnostic Reference. Journal of Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 132 (4), pp. 409–414.
[14]	International Atomic Energy Agency. (2007). “TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES No. 457. Dosimetry in Diagnostic Radiology”. An International Code of Practice. Vienna.
[15]	Hart, D., Hillier, M., &Shrimpton, P. (2010). HPA CRCE-034. Doses to patients from radiographic and fluoroscopic X-ray imaging procedures in the UK- 2010 review.
[16]	Olowookere, C. J., and Obed, R. I., Babalola, I. A., and Bello, T. O. (2011). Patient dosimetry during chest, abdomen, skull, and neck radiography in SW Nigeria. Radiographyjournal, 17, pp: 245-249.
[17]	Haval, Y. Y., and Hariwan, A. M. (2017). Assessment of patients X-ray doses at three government hospitals in Duhok city lacking requirements of effective quality control. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 10, pp: 183-187.
[18]	Mettlerr, F. A., Terry, T. Y., and Mahadevappa, M. (2008). Effective Doses in Radiology and Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine. Radiologyjournal, 248 (1), pp: 100-11.
[19]	Kharita, M. H., Khedr, M. S., and Wannus, K. M., (2010). Survey of patients doses from conventional diagnostic radiographic examination in Syria, retrieved on 22nd Nov 2020, available at www.radher.jp.
[20]	Durga, P. R., and Seife, T. D. (2012). Radiation Exposure of Patients Undergoing Common Diagnostic X-Ray Examinations in Some Major Hospitals in Visakhapatnam, India. Journal of Medical Diagnostic Methods, 1 (1), pp: 101-119.
[21]	Akbar, A., Ehsan, M., Mahboubeh, M., Morteza, S., and Mehran, M, (2015). Measurement of Entrance Skin Dose and Calculation of Effective Dose for Common Diagnostic X-Ray Examinations in Kashan, Iran Global Journal of Health Science. 7 (5), 70-92.
[22]	United Nations Scientific Committee Effects Atomic Radiation. (2010). Sources and Effects of ionizing radiation: UNSCEAR 2008 Report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes (Vol. 1). New York United Nations Publications.
[23]	Joseph, D. Z., Christian, C. N., Mohammed, S. U., Ameh, P. O., Njoku, G., Malgwi, F. D., Moi, A. S., and Shem, S. L. (2017). Establishment of Local diagnostic Reference Levels for Radiography Examinations in North-Eastern Nigeria. Science World Journal, 12 (4), pp: 78-90.
[24]	European Commission (1999). Guidance on diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for medical exposures. Radiation Protection 109. Directorate-General, Environment, Nuclear Safety, and Civil Protection.
[25]	Asadinezhad, M., &Toossi, M. T. B. (2008). Doses to patients in some routine diagnostic X-ray examinations in Iran: proposed the first Iranian diagnostic reference levels. Radiatprotdosimetry, 132 (4), 409-414.

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APA Style

Buhari Samaila, Muhammad Danyaro Rilwanu. (2023). Radiation Dose Estimation to Adult Patients Undergoing Diagnostic Chest X-Rays Examinations in Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria. Radiation Science and Technology, 9(1), 8-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20230901.12

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ACS Style

Buhari Samaila; Muhammad Danyaro Rilwanu. Radiation Dose Estimation to Adult Patients Undergoing Diagnostic Chest X-Rays Examinations in Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria. Radiat. Sci. Technol. 2023, 9(1), 8-12. doi: 10.11648/j.rst.20230901.12

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AMA Style

Buhari Samaila, Muhammad Danyaro Rilwanu. Radiation Dose Estimation to Adult Patients Undergoing Diagnostic Chest X-Rays Examinations in Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria. Radiat Sci Technol. 2023;9(1):8-12. doi: 10.11648/j.rst.20230901.12

