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Analysis of Risk Factors for Mortality of In-Hospital Pneumonia Patients in Bushulo Major Health Center, Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia
Zinabu Teka,
Ayele Taye,
Zemichael Gizaw
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
373-377
Received:
7 July 2014
Accepted:
21 July 2014
Published:
30 July 2014
Abstract: Background: Pneumonia remains a significant health problem in the world with significant morbidity and mortality. More than 1.16 million child pneumonia deaths occurred in just 15 countries (including Ethiopia, India at the first rank) in 2008, according to WHO figures. These 15 countries account for nearly three-quarters of all child pneumonia deaths worldwide. It is more likely in sub Saharan African countries. Objective: The aim of the present study was to analyze the risk factors of mortality of in-hospital patients due to pneumonia at Bushulo Major Health Center, Hawassa. Methods: Retrospective chart review of 431 patients was prepared for those hospitalized with pneumonia during January 2008 to December 2010. Both Bayesian and classical logistic regression models were applied for analyzing the data. Results: The logistic analysis revealed that the odds of being at risk to death due to pneumonia in-hospital was higher for patients with rural residence, diagnosed at wet season, having respiratory distress, with pneumonia complication, having vomiting, with short breathing problem and fast breathing problem, and long duration of the symptoms (disease). However, the risk was lower for patients with long time stay in-hospital and with 36-39 oC body temperature both at first and last diagnosis. Conclusion: Results revealed that the covariates: residence of a patient, whether or not a patient has vomiting, time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis (days), body temperature at first diagnosis (oC), body temperature at last diagnosis (oC), season when a patient diagnosed, pneumonia complications, total hospital stay (days), breathing problem and respiratory distress were significant predictors of discharge/death status of in-hospital pneumonia patients.
Abstract: Background: Pneumonia remains a significant health problem in the world with significant morbidity and mortality. More than 1.16 million child pneumonia deaths occurred in just 15 countries (including Ethiopia, India at the first rank) in 2008, according to WHO figures. These 15 countries account for nearly three-quarters of all child pneumonia dea...
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Assessment of Quality of Life and Associated Factors among People with Epilepsy Attending at Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Minale Tareke Tegegne,
Niguse Yigzaw Muluneh,
Teketel Tegegne Wochamo,
Andargie Abate Awoke,
Tilahun Belete Mossie,
Molla Ayele Yesigat
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
378-383
Received:
20 July 2014
Accepted:
28 July 2014
Published:
10 August 2014
Abstract: Background: There is shortage of literature on the impact of epilepsy on quality of life (QoL). We conducted a study to assess the quality of life and associated factors among epileptic patients in Ethiopia. Method: An institution based cross -sectional study was conducted From April to May, 2013, among 423 samples of epileptic patients from outpatient department of Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital. Quality of life was assessed using world Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire (WHO QOL BREF) scale; in addition, perceived stigma scale and Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale were used for interviewing the study participants. Logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors associated with quality of life. Result: A total of 415 epileptic patients were included in this cross-sectional study. Out of which, 45.8% of the study participants had poor quality of life. Respondents who are unable to read and write, primary school, those who had frequent seizures, taking more than one type of antiepileptic drugs, anxiety, depression and perceived stigma, were found to be significantly associated with poor quality of life. Conclusion: Poor quality of life was found to be high among epilepsy patients. Managing patients with epilepsy to become seizure free, educating people regarding epilepsy and treatment of co-morbid disorders will help to improve quality of life in patients with epilepsy.
Abstract: Background: There is shortage of literature on the impact of epilepsy on quality of life (QoL). We conducted a study to assess the quality of life and associated factors among epileptic patients in Ethiopia. Method: An institution based cross -sectional study was conducted From April to May, 2013, among 423 samples of epileptic patients from outpat...
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Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude And Practice of Health Care Workers on Infection Prevention in Health Institution Bahir Dar City Administration
Kelemua Gulilat,
Gebeyaw Tiruneh
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
384-393
Received:
28 June 2014
Accepted:
18 July 2014
Published:
10 August 2014
Abstract: Infection in healthcare facilities is a major public health problem in most developing countries like Ethiopia. Currently the overall incidence of health care associated infection has been increased and burden of these infections is staggering. Thus, it is important to identify the level of health care workers knowledge, attitude and practice in study area and identifying gaps for better intervention. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of health care workers on infection prevention and associated factors in the health institution. Methods: Institution based cross sectional study was conducted in April, 2012 in health facilities found in Bahirdar city administration. Data were collected using pre tested questionnaire on 354 health care workers selected by simple random sampling technique. The study was supplemented by observation. Collected data were checked, coded and entered into EPI –Info version 3.5.2 and transferred to SPSS version 16 for analysis. Both bivariate and multiple logistic regression analysis was done. Variables had P-value less than 0.2 in bivariate analysis entered in to multiple logistic regressions to control confounders. Frequency, Mean and other statistics were calculated. P-value less than 0.05 were set as statistically significant. Result: Overall knowledge score of respondents were 84.5% and about 55.6% had positive attitude and 54.2% of respondents’ had safe infection prevention practice. Result of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that working in hospital (AOR= 2.54; 95%CI (1.12, 5.75)), working experience greater than10years (AOR= 3.79 (95% CI=2.33, 6.17)) and availability PPE (AOR= 6.79 (95% CI=2.83, 17.27)) had positive association with infection prevention. Conclusion: Though participants had better knowledge and positive attitude their practice of infection prevention was not optimum as per the national guide line. Therefore improving institutional supplies like hand hygiene material, PPE, water supply and TST may improve safe infection prevention practice.
