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Flood Disaster Profile of Pakistan: A Review
Sayeeda Amber Sayed,
Pedro Arcos González
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
144-149
Received:
1 March 2014
Accepted:
9 April 2014
Published:
20 April 2014
Abstract: Floods- Disaster profile of Pakistan clearly entails that the country has experienced severe and life-threatening flooding in the recent past. During heavy monsoon rains every year, people’s exposure and vulnerability to extreme flooding increases due to the country’s current socioeconomic conditions. A fundamental change in the country’s development path is needed to prevent future catastrophic floods that decouples exposure and vulnerability from economic growth and is more in harmony with the functioning, capacities and thresholds of the natural environment. The catastrophic flooding in the country could have been curtailed with the benefit of hindsight and given the optimum management of its political, social and economic spheres. Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction in the areas of water, sanitation, health, shelter and livelihoods can enhance community resilience to future disasters by providing stronger shelter, water and sanitation structures which can withstand floods better; and increasing people’s assets and knowledge
Abstract: Floods- Disaster profile of Pakistan clearly entails that the country has experienced severe and life-threatening flooding in the recent past. During heavy monsoon rains every year, people’s exposure and vulnerability to extreme flooding increases due to the country’s current socioeconomic conditions. A fundamental change in the country’s developme...
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Prevalence of Pneumonia among under- five Children in Este Town and the Surrounding Rural Kebeles, Northwest Ethiopia; A Community Based Cross Sectional Study
Gedefaw Abeje Fekadu,
Mamo Wubshet Terefe,
Getahun Asres Alemie
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
150-155
Received:
18 February 2014
Accepted:
11 April 2014
Published:
20 April 2014
Abstract: Introduction: Pneumonia causes about two million under five deaths each year, accounting for nearly one in five child deaths globally. Identifying its prevalence in under-five children and the associated factors is crucial to achieve MDG4 in developing countries. Objective: The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with pneumonia among under-five children in Este town and surrounding rural kebeles, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: Community based cross sectional study design was used. A total of 286 households with under-five children were selected by multistage sampling technique, 222 from rural and 64 from the urban kebeles (‘Kebele’ is the smallest administrative unit) proportional to the number of children in the respective kebeles. Two rural and one urban kebeles were selected by simple random sampling. Then households were selected by systematic random sampling technique. Trained nurses collected the data through face to face interview. Two health officers supervised the data collection process. Data were analyzed by stepwise binary logistic regression model. Result: The overall two weeks prevalence of pneumonia among under-five children was 16.1%. Stunting, using charcoal for cooking, carrying the child on back during cooking, keeping cattle inside the main house and living in crowded house were the most important variables found associated with pneumonia among under-five children in this study. Conclusion and recommendation: The prevalence of pneumonia among under-five children in the study area was high. Nutrition interventions and introducing improved stoves to households may reduce pneumonia among children. Health education should be given for senior household members on the possible risk factors for pneumonia
Abstract: Introduction: Pneumonia causes about two million under five deaths each year, accounting for nearly one in five child deaths globally. Identifying its prevalence in under-five children and the associated factors is crucial to achieve MDG4 in developing countries. Objective: The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and factors a...
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Utilization Drop-Out of Intermittent Preventive Treatment with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine among Pregnant Women in North Western Ghana
Anthony Chiaraah,
Ebenezer Owusu-Sekyere
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
156-164
Received:
6 March 2014
Accepted:
16 April 2014
Published:
20 April 2014
Abstract: Although studies have shown the efficacy of Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) with Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) as a chemo ‘prophylaxis’ for malaria during pregnancy, the dose completion rate is still low in many communities in Ghana. Since the implementation of the IPT with SP policy on pilot basis in some districts and the scaling-up of the policy in other districts of the Upper West Region (UWR), available statistics reveal a high drop-out rate in the second dose. This study assessed various factors that contribute to the low utilization and completion rate of SP, and elicit suggestion for the improvement of the implementation of the policy. This anthropological study was conducted in the Wa municipality of Ghana. A total of six FGDs were held, 4 with pregnant women and 2 with post natal mothers using a semi structured questionnaire. In addition 17 key informant interviews of health service providers of different categories were conducted and additional information on records also reviewed. The results revealed that there was high level of awareness and knowledge of SP as an intervention for malaria prevention during pregnancy. However, negative factors like staff attitude towards clients, mix understanding of correct doses and interval, poor quality of services, and distance to health facilities, lack of proper education as well as culture hindered pregnant women from taking the drug leading to high dropout rate. The study posits that the trend is likely to continue unless a clear policy governing the IPT is efficiently implemented.
