Operational Control of Fluoride Removal Using Calcium-Modified <i>Moringa </i><i>Oleifera</i> Seed Powder: Influence of Dosage and Particle Geometry

Geoffrey Chavaregi; John Kituyi Lusweti; Pius Keronei Kipkemboyi

doi:doi:10.11648/j.sdenv.20260101.15

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Operational Control of Fluoride Removal Using Calcium-Modified Moringa Oleifera Seed Powder: Influence of Dosage and Particle Geometry

Geoffrey Chavaregi^*

, John Kituyi Lusweti, Pius Keronei Kipkemboyi

Published in Science Discovery Environment (Volume 1, Issue 1)

Received: 9 September 2025 Accepted: 27 January 2026 Published: 9 February 2026

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Abstract

Adsorption-based separation processes continue to attract scientific interest as low-energy strategies for modifying aqueous chemistry under resource-limited conditions. Within this context, plant-derived materials offer a flexible platform for turning surface reactivity through simple chemical and physical modifications. This study examined how calcium modification and particle-scale control influence fluoride uptake behaviour in Moringa oleifera seed powder (MOSP), with emphasis on operational performance rather than material synthesis. Batch experiments were conducted to quantify fluoride removal efficiency, residual fluoride concentration, and adsorption capacity using calcium-spiked and non-spiked MOSP across a range of adsorbent dosages, particle sizes, and mesh size classifications. Statistical analysis demonstrated that adsorbent dosage significantly affected all fluoride removal indicators (p < 0.001). Increasing dosage enhanced overall fluoride removal efficiency while reducing mass-normalised adsorption capacity, indicating distinct scaling behaviour between system-level removal and material-level uptake. Physical structuring of the adsorbent exerted a strong influence on performance. Finer particle fractions consistently produced higher removal efficiencies and lower residual fluoride concentrations than coarser fractions, a trend confirmed using both particle size and mesh size classifications. Interaction mapping revealed that fluoride removal efficiency was maximised under combined conditions of fine particle size and moderate-to-high dosage, particularly for calcium-spiked MOSP. In contrast, non-spiked MOSP exhibited a narrower operational window, with reduced performance across most dosage-particle size combinations. Across all experimental conditions, calcium-spiked MOSP outperformed the unmodified material, achieving higher removal efficiencies and lower residual fluoride concentrations. These results demonstrate that fluoride removal using MOSP is not solely dependent on chemical composition but is strongly governed by operational configuration. The findings highlight the importance of integrating chemical modification with particle-scale optimisation when designing adsorption-based water treatment systems. Calcium-modified Moringa oleifera seed powder therefore represents a scientifically tractable and operationally adaptable material for fluoride control in decentralized and low-infrastructure environments.

Published in	Science Discovery Environment (Volume 1, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.sdenv.20260101.15
Page(s)	55-64
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Adsorption Processes, Fluoride Control, Moringa Oleifera, Calcium Modification, Particle Size Optimisation, Water Treatment

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Chavaregi, G., Lusweti, J. K., Kipkemboyi, P. K. (2026). Operational Control of Fluoride Removal Using Calcium-Modified Moringa Oleifera Seed Powder: Influence of Dosage and Particle Geometry. Science Discovery Environment, 1(1), 55-64. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sdenv.20260101.15

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ACS Style

Chavaregi, G.; Lusweti, J. K.; Kipkemboyi, P. K. Operational Control of Fluoride Removal Using Calcium-Modified Moringa Oleifera Seed Powder: Influence of Dosage and Particle Geometry. Sci. Discov. Environ. 2026, 1(1), 55-64. doi: 10.11648/j.sdenv.20260101.15

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AMA Style

Chavaregi G, Lusweti JK, Kipkemboyi PK. Operational Control of Fluoride Removal Using Calcium-Modified Moringa Oleifera Seed Powder: Influence of Dosage and Particle Geometry. Sci Discov Environ. 2026;1(1):55-64. doi: 10.11648/j.sdenv.20260101.15

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@article{10.11648/j.sdenv.20260101.15,
  author = {Geoffrey Chavaregi and John Kituyi Lusweti and Pius Keronei Kipkemboyi},
  title = {Operational Control of Fluoride Removal Using Calcium-Modified Moringa Oleifera Seed Powder: Influence of Dosage and Particle Geometry},
  journal = {Science Discovery Environment},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {55-64},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sdenv.20260101.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sdenv.20260101.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sdenv.20260101.15},
  abstract = {Adsorption-based separation processes continue to attract scientific interest as low-energy strategies for modifying aqueous chemistry under resource-limited conditions. Within this context, plant-derived materials offer a flexible platform for turning surface reactivity through simple chemical and physical modifications. This study examined how calcium modification and particle-scale control influence fluoride uptake behaviour in Moringa oleifera seed powder (MOSP), with emphasis on operational performance rather than material synthesis. Batch experiments were conducted to quantify fluoride removal efficiency, residual fluoride concentration, and adsorption capacity using calcium-spiked and non-spiked MOSP across a range of adsorbent dosages, particle sizes, and mesh size classifications. Statistical analysis demonstrated that adsorbent dosage significantly affected all fluoride removal indicators (p Moringa oleifera seed powder therefore represents a scientifically tractable and operationally adaptable material for fluoride control in decentralized and low-infrastructure environments.},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Operational Control of Fluoride Removal Using Calcium-Modified Moringa Oleifera Seed Powder: Influence of Dosage and Particle Geometry
AU  - Geoffrey Chavaregi
AU  - John Kituyi Lusweti
AU  - Pius Keronei Kipkemboyi
Y1  - 2026/02/09
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sdenv.20260101.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.sdenv.20260101.15
T2  - Science Discovery Environment
JF  - Science Discovery Environment
JO  - Science Discovery Environment
SP  - 55
EP  - 64
PB  - Science Publishing Group
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sdenv.20260101.15
AB  - Adsorption-based separation processes continue to attract scientific interest as low-energy strategies for modifying aqueous chemistry under resource-limited conditions. Within this context, plant-derived materials offer a flexible platform for turning surface reactivity through simple chemical and physical modifications. This study examined how calcium modification and particle-scale control influence fluoride uptake behaviour in Moringa oleifera seed powder (MOSP), with emphasis on operational performance rather than material synthesis. Batch experiments were conducted to quantify fluoride removal efficiency, residual fluoride concentration, and adsorption capacity using calcium-spiked and non-spiked MOSP across a range of adsorbent dosages, particle sizes, and mesh size classifications. Statistical analysis demonstrated that adsorbent dosage significantly affected all fluoride removal indicators (p Moringa oleifera seed powder therefore represents a scientifically tractable and operationally adaptable material for fluoride control in decentralized and low-infrastructure environments.
VL  - 1
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Geoffrey Chavaregi