Abstract: Infection in healthcare facilities is a major public health problem in most developing countries like Ethiopia. Currently the overall incidence of health care associated infection has been increased and burden of these infections is staggering. Thus, it is important to identify the level of health care workers knowledge, attitude and practice in st...
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Factors Associated with Timely Initiation and Exclusive Breast Feeding among Mothers of Axum Town, Northern Ethiopia
Mussie Alemayehu,
Kidan Abreh,
Henock Yebyo,
Kahssay Zemichael,
Hailay Gebremichael
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
394-401
Received:
9 July 2014
Accepted:
15 July 2014
Published:
20 August 2014
Abstract: Background: Globally, there is a declining in the trend of breast feeding. Moreover, inappropriate practice of timely initiation and exclusive breastfeeding affects negatively on child survival, growth and development. One in every 11 and 17 Ethiopian children dies before the first birthday and the fifth birthday, respectively. However, one of the priorities, in the Health Sector Development Plan (HSDP) IV is improving child health, with a goal to reduce the under-five mortality rate. This study aimed at assessing the proportion and factors associated with timely initiation and exclusive breastfeeding among mothers in Axum town. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Axum Town from May 10-26, 2013 to collect data from 418 mothers having children less than one year old using a systematic random sampling. Descriptive and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed using SPSS 20 for windows to estimate indicators and effect sizes of the predictors on timely initiation and exclusive breastfeeding. Results: The overall proportion of timely initiation and exclusive breastfeeding was, 41.6 and 40.9%, respectively. Mothers with female child and those who didn’t give colostrums to their newborn within an hour after birth had a positive association with timely initiation of breastfeeding with AOR of 2.09 (95% CI: 1.37, 3.17) and AOR of 0.31 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.48). Moreover, mothers who didn’t give the colostrum to their newborn within an hour after birth were less likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding than their counterparts AOR of 0.13 (95% CI: 0.08, 0.21). Conclusion: The proportion of timely initiation and exclusive breastfeeding was low. Giving colostrums could have an influence on timely initiation and exclusive breastfeeding. Besides, child sex could have an influence on timely initiation of breastfeeding.
Abstract: Background: Globally, there is a declining in the trend of breast feeding. Moreover, inappropriate practice of timely initiation and exclusive breastfeeding affects negatively on child survival, growth and development. One in every 11 and 17 Ethiopian children dies before the first birthday and the fifth birthday, respectively. However, one of the ...
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Treatment Delay among Smear Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in South Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Zerihun Zerdo Zeleke,
Zemedu Mehamed Trifa
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
402-409
Received:
24 July 2014
Accepted:
14 August 2014
Published:
30 August 2014
Abstract: Background: Most tuberculosis (TB) patients were not visiting heath facility but transmit disease to healthy individuals in the community for longer time in Ethiopia. This study was aimed at estimating duration of delay for initiation of anti-TB treatment by smear positive pulmonary TB in south Ethiopia and assesses its determinants of patient related factors associated with unacceptable delay for medication of TB. Methods: a cross-sectional study design was used to recruit 218 consecutive smear positive pulmonary TB patients visiting there hospitals in Gamo Goffa Zone. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on socio demographic, economic, behavioral factors and co morbidity with HIV from the study units. The median delay was used as cut-off point to dichotomize acceptable delay from unacceptable one. Pearson chi square and logistic regressions were used to assess association between patient factors and longer delay before treatment. Results: The median delay for initiation of anti-TB medication by smear positive pulmonary TB patients was 35 days. Fifteen of the study participants were HIV positive and equal number of TB patients involved had previous history of TB. Socio-demographic factors significantly associated with longer delay for treatment of TB in Univariate analysis were place of residence, level of education and marital status while economic factors associated were monthly income, whether the house is owned or rented and ceiling status of the house. However, after controlling the effect of confounding variables only place of residence and monthly income remained statistically significant. TB patients from rural area were 2.82 times at increased risk to delay for longer days than those living in the town (p-value= 0.021). Similarly, patients having monthly income of 450 or less Ethiopian birr were 4.96 times more likely to delay for longer time than those who had no regular monthly income (p-value=0.003). Conclusion: Smear positive pulmonary TB patients delay for more days before taking anti-TB medications which renders them noninfectious after a few weeks of treatment began. They were transmitting the disease in the community making prevention and control more difficult. Those living in the rural area and earn least amount of money per month transmit the disease for longer time. Civil servants who earn the least salary per month had significant increment in the salary recently that might prevent their delay. However, access to diagnosis and treatment of TB for people living in the rural area should be improved so as to help the walk towards the millennium development goal targets.