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@article{10.11648/j.rst.20230901.12,
  author = {Buhari Samaila and Muhammad Danyaro Rilwanu},
  title = {Radiation Dose Estimation to Adult Patients Undergoing Diagnostic Chest X-Rays Examinations in Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria},
  journal = {Radiation Science and Technology},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {8-12},
  doi = {10.11648/j.rst.20230901.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20230901.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.rst.20230901.12},
  abstract = {The hyperconsciousness of radiation dose delivered to the patient during chest radiological X-ray procedures are prerequisite to negate menace of exposure. The pinpoint of this research is to inquest radiation doses received by the patient for routine individual radiological chest x-ray procedures in health care system associated to Kebbi State Government, Nigeria. Entrance Surface Dose and effective dose in accordance with the exposure factors collected for the real examinations were estimated by Cal Dose_X 5.0 software. Diagnostic reference levels [75th percentile] and other statistical parameters were calculated by the use of M. S excels spread sheet. The results obtained for ESD in this research work were 2.95mGy, 2.24mGy & 2.25mGy and 1.71mGy, 1.77mGy & 2.55mGy for Chest anteroposterior [AP], posteroanterior [PA] and lateral [LAT] respectively for Sir Yahaya Memorial Hospital (SYMH) and Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Birnin Kebbi. The effective doses were 0.68 mSv, 0.18 mSv& 0.09 mSv and 0.31 mSv, 0.13 mSv & 0.14 mSv for Chest AP, PA & LAT for SYMH and FMC respectively. Similarly, diagnostic reference level for chest AP, PA, & LAT were 2.34, 3.32 & 2.82, and 2.02, 1.88 & 3.19 respectively for SYMH and FMC. The results were compared with national and international studies. The ESD and DRLs reported in this research work for chest examinations were remarkably higher than that of the European Commission (2010), Australia (2017), NRPB (2000), UNSCEAR (2008), Iran (2008) and other research work reported elsewhere. For effective dose, the results were comparatively high except for few research work published in literatures. Therefore, the obtained results in this work revealed that the variations in the results among the two centres and other studies may likely be due to the improper selection of exposure parameters, patientbody sizes, and technical know-how of the staff. Finally, proper selection of radiological parameters and educational training to the staff can significantly reduce the risk of absorbed dose to patients.},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Radiation Dose Estimation to Adult Patients Undergoing Diagnostic Chest X-Rays Examinations in Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria
AU  - Buhari Samaila
AU  - Muhammad Danyaro Rilwanu
Y1  - 2023/03/20
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20230901.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.rst.20230901.12
T2  - Radiation Science and Technology
JF  - Radiation Science and Technology
JO  - Radiation Science and Technology
SP  - 8
EP  - 12
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5943
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20230901.12
AB  - The hyperconsciousness of radiation dose delivered to the patient during chest radiological X-ray procedures are prerequisite to negate menace of exposure. The pinpoint of this research is to inquest radiation doses received by the patient for routine individual radiological chest x-ray procedures in health care system associated to Kebbi State Government, Nigeria. Entrance Surface Dose and effective dose in accordance with the exposure factors collected for the real examinations were estimated by Cal Dose_X 5.0 software. Diagnostic reference levels [75th percentile] and other statistical parameters were calculated by the use of M. S excels spread sheet. The results obtained for ESD in this research work were 2.95mGy, 2.24mGy & 2.25mGy and 1.71mGy, 1.77mGy & 2.55mGy for Chest anteroposterior [AP], posteroanterior [PA] and lateral [LAT] respectively for Sir Yahaya Memorial Hospital (SYMH) and Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Birnin Kebbi. The effective doses were 0.68 mSv, 0.18 mSv& 0.09 mSv and 0.31 mSv, 0.13 mSv & 0.14 mSv for Chest AP, PA & LAT for SYMH and FMC respectively. Similarly, diagnostic reference level for chest AP, PA, & LAT were 2.34, 3.32 & 2.82, and 2.02, 1.88 & 3.19 respectively for SYMH and FMC. The results were compared with national and international studies. The ESD and DRLs reported in this research work for chest examinations were remarkably higher than that of the European Commission (2010), Australia (2017), NRPB (2000), UNSCEAR (2008), Iran (2008) and other research work reported elsewhere. For effective dose, the results were comparatively high except for few research work published in literatures. Therefore, the obtained results in this work revealed that the variations in the results among the two centres and other studies may likely be due to the improper selection of exposure parameters, patientbody sizes, and technical know-how of the staff. Finally, proper selection of radiological parameters and educational training to the staff can significantly reduce the risk of absorbed dose to patients.
VL  - 9
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Buhari Samaila

Department of Physics with Electronics, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria
Muhammad Danyaro Rilwanu

Department of Radiology, Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria

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APA Style

Buhari Samaila, Muhammad Danyaro Rilwanu. (2023). Radiation Dose Estimation to Adult Patients Undergoing Diagnostic Chest X-Rays Examinations in Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria. Radiation Science and Technology, 9(1), 8-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20230901.12

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ACS Style

Buhari Samaila; Muhammad Danyaro Rilwanu. Radiation Dose Estimation to Adult Patients Undergoing Diagnostic Chest X-Rays Examinations in Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria. Radiat. Sci. Technol. 2023, 9(1), 8-12. doi: 10.11648/j.rst.20230901.12

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AMA Style

Buhari Samaila, Muhammad Danyaro Rilwanu. Radiation Dose Estimation to Adult Patients Undergoing Diagnostic Chest X-Rays Examinations in Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria. Radiat Sci Technol. 2023;9(1):8-12. doi: 10.11648/j.rst.20230901.12