Abstract: Although studies have shown the efficacy of Intermittent Preventive Treatment (IPT) with Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) as a chemo ‘prophylaxis’ for malaria during pregnancy, the dose completion rate is still low in many communities in Ghana. Since the implementation of the IPT with SP policy on pilot basis in some districts and the scaling-up of ...
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Knowledge, Approach and Status of Early Marriage in Bangladesh
A.K.M. Fahmidul Haque,
Md. Niajur Rahman,
Arif-uz-Zaman Khan,
Israt Jahan Mukti,
Begum Lutfunnahar
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
165-168
Received:
19 March 2014
Accepted:
9 April 2014
Published:
20 April 2014
Abstract: Early marriage is a key indicator to assess the development of a nation. Early marriage is specifically associated with some unavoidable predicament like social and physical outcomes, mood disorders, depression, anxiety, obsessive and makes dismay. Even the possibilities of iron and calcium deficiency in pregnancy under the age of 18 will be increased which leads to osteoporosis and anaemia. It also enhances the risk of Cervical Cancer as well. A descriptive type of cross sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge, approach and status of early marriage in Bangladesh where 300 eligible couples of the reproductive age were taken as sample. Data was collected through structured questionnaire by face to face interview and analyzed by SPSS version 17.0 including descriptive statistic using mean, standard deviation, percentage, Chi-square test to describe the association. The respondents got married at the age of 16.19±3.522 (Female) (Mean±SD) years and 22.22±10.532 (Male) years where the frequency of early marriage was 65% in Bangladesh. Only 22% respondents had no standard education and 63.3% female respondents were housewife which showed that the rate of literacy and working women is increasing in Bangladesh even a significant association exists between age of early marriage and occupation of the respondents (x2 10.433 with P value 0.034). 81.3% respondents were nuclear family and had a significant relation between type of the family and age of the early marriage (x2 4.136 with P value 0.042). Average monthly household income was 12,226±5,787.366 taka where 10.3% had <5000 taka and 4% had income >20000 taka. 55.33% had no marriage registration and 15.3% had no child birth registration of their child. All the respondents agreed to stop early marriage and showed positive attitude where 99% thought for female <18 years will not suitable for marriage. These study results specifically showed the necessity of Bangladesh to give more attention on this issue to graduate from Least Developed Country (LDC) list
Abstract: Early marriage is a key indicator to assess the development of a nation. Early marriage is specifically associated with some unavoidable predicament like social and physical outcomes, mood disorders, depression, anxiety, obsessive and makes dismay. Even the possibilities of iron and calcium deficiency in pregnancy under the age of 18 will be increa...
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Factors Affecting Utilization of Postnatal Care Service in Amhara Region, Jabitena District, Ethiopia
Yinager Gebeyehu Workineh,
Desta Aregawi Hailu
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
169-176
Received:
29 March 2014
Accepted:
9 April 2014
Published:
20 April 2014
Abstract: Background: Each year, 287,000 women die from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth, and about 99% of these deaths occur in developing countries. The first hours, days and weeks after childbirth are a dangerous time for both the mother and newborn infant. Post natal care prevents the great majority of maternal and child morbidity and mortality. Despite its importance, this period is generally the most neglected in developing countries. This study therefore aims to identify factors affecting PNC service utilization among child bearing age women who gave birth in the past two years in Jabitena district, Amhara region, Ethiopia. Method: Community based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2013. Multistage sampling technique was employed to select the study participants. A pre-tested questionnaire was used .Bivariate and multivariate data analysis was performed using SPSS version 17.0 software. Result: In this study 20.2% mothers utilized postnatal care service. Educational status of the mother, final decision maker on health care service utilization, number of pregnancy, place of delivery and being aware of at least one postpartum obstetric danger sign were found to be significantly associated with post natal care service utilization. Conclusion: proportion of postnatal care service was very small. Educational status, women’s autonomy, number of pregnancy, place of delivery and knowledge of postpartum obstetric danger sign were the factors making a difference in utilizing post natal care service. Thus, strengthening the provision of information, education and communication (IEC) was recommended
Abstract: Background: Each year, 287,000 women die from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth, and about 99% of these deaths occur in developing countries. The first hours, days and weeks after childbirth are a dangerous time for both the mother and newborn infant. Post natal care prevents the great majority of maternal and child morbidity and mo...