Abstract: Background: Most tuberculosis (TB) patients were not visiting heath facility but transmit disease to healthy individuals in the community for longer time in Ethiopia. This study was aimed at estimating duration of delay for initiation of anti-TB treatment by smear positive pulmonary TB in south Ethiopia and assesses its determinants of patient rela...
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Risky Sexual Behavior and Associated Factors among Grade 9-12 Students in Humera Secondary School, Western Zone of Tigray, NW Ethiopia, 2014
Abel Fekadu Dadi,
Fiseha Gebrethadkan Teklu
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
410-416
Received:
2 July 2014
Accepted:
18 July 2014
Published:
30 August 2014
Abstract: Introduction: About 1.7 billion people which is more than a quarter of the world's population were between the ages of 10 and 24, and 86% are living in less developed countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines adolescent people as those between the ages of 10 to 19 years. Across the life span, adolescence is the time of greatest risk taking. Even though, adolescent risk taking can derive them to development, it more results in experiencing risky sexual behavior like contracting sexual transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancy than disease. This age category were highly predominant in secondary schools in which government attention is very crucial. Objective: To assess, risky sexual behavior and associated factors among grade 9-12 students in Humera town, western zone of Tigray, NW Ethiopia. Methodology: Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted. Simple random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 422 participants. A structured, pretested and self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Collected data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16. Crude and adjusted odds ratio with its confidence interval was used as measure of association and to assure stastical significance. Result: All of the respondent were included in the study. The overall prevalence of risky sexual behavior was 13.7% (95% CI: 10.6%, 16.8%) and it is predominant among the males. Factors like not living with family [AOR=3.22,95%CI:1.29-8.02], being male [AOR=17.17,95%CI:4.55-64.75], experiencing peer pressure [AOR=2.27, 95%CI:2.79-15.89] and not participating in any religious education [AOR=6.17, 95%CI: 2.24-17.16] were the factors that increase the odds of practicing risky sexual behavior and not exposed to pornographic movie is a factor that prevent [AOR=0.36,95%CI: 0.32-0.91] the odds of practicing risky sexual behavior among the students. Conclusion: Considerable proportion of students were engaged in risky sexual behavior. Sex, participation in religious education, living with parents, peer pressure and looking porno graphic movies were associated with risky sexual behavior. Any interventions that can affect the above risk factors may be helpful to protect adolescent’s health in school.
Abstract: Introduction: About 1.7 billion people which is more than a quarter of the world's population were between the ages of 10 and 24, and 86% are living in less developed countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines adolescent people as those between the ages of 10 to 19 years. Across the life span, adolescence is the time of greatest risk ta...
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Patients’ Satisfaction and Associated Factors among Private Wing Patients at Bahirdar Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, North West Ethiopia
Yeshambel Agumas Ambelie,
Amsalu Feleke Demssie,
Measho Gbreslassie Gebregziabher
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
417-423
Received:
6 August 2014
Accepted:
18 August 2014
Published:
30 August 2014
Abstract: Background: Patient satisfaction has become well established as an important consideration in health care provision and an integral component of measuring quality health service. However, health care outcomes still have been defined by professionals and have largely reflected a clinical perspective, particularly in low income countries including Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess patients’ satisfaction and associated factors among adult private wing patients at Bahirdar Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Amhara National Regional State, North West Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based quantitative cross sectional study was conducted from March 12 to April 30, 2014 on 384 service users using systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected by using “structured interviewer administered questionnaire’, entered using EPI INFO version 3.5.3, and analyzed by SPSS for windows version 20.0. Variables having p < 0.2 at bi – variable analysis were fitted to multi variable analysis, OR, P-value and 95% CI were computed to show the association of variables. Result: From the total sample size (n = 422), three hundred eighty four patients were interviewed, of which 70.3% were outpatients. The results of the study showed that overall patient satisfaction with the health services rendered at the private wing of the hospital was 57.8% at 95% CI (52.8%-63.1%) computed from satisfaction measuring items. Among measuring items, satisfaction was reported to be highest (93.2%) to the cleanliness of the rooms, and least for availability of signs and directions to ease the way in the private wing (25%) to the scale satisfied. Being outpatient reduces satisfaction by 59% as compared with inpatients (AOR: 0.411(0.243-0.696). Conclusion and recommendation: Overall private wing patient satisfaction (57.8%) at 95% CI (52.8%-63.1%) is lower as compared with recent studies in public hospitals of Ethiopia. Age, occupation and patient department are significantly associated with patient satisfaction. The hospital need to strengthen efforts to deliver integrated quality services to improve patient satisfaction at the private wing.
Abstract: Background: Patient satisfaction has become well established as an important consideration in health care provision and an integral component of measuring quality health service. However, health care outcomes still have been defined by professionals and have largely reflected a clinical perspective, particularly in low income countries including Et...