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya

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http://orcid.org/0009-0007-3549-0029
John Kituyi Lusweti

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya
Pius Keronei Kipkemboyi

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya

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APA Style

Chavaregi, G., Lusweti, J. K., Kipkemboyi, P. K. (2026). Operational Control of Fluoride Removal Using Calcium-Modified Moringa Oleifera Seed Powder: Influence of Dosage and Particle Geometry. Science Discovery Environment, 1(1), 55-64. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sdenv.20260101.15

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ACS Style

Chavaregi, G.; Lusweti, J. K.; Kipkemboyi, P. K. Operational Control of Fluoride Removal Using Calcium-Modified Moringa Oleifera Seed Powder: Influence of Dosage and Particle Geometry. Sci. Discov. Environ. 2026, 1(1), 55-64. doi: 10.11648/j.sdenv.20260101.15

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AMA Style

Chavaregi G, Lusweti JK, Kipkemboyi PK. Operational Control of Fluoride Removal Using Calcium-Modified Moringa Oleifera Seed Powder: Influence of Dosage and Particle Geometry. Sci Discov Environ. 2026;1(1):55-64. doi: 10.11648/j.sdenv.20260101.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.sdenv.20260101.15,
  author = {Geoffrey Chavaregi and John Kituyi Lusweti and Pius Keronei Kipkemboyi},
  title = {Operational Control of Fluoride Removal Using Calcium-Modified Moringa Oleifera Seed Powder: Influence of Dosage and Particle Geometry},
  journal = {Science Discovery Environment},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {55-64},
  doi = {10.11648/j.sdenv.20260101.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sdenv.20260101.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sdenv.20260101.15},
  abstract = {Adsorption-based separation processes continue to attract scientific interest as low-energy strategies for modifying aqueous chemistry under resource-limited conditions. Within this context, plant-derived materials offer a flexible platform for turning surface reactivity through simple chemical and physical modifications. This study examined how calcium modification and particle-scale control influence fluoride uptake behaviour in Moringa oleifera seed powder (MOSP), with emphasis on operational performance rather than material synthesis. Batch experiments were conducted to quantify fluoride removal efficiency, residual fluoride concentration, and adsorption capacity using calcium-spiked and non-spiked MOSP across a range of adsorbent dosages, particle sizes, and mesh size classifications. Statistical analysis demonstrated that adsorbent dosage significantly affected all fluoride removal indicators (p Moringa oleifera seed powder therefore represents a scientifically tractable and operationally adaptable material for fluoride control in decentralized and low-infrastructure environments.},
 year = {2026}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Operational Control of Fluoride Removal Using Calcium-Modified Moringa Oleifera Seed Powder: Influence of Dosage and Particle Geometry
AU  - Geoffrey Chavaregi
AU  - John Kituyi Lusweti
AU  - Pius Keronei Kipkemboyi
Y1  - 2026/02/09
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sdenv.20260101.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.sdenv.20260101.15
T2  - Science Discovery Environment
JF  - Science Discovery Environment
JO  - Science Discovery Environment
SP  - 55
EP  - 64
PB  - Science Publishing Group
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sdenv.20260101.15
AB  - Adsorption-based separation processes continue to attract scientific interest as low-energy strategies for modifying aqueous chemistry under resource-limited conditions. Within this context, plant-derived materials offer a flexible platform for turning surface reactivity through simple chemical and physical modifications. This study examined how calcium modification and particle-scale control influence fluoride uptake behaviour in Moringa oleifera seed powder (MOSP), with emphasis on operational performance rather than material synthesis. Batch experiments were conducted to quantify fluoride removal efficiency, residual fluoride concentration, and adsorption capacity using calcium-spiked and non-spiked MOSP across a range of adsorbent dosages, particle sizes, and mesh size classifications. Statistical analysis demonstrated that adsorbent dosage significantly affected all fluoride removal indicators (p Moringa oleifera seed powder therefore represents a scientifically tractable and operationally adaptable material for fluoride control in decentralized and low-infrastructure environments.
VL  - 1
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download