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Estimation of Parameters related to SFTSV (Severe Febrile Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus) Transmission of Sheep in Shandong, China
Teppei Hirata,
Yoshiki Kinjyo,
Yayumi Nishihira,
Yoshihito Yonahara,
Takeshi Miyagi,
Tsutomu Omatsu,
Yasushi Shiroma,
Tetsuya Mizutani,
Yasunori Nagata,
Shiro tamaki
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
177-181
Received:
30 March 2014
Accepted:
10 April 2014
Published:
30 April 2014
Abstract: In this study, it has been carried out that estimation of mathematical models of SFTSV (severe febrile thrombocytopenia syndrome virus) transmission between sheep in Shandong, China. Data used in the system identification is obtained by observing the cohort group of sheep in Shandong Province, China by Chinese scientists. Observation of the cohort was carried out approximately every week, and it was measured that the number of SFTSV antibody positive animals. As a mathematical model, endemic SIR model was selected. System identification is performed using the solver function of the spreadsheet. The software and solver were Microsoft Excel2010 and GRG (Generalized Reduced Gradient) nonlinear method. After complemented of observed values with polynomial curve, logistic curve and the Gompertz curves, the system identification was conducted and initial values of parameters and initial value of variable were estimated. As the result of system identification, the value of basic reproduction indicating virus transmission was estimated as the value of 34-45. This system identification is included many estimation. However the result suggested that this disease has strong infectious force.
Abstract: In this study, it has been carried out that estimation of mathematical models of SFTSV (severe febrile thrombocytopenia syndrome virus) transmission between sheep in Shandong, China. Data used in the system identification is obtained by observing the cohort group of sheep in Shandong Province, China by Chinese scientists. Observation of the cohort ...
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Male Partners Involvement in Maternal ANC Care: The View of Women Attending ANC in Hararipublic Health Institutions, Eastern Ethiopia
Fekede Asefa,
Ayele Geleto,
Yadeta Dessie
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
182-188
Received:
28 March 2014
Accepted:
16 April 2014
Published:
30 April 2014
Abstract: Maleinvolvement in reproductive health has recently been promoted as a promising new strategy for improving maternal and child health. This is becausetheinvolvement of men in antenatal care can play a vital role in ensuring safe pregnancy, delivery and moral support to the women.However, little attention has been placed on male parnersinvolvement in maternity care in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess male partners’ involvement in maternal ANC care and identify its associated factors among pregnant women attending their ANC in Harari Regional State of Ethiopia. Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among 385 randomly selected ANC attendees in Harari public health institutions from February to May 2011.Data were collected using interview based questions; which was then entered into Epidata and analyzed using SPSS. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was calculated to assess factors associated with male accompany at p<0.05. The result showed that only 19.7% of the women were found to be accompanied by their spouse during their recent visit to ANC. Being a housewife (AOR=2.6, 95% CI; (1.2, 5.8)), rural residents (AOR=2.7, 95% CI; (1.2, 6.0)) and women unsupportive of male involvement in maternal care (AOR= 3.5, 95% CI; (1.2, 10)) were more likely associated with unaccompanying male partners. The major reasons reported by women for not being accompanied by their male partnerswere: a pretext that males being preoccupied with work, lack of awareness on the possible complication during pregnancy, misconception that the ANC is the concern of women’s only, males’ feeling shame to accompany them on visit and lack of responsibility. In general, the involvement of male partners in maternal ANC service was found to be low in the study area. Empowering women to have open discussion with their partners about maternal health issues and creating awareness in utilizing ANC could improve male involvement in ANC in the region.
Abstract: Maleinvolvement in reproductive health has recently been promoted as a promising new strategy for improving maternal and child health. This is becausetheinvolvement of men in antenatal care can play a vital role in ensuring safe pregnancy, delivery and moral support to the women.However, little attention has been placed on male parnersinvolvement i...