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Determinants of Use of Modern Family Planning Methods: A Case of Baringo North District, Kenya
Paul Kisia Malalu,
Koskei Alfred,
Robert Too,
Amon Chirchir
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
424-430
Received:
20 July 2014
Accepted:
15 August 2014
Published:
30 August 2014
Abstract: Background: Globally, there is an increasing unmet need for safe and effective family planning services. Most women in Africa, just like in many parts around the world, desire to control both the number and timing of births but lack an effective contraceptive method. The uptake of family planning (FP) services is low in Baringo North District. The overall objective of the study was to describe factors influencing use of modern FP methods. Specific objectives were (i) To investigate the role of knowledge, attitude and practice on the utilization of modern FP methods; (ii) To assess the influence of socio-cultural factors on uptake; and (iii) To associate and correlate the various factors with use of these methods. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The district was stratified according to the four administrative divisions. Total sample size was proportionately allocated to each of the four strata then to the two health facilities that were purposively selected per strata. Women in the reproductive age group that met inclusion criteria attending outpatient service at the selected health facilities were consecutively recruited into the study. Data was collected through interviewer administered questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were generated and results considered significant at 95% confidence level. Results: Of all the 344 respondents, 80.8 percent were aware of Modern FP methods. Pills and injection were most commonly known and used methods, mentioned by 66.2 percent and 64.4 percent of study subjects respectively. Sixty two percent of the respondents approved use of modern contraception while the current use rate was 32.3 percent. The significant predictors of use these methods were the respondents' age, marital status, knowledge on the methods and their side effects, and method approval by self and partner (p< 0.05). Conclusion: The low uptake of modern FP methods by women reveals their lack of knowledge on the various methods available, fear of harmful effects, and method approval by self and partner. There is need for reproductive health programs to intensify efforts in improving women's knowledge on modern contraceptive options including their side effects; and encourage constructive partner involvement.
Abstract: Background: Globally, there is an increasing unmet need for safe and effective family planning services. Most women in Africa, just like in many parts around the world, desire to control both the number and timing of births but lack an effective contraceptive method. The uptake of family planning (FP) services is low in Baringo North District. The ...
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Incidences and Predictors of HIV Positivity among Infants who Born from HIV Positive Mother who Have Follow Up at Two Hospitals of Southern Ethiopia, 2014
Tariku Tadele,
Alemu Tamiso,
Tafese Tadele
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
431-439
Received:
8 August 2014
Accepted:
21 August 2014
Published:
10 September 2014
Abstract: Introduction: Despite a dramatic progress in improvements regarding infant mortality due to HIV/AIDS in the past decades, HIV/AIDS is causing a devastating impact on the world’s children. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is by far the largest source of HIV infection in children under the age of 15, with 90% of the cases infected during pregnancy, birth, and major share is after birth.Therefore, this study follows infants after the first test (Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing) is negative, until the occurrences of HIV positivity and predictors associated with it in the two hospital of Southern Ethiopia. Objective: The aim was to assess the incidence, Survival experiences and predictors of HIV positivity among infants born from HIV positive mothers in two hospital of Southern Ethiopia, 2014. Methodology: Institution-Based Retrospective follow up study was conducted at Hawassa Referral and Yirgalem General Hospital from September 2000 to August 2005 E.C. Data was collected by trained BSc nurses from medical registration book of 485 exposed infants . It was entered in to EPI Info 3.5.1 and exported to SPSS version 20 for further analysis. Both Bivariate and Multiple variable Cox regression analysis were conducted to identify predictors. P-value< 0.05 was considered as level of significance. Results: Among 457 participants included under analysis contributed for 4249.4 Person Months of follow up. Cumulative and overall incidence rate of HIV positivity among infants were 19(4.16%) and 4.47/1000 PM (95% CI: 4.02-4.92) respectively. Mean HIV free survival time difference between Exclusive breast feeding 20.2 (95 % CI, 19.6, 20.8)), mixed feeding (17.5 (95% CI, 15.5-19.5)) and exclusive formula feeding 16.8 (95% CI, 16.3, 18.4) were significant. Mixed breast feeding (AHR: 8.23(1.98, 34.2)), ARV prophylaxis (yes) (AHR: 0.19(95% CI, 0.04-0.89)), Maternal HAART (AHR: 0.16(95% CI, .041, 0.59) and SdNVP + AZT+ 3TC (AHR: 0.113(95% CI: 0.02, 0.61)) intervention were independent predictors of HIV positivity among exposed infants. Conclusion: The risk of mother to child transmission of HIV is high for HIV exposed infants. All mothers should start PMTCT intervention as a guideline and it is better to discourage mixed infant feeding to prevent the upcoming infants from the HIV infection.
Abstract: Introduction: Despite a dramatic progress in improvements regarding infant mortality due to HIV/AIDS in the past decades, HIV/AIDS is causing a devastating impact on the world’s children. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is by far the largest source of HIV infection in children under the age of 15, with 90% of the cases infected during pregnancy...