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@article{10.11648/j.rst.20230901.12,
  author = {Buhari Samaila and Muhammad Danyaro Rilwanu},
  title = {Radiation Dose Estimation to Adult Patients Undergoing Diagnostic Chest X-Rays Examinations in Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria},
  journal = {Radiation Science and Technology},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {8-12},
  doi = {10.11648/j.rst.20230901.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20230901.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.rst.20230901.12},
  abstract = {The hyperconsciousness of radiation dose delivered to the patient during chest radiological X-ray procedures are prerequisite to negate menace of exposure. The pinpoint of this research is to inquest radiation doses received by the patient for routine individual radiological chest x-ray procedures in health care system associated to Kebbi State Government, Nigeria. Entrance Surface Dose and effective dose in accordance with the exposure factors collected for the real examinations were estimated by Cal Dose_X 5.0 software. Diagnostic reference levels [75th percentile] and other statistical parameters were calculated by the use of M. S excels spread sheet. The results obtained for ESD in this research work were 2.95mGy, 2.24mGy & 2.25mGy and 1.71mGy, 1.77mGy & 2.55mGy for Chest anteroposterior [AP], posteroanterior [PA] and lateral [LAT] respectively for Sir Yahaya Memorial Hospital (SYMH) and Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Birnin Kebbi. The effective doses were 0.68 mSv, 0.18 mSv& 0.09 mSv and 0.31 mSv, 0.13 mSv & 0.14 mSv for Chest AP, PA & LAT for SYMH and FMC respectively. Similarly, diagnostic reference level for chest AP, PA, & LAT were 2.34, 3.32 & 2.82, and 2.02, 1.88 & 3.19 respectively for SYMH and FMC. The results were compared with national and international studies. The ESD and DRLs reported in this research work for chest examinations were remarkably higher than that of the European Commission (2010), Australia (2017), NRPB (2000), UNSCEAR (2008), Iran (2008) and other research work reported elsewhere. For effective dose, the results were comparatively high except for few research work published in literatures. Therefore, the obtained results in this work revealed that the variations in the results among the two centres and other studies may likely be due to the improper selection of exposure parameters, patientbody sizes, and technical know-how of the staff. Finally, proper selection of radiological parameters and educational training to the staff can significantly reduce the risk of absorbed dose to patients.},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Radiation Dose Estimation to Adult Patients Undergoing Diagnostic Chest X-Rays Examinations in Kebbi State, North-Western Nigeria
AU  - Buhari Samaila
AU  - Muhammad Danyaro Rilwanu
Y1  - 2023/03/20
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20230901.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.rst.20230901.12
T2  - Radiation Science and Technology
JF  - Radiation Science and Technology
JO  - Radiation Science and Technology
SP  - 8
EP  - 12
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-5943
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.rst.20230901.12
AB  - The hyperconsciousness of radiation dose delivered to the patient during chest radiological X-ray procedures are prerequisite to negate menace of exposure. The pinpoint of this research is to inquest radiation doses received by the patient for routine individual radiological chest x-ray procedures in health care system associated to Kebbi State Government, Nigeria. Entrance Surface Dose and effective dose in accordance with the exposure factors collected for the real examinations were estimated by Cal Dose_X 5.0 software. Diagnostic reference levels [75th percentile] and other statistical parameters were calculated by the use of M. S excels spread sheet. The results obtained for ESD in this research work were 2.95mGy, 2.24mGy & 2.25mGy and 1.71mGy, 1.77mGy & 2.55mGy for Chest anteroposterior [AP], posteroanterior [PA] and lateral [LAT] respectively for Sir Yahaya Memorial Hospital (SYMH) and Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Birnin Kebbi. The effective doses were 0.68 mSv, 0.18 mSv& 0.09 mSv and 0.31 mSv, 0.13 mSv & 0.14 mSv for Chest AP, PA & LAT for SYMH and FMC respectively. Similarly, diagnostic reference level for chest AP, PA, & LAT were 2.34, 3.32 & 2.82, and 2.02, 1.88 & 3.19 respectively for SYMH and FMC. The results were compared with national and international studies. The ESD and DRLs reported in this research work for chest examinations were remarkably higher than that of the European Commission (2010), Australia (2017), NRPB (2000), UNSCEAR (2008), Iran (2008) and other research work reported elsewhere. For effective dose, the results were comparatively high except for few research work published in literatures. Therefore, the obtained results in this work revealed that the variations in the results among the two centres and other studies may likely be due to the improper selection of exposure parameters, patientbody sizes, and technical know-how of the staff. Finally, proper selection of radiological parameters and educational training to the staff can significantly reduce the risk of absorbed dose to patients.
VL  - 9
IS  - 1
ER  -

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