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Practice of Menstrual Hygiene and Associated Factors among Female Mehalmeda High School Students in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
Teklemariam Ketema Gultie
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
189-195
Received:
9 April 2014
Accepted:
24 April 2014
Published:
30 April 2014
Abstract: Introduction: Menstrual hygiene management has not received adequate attention in the reproductive health sectors in developing countries. In Africa the practice of menstrual hygiene management is still poor and the issue is under estimated. Due to poor menstrual hygiene management the adolescent girls are exposed for reproductive tract infection, school absenteeism and increase school dropout rate. Objectives: To assess the practice of menstrual hygiene and associated factors among female Mehalmeda high school students in Amhara regional state, Ethiopia. Methods: Institution based cross sectional study design conducted from April 01 to 30/2013 using multistage sampling technique. Four hundred ninety two study participants were selected and structured pretested questionnaire was used to collect information from the participants. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 16 Crude odds ratio (COR) and Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) was used to identify the association with p value <0.05 as significant. Result: Majority of the participants (90.9%) practiced good menstrual hygiene and had high level of menstrual hygiene knowledge. After bivariate analysis, the significant factors of menstrual hygiene were entered in to the multivariate model. It revealed that good menstrual hygiene was practiced among those participants who had high level of knowledge about menstrual hygiene (OR 5.78: 95% CI, 2.15-15.51), teachers as source of information (OR 7.64: 95% CI, 2.16-27.03) and access for water (OR 6.5: 95% CI, 2.08-20.32) and urban place of residence (OR 2.38: 95% CI, 1.137, 3.05). Conclusion: Majority of the participants had high level of menstrual hygiene knowledge practiced good menstrual hygiene. Different factors affect the practice of menstrual hygiene such as source of information, access of water and knowledge about menstrual hygiene.
Abstract: Introduction: Menstrual hygiene management has not received adequate attention in the reproductive health sectors in developing countries. In Africa the practice of menstrual hygiene management is still poor and the issue is under estimated. Due to poor menstrual hygiene management the adolescent girls are exposed for reproductive tract infection, ...
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Prevalence of Hookworm Infection: A Retrospective Study in Kumasi, Ghana
Williams Walana,
Eric Nana Kofi Aidoo,
Ezekiel Kofi Vicar,
Samuel Crowther Kofi Tay
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
196-199
Received:
9 April 2014
Accepted:
24 April 2014
Published:
30 April 2014
Abstract: Introduction- Epidemiological information such as trends of prevalence of hookworm infection is a prerequisite to developing and/or sustaining control strategies. Objective- This study specifically sought to establish the prevalence of hookworm infection among patients who reported at the Parasitology Laboratory of the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) for intestinal parasitic investigation. Method- A retrospective study conducted covered available data from January 2001 to December 2011. Records of patients referred to the Parasitology Laboratory of the hospital were manually reviewed for hookworm infection. Data on age, sex and status of hookworm infection (either present or absent) were retrieved and analyzed using Microsoft excel 2007 statistical package. Results- A total of 47147 patients reported at the laboratory for intestinal parasitic investigations. Out of this number, 158 were hookworm positive, representing an overall prevalence of 0.3% (158/47147). Among the positive cases, the study revealed that the proportion of individuals in age groups <1, 1 to 9, 10 to 19, 20 to 29, and 30 to 39 years infected were 1.3%(2), 10.8%(17), 16.5%(26), 27.2%(43) and 23.4%(37) respectively. However, the proportion of patients in age groups 40 to 49, 50 to 59 and ≥60 years infected were 8.7%(14), 5.7%(9) and 7.0%(11) respectively. Among the infected patients 62.7% (99) were females while 37.3% (59) were males. The yearly prevalence rate dropped consistently from 0.8% in 2001 to 0.1% in 2005. It however increased marginally in 2006 (0.3%) and dropped to 0.0% in 2011. There were indications of seasonal variation regarding the monthly prevalence rates of hookworm infection. Conclusion- The overall prevalence of hookworm was relatively low among the study population. However, the study suggests that hookworm infestation is generally high between April and August.
Abstract: Introduction- Epidemiological information such as trends of prevalence of hookworm infection is a prerequisite to developing and/or sustaining control strategies. Objective- This study specifically sought to establish the prevalence of hookworm infection among patients who reported at the Parasitology Laboratory of the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospita...