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Awareness and Attitude to Liberalized Safe Abortion Services among Female Students in University and Colleges of Arba Minch Town, Ethiopia
Worku Animaw,
Binyam Bogale
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
440-446
Received:
10 August 2014
Accepted:
25 August 2014
Published:
10 September 2014
Abstract: Background: Unsafe abortion is a significant cause of maternal mortality and morbidity globally. In 2005, the Ethiopian penal code was amended to permit abortion under specific circumstances to minimize the problem. However, its practice is hampered by lack of awareness of the revised criminal code and access to the service. Methods: Institution based cross-sectional qualitative and quantitative study has been conducted to assess awareness and attitude of university and college female students’ to the law. A sample of 845 students from one university and three colleges of Arba Minch town were selected by multistage sampling method. Data entry, cleaning and coding were performed using SPSS version 16 and analyzed with the same soft ware. Associations between dependent and independent variables were tested using logistic regression. P-values > 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant in all cases. Result: Twenty three (43%) among 54 pregnancies were reported as ended with induced abortion. Ethiopia’s abortion law was expected to increase women’s access to safe abortion services but only 261 (32.1%) of college and university students of Arba Minch town were aware about this law after 6 years of liberalization. Better level of awareness had been recorded in health science students as compared with natural science students (OR (95% CI) = 2.8 (1.9, 4.2). Only 246 (30.3%) among all participants (813) were found to have positive attitude towards criteria set to induce abortion. This is roughly in line with health professionals’ attitude at the time safe abortion service was on the process of liberalization. Conclusion: Religion, college (specialty) and sexual experience of students found to be the factors affecting attitude. The knowledge gap may let the students continually suffer from unsafe abortion sequel; so stakeholders should work on awareness creation.
Abstract: Background: Unsafe abortion is a significant cause of maternal mortality and morbidity globally. In 2005, the Ethiopian penal code was amended to permit abortion under specific circumstances to minimize the problem. However, its practice is hampered by lack of awareness of the revised criminal code and access to the service. Methods: Institution ba...
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Models of Approach to Outpatient Older Persons Care
Célia Pereira Caldas,
Renato Peixoto Veras,
Luciana Branco da Motta,
Ricardo Carreño Siqueira,
Renata de Freitas Corrêa,
Marcelo de Jesus Carlos,
Ana Carolina Lima Cavaletti Guerra
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
447-453
Received:
12 August 2014
Accepted:
28 August 2014
Published:
20 September 2014
Abstract: Background: The aging of the population has generated discussions on the needs and unique characteristics of the users of health systems. In this context, the frailty has been used as a guide in managing health care for older adults and specific intervention has shown itself to be effective as much for the diagnosis of illnesses as the improved functioning and satisfaction of the patient and the reduction of mortality. Aims and objetive: The aim of this study was to become familiar with approaches to outpatient older people care for frail older adults. A critical review was conducted evaluating the effectiveness of these models and researchers looked for methods developed in outpatient facilities by interprofessional teams. Conclusions: The models that met our criteria for eligibility presented interprofessional teams composed of geriatricians, nurses, social workers, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, nutritionists and pharmacists. All of the models offered managed care of their patients and the professional who carry out these tasks are mainly nurses, but also social workers, or a primary care physician. Relevance to Clinical Practice: Our results showed that the configuration of a specialized outpatient model in the care of the frail older person is a recent phenomenon, with benefits such as reduced polypharmacy and decreases in functional loss, resulting in a greater quality of life for the users.
Abstract: Background: The aging of the population has generated discussions on the needs and unique characteristics of the users of health systems. In this context, the frailty has been used as a guide in managing health care for older adults and specific intervention has shown itself to be effective as much for the diagnosis of illnesses as the improved fu...
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Evaluation of Beta-Carotene, Iron and other Micronutrient Status of Rats Fed Sun or Shade-Dried Fluted Pumpkin (Telfariaoccidentalis) Leaves and its Product, the Leaf Curd
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
454-460
Received:
20 August 2014
Accepted:
1 September 2014
Published:
20 September 2014
Abstract: The effects of differently processed leaves and the curd of fluted pumpkin (Telfariaoccidentalis)on beta carotene, iron, ascorbate, zinc, copper and calcium status of rats were evaluated. Fluted pumpkin leaf was divided into four (4) portions. One was shade-dried, another was sun-dried and the other was used to produce leaf curd. The last portion was not processed and served as the control. All the processed samples were milled to fine flour andeach of the pumpkin leaf flour was incorporated into rat chow for a 28-day study period. Twenty (20) male weanling rats were divided into four (4) groups of five (5) rats each. They were housed in individual metabolism cages and fed diets and water ad libitum. Blood samples were drawn before and after the experiment by ocular puncture and were used for biochemical analysis. Blood plasma was used to determine haemoglobin while serum was used to determine pro- vitamin A, ascorbate, ferritin, iron, copper, zinc and calcium. The liver was individually removed and analysed for liver ferritin, ascorbate and other micronutrients. The results showed that the rats fed rat chow supplemented with dried leaf curd had higher serum beta carotene, ascorbate, and ferritin than those of the other groups. The rats fed rat chow supplemented with shade dried-fluted pumpkin leaf had higher (p<0.05) haemoglobin level, liver beta-carotene and ascorbate than the other groups. The result showed that processing fluted pumpkin leaf into leaf curd improved serum beta-carotene, serum and liver ascorbate, serum ferritin and liver iron of rats more than other processing methods.