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Household out of Pocket Expenditure of Caesarean Section Delivery in Bangladesh: A Critical Review of the Published Literature
Eva Naznin,
Mohammad Enamul Hoque,
Abdullah Al Mamun
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
200-204
Received:
23 April 2014
Accepted:
28 April 2014
Published:
10 May 2014
Abstract: Various studies in Bangladesh examined the cost of caesarean section delivery. However, no systematic investigation on the quality of these studies has been performed. The aim of this study is to systematically review the published literature on caesarean section delivery cost in Bangladesh and to scrutiny the methodological quality of these studies. A comprehensive search strategy was developed to search Medline by the PubMed interface. Due to small number of article was found, various report that was done in cost of cesarean section delivery in Bangladesh were also identified. Among the selected studies, respondent selection procedure was not consistent. Regarding recall error, only two studies mentioned the problem of recall error and only one studytook steps to minimize the recall bias. Only one study conducted a scientific method to measure the sample size of the study. Only one study disaggregated medical costs according to various components, whereas only two studies considered productivity lost as a part of their total cost analysis. However, no study measured the cost of intangible which refers to the cost of patient pain and sufferings. The majority of the studies did not follow the scientific method of cost of illness study, which consequently resulted into a lack of robustness of the analysis. In general, the less technical issues are targeted by most of the study.The capacity building on cost of illness analysis among the researcher in Bangladesh is required.
Abstract: Various studies in Bangladesh examined the cost of caesarean section delivery. However, no systematic investigation on the quality of these studies has been performed. The aim of this study is to systematically review the published literature on caesarean section delivery cost in Bangladesh and to scrutiny the methodological quality of these studie...
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Tinea Capitis in Primary and Middle School Students in South-East of Iran
Ebrahimzadeh Adel,
Hashami Shahri Saeed Mohammad,
Fazaeli Asghar
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
205-208
Received:
25 March 2014
Accepted:
5 May 2014
Published:
20 May 2014
Abstract: Tinea capitis is a common infection among school children, still raising public health importance in many countries. There are unpublished reports of head fungal infections, particularly Tinea capitis, in school children of Sistan and Baluchestan province, at South-East of Iran. However, the reports are only based on the clinical evidences and there is no information about the prevalence and the agents of the infection. The present study was designed to determine the prevalence of Tinea capitis based on demographic information as well as laboratory determination of the causative fungal species in primary and middle school students of seven districts in Sistan and Baluchestan in 2011. During this cross-sectional study, 2060 children from urban and rural primary and middle schools were randomly selected and subjected to the survey by informed consents. Their demographic information was recorded in questionnaire and specimens from suspicious students were taken by scraping the scalp and removing hair stubs. Microscopic examination and culture and subculture of the specimens were performed using Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar (S) and S + Chloramphenicol + Cyclohexamide (SCC) media and slide culture for identification of fungal agents. The surveyed children contained 56.7% female and 43.3% male. A number of 110 students (5.8%) were suspected to have Tinea capitis. Thirty-seven cases of Tinea capitis were confirmed by demonstration of dermatophytes spores or mycelium in direct smears, consisting of 25 (22.73%) ectothrix, 8 (7.27%) endothrix and 4 cases (3.63%) of favus. The dermatophytes isolated by in in vitro cultures, included 17 anthropophilic, 9 zoophilic and 3 geophilic species. The other 7 isolates were only characterised as Trichophyton mentagrophytes but remained unidentified at the level of subspecies. The prevalence of Tinea capitis in the rural school students was significantly more than that in the urban students. The infection rate in male was also significantly more than that in female. The results implied that control program with concern to the sources of infections is of great importance. Health education and development of knowledge among school children are recommended to be taken into account. It was resulted that all three sources of dermatophyte infections are involved with the incidence of Tinea capitis in children at South-East of Iran, although the anthropophilic and zoophilic reservoirs are predominant.
Abstract: Tinea capitis is a common infection among school children, still raising public health importance in many countries. There are unpublished reports of head fungal infections, particularly Tinea capitis, in school children of Sistan and Baluchestan province, at South-East of Iran. However, the reports are only based on the clinical evidences and ther...