Abstract: The effects of differently processed leaves and the curd of fluted pumpkin (Telfariaoccidentalis)on beta carotene, iron, ascorbate, zinc, copper and calcium status of rats were evaluated. Fluted pumpkin leaf was divided into four (4) portions. One was shade-dried, another was sun-dried and the other was used to produce leaf curd. The last portion w...
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The Effect of Khat (Catha edulis) Chewing on Blood Pressure among Male Adult Chewers, Bahir Dar, North West Ethiopia
Bizuayehu Walle Birhane,
Muluken Walle Birhane
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
461-468
Received:
18 August 2014
Accepted:
1 September 2014
Published:
20 September 2014
Abstract: Khat is found in the evergreen tree or large shrub, consists of whole fresh leaves and buds of a plant known as Catha edulis. Bahir Dar is a city that three percent of Ethiopia’s total production of khat is originated from. There is no community based study that has been done in Bahir Dar city to determine effects of khat chewing behaviours on risk to elevated blood pressure. Therefore, this study aimed to assess effect of khat chewing on systolic and diastolic blood pressure. A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to September 2013among chewers of Bahir Dar city for determine effect of khat chewing on systolic and diastolic blood pressure. A structured questioner and medical measuring equipments were used to collect socio-demographic data, khat chewing behaviours and levels of physiological parameters. A total of 422 male khat chewers were included in study, 422 respond to the questioners, giving a response rate of 100%. The multivariate analysis result shown that the figure of having elevated systolic blood pressure among male chewers who chewed frequently was fourteen times more compared to who chewed less frequently (AOR:14.95,95%CI:5.49-40.66). The analysis result also revealed that those who spent more than 6 hours in a khat session were 7.25 times more likely to have elevated systolic blood pressure compared to those who spent less than 6 hours, (AOR :7.25; 95%CI: 4.03-13.05). It was also found that those who spent more than 6 hours in a khat session were almost 9 times more likely to have elevated diastolic blood pressure compared to those who spent less than 6 hours (AOR:8.99,95%CI:4.85-16.66). As for amount of khat chewed in the last 12 months, the risk of elevated systolic blood pressure was more than 5.26 times more likely among male chewers who reported increase amount of khat chewing compared to those who reported decrease the amount in the last 12 months, (AOR:5.26:95% CI: 2.76-10.15). Similarly, the risk of elevated diastolic blood pressure was more than 7 times more likely among male chewers who reported increase amount of khat chewing compared to those who reported decrease amount of khat chewing in last 12 months (AOR:7.25,95%CI:3.66-14.38). According to the study result explained above, it is possible to conclude that khat chewing behaviours have significant effect on blood pressure.
Abstract: Khat is found in the evergreen tree or large shrub, consists of whole fresh leaves and buds of a plant known as Catha edulis. Bahir Dar is a city that three percent of Ethiopia’s total production of khat is originated from. There is no community based study that has been done in Bahir Dar city to determine effects of khat chewing behaviours on risk...
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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Shigella and Salmonella Species among Patients with Diarrhea Attending Gondar Town Health Institutions, Northwest Ethiopia
Tesfaye Andualem Demissie,
Moges Tiruneh Wubie,
Feleke Moges Yehuala,
Dagnachew Muluye Fetene,
Getnet Ayalew Gudeta
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
469-475
Received:
19 August 2014
Accepted:
27 August 2014
Published:
20 September 2014
Abstract: Background: Shigellosis and salmonellosis are still global health problems, especially, in developing countries where poor sanitation, lack of clean water supply and proper sewage disposal system exist. The emergence of increased antimicrobial resistance of Shigella and Salmonella species are global challenges, particularly in developing countries like Ethiopia where increased misuse of antimicrobial agents by human beings occur. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Shigella and Salmonella isolates from patients with diarrhea attending the health institutions in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia. Materials and Methods: Health institutional based cross sectional study was carried out on diarrheic patients attending Gondar town health institutions, February 29, 2014 to May 20, 2014. Systematic random sampling technique was used and stool samples were collected from 372 study subjects. Samples were cultured onto MacConkey and Salmonella-Shigella agars and drug susceptibility patterns of the isolates were determined following standard bacteriological method. Data were coded and entered for statistical analysis using SPSS version 20. Data were presented using tables and chi-square. Result: Of the total of 372 stool cultures, 17(4.57%) Shigella spp. and 4(1.08%) Salmonella spp. were isolated. Most commonly isolated strains of Shigella were S. flexneri 11(64.7%) followed by S. dysenteriae 3(17.65%), S. boydii 2(11.77%) and S. sonnei 1(5.88%). Shigella isolates presented high resistance rate to ampicilin (94.1%), amoxicillin (88.2), tetracycline (88.2%) and Salmonella species were highly resistance to tetracycline (100%), amoxicillin (100%), and ampicillin (75%). However, all isolates of Shigella and Salmonella were 100% susceptible to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. Conclusion and recommendation: This study revealed that isolates of Shigella and Salmonella showed high rate of drug resistance to the commonly used antibiotics. However, all the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin. Therefore, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin can be used as drugs of choice for the treatment of Shigellosis and Salmonellosis.