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HIV Risk Behaviours among Injecting Drug Users in Vietnam: A Review
Tanvir Ahmed,
Nguyen Thanh Long,
Phan Thi Thu Huong,
Chiao Tzu Patricia Lee,
Donald Edwin Stewart
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
209-215
Received:
11 April 2014
Accepted:
7 May 2014
Published:
20 May 2014
Abstract: Background: There is high prevalence of HIV among Injecting Drug Users (IDUs) in Vietnam with a national level prevalence just under 20%. Both drug and sex related risk behaviors are widespread among IDUs. The objective of this review is to analyze HIV risk behaviors and identify the epidemiologic implications. Methods: Major databases were searched during November-December, 2011. Finally, 55 peer-reviewed articles were identified and reviewed to focus on risk behaviors of IDUs, Female Sex Workers (FSW) and drug policy and harm reduction program related issues. Results: Young injectors are involved in risk behaviors that include frequent sexual connections with FSWs. Our review found that young IDU subgroups (≤30 years) are engaged in high risk behaviors and have limited access to harm reduction services. Sexual risk factors associated with drug injecting FSWs may become the catalyst for a future heterosexual transmission if the prevalence rises further. Future research should focus on young injectors to investigate the structure and characteristics of networks to help guide harm reduction programs, including IDU subgroups. Conclusion: Vietnam has still a window of opportunity to learn from the experience of neighboring countries and, after modification, to incorporate preventative services suited to the needs of young injectors, into existing programs.
Abstract: Background: There is high prevalence of HIV among Injecting Drug Users (IDUs) in Vietnam with a national level prevalence just under 20%. Both drug and sex related risk behaviors are widespread among IDUs. The objective of this review is to analyze HIV risk behaviors and identify the epidemiologic implications. Methods: Major databases were searche...
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Anaemia in Pregnancy: Prevalence and Possible Risk Factors in Kakamega County, Kenya
Mulambalah Chrispinus Siteti,
Siamba Donald Namasaka,
Ogutu Philip Ariya,
Siteti Darwin Injete,
Wekesa Antony Wanyonyi
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
216-222
Received:
8 April 2014
Accepted:
8 May 2014
Published:
20 May 2014
Abstract: Anaemia in expectant women is a serious world-wide public health problem with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Haematological parameters indicative of pregnancy anaemia need to be investigated to provide basis for prompt management of anaemia in pregnancy. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of anaemia in pregnant mothers of various age groups and at different gestation periods visiting antenatal clinic at a county level 5 hospital. The ages of recruited participants ranged from 16 to 40 years with a mean age of 26.8 ± 4.3 years. A total of 320 blood samples were collected during the first and subsequent visits to antenatal clinic from January to December 2013. The age, marital, socio-economic status, highest level of education, stages of each pregnancy of each participant were recorded. Haemoglobin estimation was done using a HemoCue® B-Hemoglobin system and positive anaemia cases were classified as mild, moderate, severe and very severe based on the world health organization criteria. The haemoglobin concentrations ranged from 6.5 g/dl – 15.5 g/dl with a mean of 10.2 ± 1.3g/dl. Data was analysed using the Chi-square test and Odds ratio. Out of all blood samples analyzed, 128 (40%) were anaemic of which 62.5% (n=80) were mildly anaemic cases whereas 37.5% (n=48) were moderately anaemic and no severe anaemic cases were detected. Anaemia was more prevalent (33.3% -60%) in second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Study results confirm that socio-economic deprivation and lack of basic education are important factors that predispose pregnant women to anaemia. Anaemia levels reported are low but persistent and present a potentially serious public health problem to the mother, foetal growth and delivery outcome and therefore require serious attention. It is recommended that the county government initiates free iron supplementation and enlist services of extension nutritionists in an integrated programme for the prevention and management of pregnancy related anaemia.
Abstract: Anaemia in expectant women is a serious world-wide public health problem with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Haematological parameters indicative of pregnancy anaemia need to be investigated to provide basis for prompt management of anaemia in pregnancy. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of anaemia in pregnant mothers of various age...
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Factorial Invariance of Bias Scale, Trait Version, in Engineering and Social Sciences Mexican University Students
Gabriel Gastélum Cuadras,
Alejandro Chávez Guerrero,
Judith Margarita Rodríguez-Villalobos,
Jeanette López Walle,
Isabel Castillo Fernández
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
223-228
Received:
22 April 2014
Accepted:
15 May 2014
Published:
30 May 2014
Abstract: This present study analyses the psychometric properties of BIAS (Body Image Anxiety Scale) testing, trait version, in engineering and social sciences students. A total sample of 918 participants; 460 from engineering and 458 from social sciences, with an average age of 18.27 years (DE = 0.70) and 18.13 years (DE = 0.74) respectively. Exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis showed that a bi-factorial structure is feasible and convenient for both populations (engineering and social sciences) according to the established psychometric requirements because the students are the ones who provided the information. Furthermore the factorial structure, factorial loads and the intercepts are considered invariant in the engineering and social sciences areas; however there are differences in the mean of both factors among the two populations.
Abstract: This present study analyses the psychometric properties of BIAS (Body Image Anxiety Scale) testing, trait version, in engineering and social sciences students. A total sample of 918 participants; 460 from engineering and 458 from social sciences, with an average age of 18.27 years (DE = 0.70) and 18.13 years (DE = 0.74) respectively. Exploratory an...
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Fitness of Public Health Laboratory in the Republic of Macedonia for the Application of Standards for Quality
Evgenija Kiroska-Petreska,
Katja Popovska,
Vesna Kostikj,
Dragan Gjorgjev,
Branka Petrovska
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
229-233
Received:
24 April 2014
Accepted:
13 May 2014
Published:
30 May 2014
Abstract: The main goal of this master’s study is to determine preparedness of public health laboratories concerning the conditions (area, equipment, and staff) and in relation to quality standard application, with identification of the current condition of laboratories in relation to the area, equipment and staff as well as quality standard application in the Institute and the Public Health Centres in the Republic of Macedonia. This research was conducted through a Questionnaire, which was adapted from the ISO/IEC 17025:2005 standard and modified for the goals of the study. Total 144 employees completed the Questionnaire which they were given during the survey (face to face method), with the aim of reducing possible errors. Statistic processing was conducted through application of standard descriptive analyses of quality indicators and check of the hypotheses put forward. The study identified that globally, the preparedness of public health laboratories in the Republic of Macedonia in relation to conditions (area, equipment and staff), for quality standard application, is seen as PARTIAL. The current condition of laboratories in relation to the area, equipment and staff, as well as quality standard application in the Institute and the Public Health Centres in the Republic of Macedonia varies and differs significantly between accredited and non-accredited public health laboratories. In the accredited public health laboratories in the RM, interviewed employees in the Public Health Institute of the RM showed best knowledge and dedication for quality system maintenance in testing laboratories. One can distinguish essential differences in the management staff’s view and knowledge in relation to introducing quality systems between managers - health professionals and managers – economists. Testing laboratories in the Institute of Public Health of the RM and few Public Health Centres have adequate and modern equipment, in line with the testing methods, great inadequacy of space in relation to its distribution, non-permitted access, cleanliness and monitoring the ambiance conditions. Professional and competent staffs work in the Institute and in all Public Health Centres, in particular when it comes to testing activities. Motivation of staffs instigated by management teams is what is missing. Both internal and external trainings of staffs are necessary.
Abstract: The main goal of this master’s study is to determine preparedness of public health laboratories concerning the conditions (area, equipment, and staff) and in relation to quality standard application, with identification of the current condition of laboratories in relation to the area, equipment and staff as well as quality standard application in t...
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Climate Variability and Malaria Transmission – Fogera District, Ethiopia, 2003-2011
Addisu Workineh Kassa,
Belay Bezabih Beyene
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
234-237
Received:
29 April 2014
Accepted:
20 May 2014
Published:
30 May 2014
Abstract: Background: Epidemic malaria creates serious public health emergencies in Ethiopia. Malaria transmission rates have been linked to temperature and precipitation; factors that will be affected by increasing climate variability. Method: We analyzed climate and malaria data from January 2003-December 2011 in Fogera district of Ethiopia. We compared monthly rainfall and temperature data with the number of confirmed malaria cases. Results: We identified 104,716 confirmed malaria cases, which were treated in the district from 2003-2011 (monthly cases range from 98 – 5038). The annual prevalence rate was 104 per 1000. Annual average rainfall was 1268 mm, and annually there were between four and six months with rainfall that exceeded 80mm. There was a trend associating months with rainfall above 80mm and higher rates of confirmed malaria cases in seven of the nine years of the study period. Average monthly temperatures throughout the nine years period ranged from 180c to 280c. Conclusions: Malaria still constitutes a serious public health problem in Fogera district. Monthly precipitation greater than 80 mm was associated with increased malaria transmission rates in the district, and temperature probably was not a limiting factor. We recommend the development of climate prediction models to help forecast and control malaria outbreaks in the district.