Abstract: Background: Shigellosis and salmonellosis are still global health problems, especially, in developing countries where poor sanitation, lack of clean water supply and proper sewage disposal system exist. The emergence of increased antimicrobial resistance of Shigella and Salmonella species are global challenges, particularly in developing countries ...
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Effect of Test- and -Treat Strategy on Antiretroviral Drugs Uptake in a Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission Programme in Southwest Nigeria
Abayomi Joseph Afe,
Isah Haroun,
Kemi Edet-Utan,
Timothy Akinmurele
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
476-479
Received:
30 August 2014
Accepted:
17 September 2014
Published:
30 September 2014
Abstract: A multicenter retrospective case-control study. Study subjects were HIV positive pregnant women enrolled in a prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV(PMTCT) programme in southwest Nigeria. The objective was to see if the introduction of ‘Test- and -Treat strategy’ would lead to placing higher number of HIV-POSITIVE pregnant women on antiretroviral drugs. There was a significant difference (OR=1.4;CI=1.35-1.55,P=0.0) in the proportions of HIV-POSITIVE pregnant women initiated on ARV between the control arm(60%) and the case group(81%)with the implementation of the strategy. In other words, an HIV POSITIVE woman in a PMTCT setting has a 40% greater chance of being placed on ARV with test-and-treat strategy than without the strategy.The test- and -treat strategy is a treatment approach in which HIV positive clients are initiated on prophylactic antiretroviral drugs immediately after HIV diagnosis without waiting for the CD4 count test result. Hence, implementing Test and Treat Strategy in a PMTCT programme increases the antiretroviral drug uptake by HIV-POSITIVE women which in turn could lead to a reduced rate of vertical transmission of HIV, as a result of the suppressed maternal viral load.
Abstract: A multicenter retrospective case-control study. Study subjects were HIV positive pregnant women enrolled in a prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV(PMTCT) programme in southwest Nigeria. The objective was to see if the introduction of ‘Test- and -Treat strategy’ would lead to placing higher number of HIV-POSITIVE pregnant women on antir...
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The Prevalence of Hypertension and Associated Risk Factors in a Latino Subgroup: A Rural Batey Population in the Dominican Republic
Gary Hon-chung Ho,
Anne Kate Press,
Christine Bumatay Sethna
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
480-485
Received:
7 September 2014
Accepted:
24 September 2014
Published:
30 September 2014
Abstract: Objective: To determine the prevalence of hypertension and identify variables associated with hypertension among residents of Batey 16. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adults residing in Batey 16 of La Romana, Dominican Republic. Residents were approached house to house and invited to participate in a blood pressure screening and a survey pertaining to risk factors for hypertension. Blood pressures and waist circumferences were measured. Comparisons between the hypertensive and non-hypertensive group’s survey results, heights, and waist circumferences were made using chi square, Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney test, and univariate linear and logistic regression analysis. Results: Of the 187 participants, age 35±16 years (range 18-107 years), 34% were diagnosed with hypertension and 42% with were diagnosed with pre-hypertension. Age, sex, height, waist circumference, and use of medication were not significantly different between the hypertensive and the non-hypertensive participants. These variables in addition to elevated waist circumference were not associated with hypertension. Family history was an independent predictor of hypertension (OR= 2.7, p= 0.013; 95% CI, 1.2-5.8). Conclusions: The batey population has many unique characteristics that may contribute to its prevalence of hypertension and the patterns found in the associated risk factors. Further research needs to be conducted to broaden, explore, and clarify our findings.
Abstract: Objective: To determine the prevalence of hypertension and identify variables associated with hypertension among residents of Batey 16. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adults residing in Batey 16 of La Romana, Dominican Republic. Residents were approached house to house and invited to participate in a blood pressure screening a...
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Survey on Sustainable Mechanisms for Financing Essential Drugs at Loumbila in Burkina Faso
Hamado Saouadogo,
Koffi Miwonovi Amoussou,
Laurent Ouedraogo
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
486-493
Received:
3 September 2014
Accepted:
17 September 2014
Published:
20 October 2014
Abstract: In Burkina Faso, households are the main source of health financing. Based on out-of-pocket health payments, the current system is a major cause of poverty. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the improvement of local health funding in Loumbila and throughout the country. A descriptive and analytical study was conducted among 271 household heads, 3 health committee members, the top state official in the village (préfet), and the secretary general of the municipality between 25 June and 5 August 2010. A survey guide and questionnaires were used to collect data. The cross-analytical and descriptive survey was used to collect, process, analyze and discuss the results. The results of the survey indicate that 82.3 % of the participating households were willing to contribute to the creation of a municipal health fund in the village. The study founds that the average contribution rate of each household was 9 % of the annual household income. The harvest period (in the case of farmers) or any adapted period (in the case of other households) is the best periods for collecting funds. The findings suggest that the municipal committee will need to be responsible for managing and coordinating the municipal health fund. This requires the participation of the state, health districts, NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations), and others partners. It is estimated that the cost of effective treatment for the ten most priorities diseases in the village in 2010 was 4,011,300 FCFA (West and Central Africa French speaking countries currency). If all the households in the village were to contribute to the municipal health fund, the total amount of contributions would amount to 15,575,515 FCFA. Under this system, all households within the village can have access to essential drugs. The municipal health fund will also have some reserves for performing municipal development boards and institutions, for improving the independence and sustainability of the system.