Abstract: Background: Epidemic malaria creates serious public health emergencies in Ethiopia. Malaria transmission rates have been linked to temperature and precipitation; factors that will be affected by increasing climate variability. Method: We analyzed climate and malaria data from January 2003-December 2011 in Fogera district of Ethiopia. We compared mo...
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No-Shows in Outpatient Medical Institutions in Germany – A Pilot Study about Explanations of Patients Why they Missed their Appointment
Wolfgang Frank,
Erich Kasten
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
238-242
Received:
10 May 2014
Accepted:
20 May 2014
Published:
30 May 2014
Abstract: Patients, who miss an appointment in medical institutions (so called “no-shows”) cause a significant damage to the health care system. We asked 181 patients (65% female, 35% male; average age 43.7 y.) how often they missed appointments in the past 12 months. The questionnaire’s reliability was r = 0.76. We recorded 2,778 events. 3.13% of the appointment were missed and 0.43% came much too late. Most common reasons were forgetfulness and confusion of dates. Severity of pain and health-limitations correlated positive with punctuality. Among the no-shows were significantly more unemployed subjects than people with an occupation. There was no significant difference between pensioners and unemployed participants. Only 25% found memory aids such as letters, phone calls or short text messages helpful before the appointment. 60% of patients agreed to pay a fee of max. 1.- € for such a service. As charge for doctor’s loss of income due to the missed appointment a payment between 10.- € and 20.- € was judged to be appropriate. Two groups of "persons of risk" have been identified: 1. non-working people and 2. patients with poor memory. Both groups valued reminders for the appointment positively.
Abstract: Patients, who miss an appointment in medical institutions (so called “no-shows”) cause a significant damage to the health care system. We asked 181 patients (65% female, 35% male; average age 43.7 y.) how often they missed appointments in the past 12 months. The questionnaire’s reliability was r = 0.76. We recorded 2,778 events. 3.13% of the appoin...
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Prevalence and Determinants of Childhood Diarrhoea among Graduated Households, in Rural Area of Shebedino District, Southern Ethiopia, 2013
Alemu Tamiso,
Mezgebu Yitayal,
Akilew Awoke
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 3, May 2014
Pages:
243-251
Received:
31 December 2013
Accepted:
30 May 2014
Published:
30 May 2014
Abstract: Background: Despite dramatic declines in deaths due to diarrheal disease among infants and children in developing countries, diarrhea remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Even though Rota vaccine is not available to decrease morbidity and mortality due to diarrheal disease, Ethiopian government endorsed health extension program at 2004 and through it, the country was increasing latrine coverage and utilization, creating positive behavioral change in household level regarding personal hygiene and environmental sanitation to decrease the morbidity due to diarrhea, even though diarrhea remains second common cause of under-five mortality in the country. So the aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and determinants of childhood diarrhea among graduated households in rural area of Shebedino district, Southern Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out in April 2013. A multi -stage sampling to reach household and systematic random sampling technique was used to select 769 graduated households that had at least one under-five children. Data were collected using a pre-tested and structured questionnaire by trained nurses. Bivariate and hierarchical logistic regression analyses were undertaken to identify determinant of childhood diarrhea. Results: Seven hundred sixty nine households were enrolled in the study making a response rate of 98.8%. The prevalence of childhood diarrhea was found to be 19.6 %,( 95% CI: (16.8, 22.4). The household graduated before 2003 EC ([AOR: 1.83, 95% CI (1.16, 2.89), two or more under five children [AOR: 1.96, 95% CI (1.23,3.12)], history of maternal diarrheal morbidity [AOR: 5.76, 95% CI:(3.50, 9.47)], mode of feeding by cup[AOR:2.13,95%CI:(1.09, 4.13)], and malnutrition [AOR:4.06,95% CI :(2.54-6.50)]were determinants of childhood diarrhea. Conclusion: Prevalence of childhood diarrhea was high. Time of household graduation, kebeles, and maternal diarrheal illness, mode of feeding and nutritional status were determinants of childhood diarrhea. Refreshing the graduated households on minimum of every two years and health extension program should focus on child care practice to prevent and control childhood diarrhea.
Abstract: Background: Despite dramatic declines in deaths due to diarrheal disease among infants and children in developing countries, diarrhea remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Even though Rota vaccine is not available to decrease morbidity and mortality due to diarrheal disease, Ethiopian government endorsed health extension program a...
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