Abstract: In Burkina Faso, households are the main source of health financing. Based on out-of-pocket health payments, the current system is a major cause of poverty. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the improvement of local health funding in Loumbila and throughout the country. A descriptive and analytical study was conducted among 271 househol...
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Utilization of Environmental Health Services of Urban Health Extension Program and Associated Factors in Debretabor Town, North West Ethiopia: Cross Sectional Study
Yilkal Tafere,
Mirkuzie Woldie,
Henok Assefa,
Amanu Aragaw
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
494-501
Received:
5 October 2014
Accepted:
13 October 2014
Published:
20 October 2014
Abstract: Back ground: Studies in a number of countries have shown that wherever indiscriminate waste disposal is high, infant and child mortality rates are high. Although utilization of environmental health services is an important indicator for measuring success of the health extension program; data on environmental health services of urban health extension program are scarce in the study area and elsewhere in Ethiopia. Objective: To assess utilization of environmental health services of urban health extension program and associated factors in Debretabor town, Amhara region, Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in Debretabor town from September 1-30, 2013. A total of 422 households were included in the study using systematic sampling technique. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. Degree of association between independent and dependent variables was assessed with a 95% confidence level and p-value less than 0.05 was used to detect statistical significance. The findings of quantitative data were triangulated with the qualitative one. Result: In this study 69.8% and 65.5% of households practiced proper solid and liquid waste management mechanisms respectively. Income was found to be predictors for liquid waste management (AOR=1.82) Educational status of respondents was found to be predictors for liquid waste management (AOR=1.83). Conclusion: Solid and liquid waste management practices were lower than the minimum 75% expectation of the national health extension program package and, Educational status, house ownership, income and graduated as model family were main factors affecting environmental health services. Improving socio economic status of households, provision of continuous advice and technical support at household level on the utilization of environmental health service are recommended.
Abstract: Back ground: Studies in a number of countries have shown that wherever indiscriminate waste disposal is high, infant and child mortality rates are high. Although utilization of environmental health services is an important indicator for measuring success of the health extension program; data on environmental health services of urban health extensio...
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Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Condom Utilization among Patients Enrolled on Antiretroviral Therapy: Case of Mokoni Health Centre, Northern Ethiopia
Kidane Tadesse,
Samson Weldegebriel,
Fekadu Fentabil,
Habtamu Endashaw,
Liqu Mogos,
Meseret Teferi
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 5, September 2014
Pages:
502-506
Received:
4 October 2014
Accepted:
15 October 2014
Published:
30 October 2014
Abstract: The burden of HIV/AIDS high in sub-Saharan countries which constitutes two third of globe and is worst in Ethiopia. Therefore identifying determinants of consistent condom use in HIV patients who are on ART had paramount importance in the prevention and control of the diseases. A little is known about the practice of condom use among HIV positive patients. The aimed of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practice towards condom utilization among people living with HIV/AIDS enrolled on ART in Mokoni town. An institutional based cross sectional study was conducted among ART users in Mokoni health center from June-august 2013. Data on the study variables was gathered using semi-structured questionnaire. After the subject was asked for their volunteer participation, then we collected data using interview. Descriptive statistics was used to determine the frequency and percentage of different variables. Data was presented in the form of tables and graphs. From the total study participants 177(56.73%) were females. Among 312 participants 35(11.22%) of them had knowledge about people on ARV can’t transmit the HIV virus to un infected partners ,277(88.73%) knew even people taking ARV can transmit HIV to un infected partner .From the total 312 respondents 136(43.59%) had attitudes about people on ARV tend to engage in risky sexual practice ,176(56.41%) didn’t believe people on ARV tend to engage in risky sexual practice. among the total respondents 121(38.78%) agreed that because of availability of ARV people could again engage in un protected sex, 64(20.51) agreed that it was safe to engage in unprotected sex with a person taking ARV. From 165 who were currently use Patterns of condom use among 165 who are using condom currently and 116(70.30%) were consistently used a condom. The majority of patients ART enrolled always use a condom during sexual intercourse. Significant numbers of the respondents were well confident about using condoms and attended session demonstrating about using condoms. Free and explicit discussion on safe sex and enhanced positive attitudes toward condom use should be encouraged.
Abstract: The burden of HIV/AIDS high in sub-Saharan countries which constitutes two third of globe and is worst in Ethiopia. Therefore identifying determinants of consistent condom use in HIV patients who are on ART had paramount importance in the prevention and control of the diseases. A little is known about the practice of condom use among HIV positive p...
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