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Haemodialysis and Vascular Access in the End Stage Kidney Disease
Muhammad A. Siddiqui,
Derek Santos,
Suhel Ashraff,
Thomas Carline
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, February 2017
Pages:
1-6
Received:
16 November 2016
Accepted:
22 December 2016
Published:
12 January 2017
Abstract: The efficiency of haemodialysis treatment relies on a functional status of vascular access. A vascular access makes life-saving haemodialysis treatments possible. The efficiency of haemodialysis treatment relies on a functional status of vascular access. The purpose of this review was to discuss the role of haemodialysis and vascular access in end stage kidney disease. Vascular access and its related problems represent the main factors that determine a rise in the rate of incidence of the disease among haemodialysis patients and, consequently, a rise in the healthcare expenses. Vascular access can be divided into three categories: arteriovenous fistula, central venous catheter and arteriovenous graft. Central venous catheter has a number of disadvantages, including a considerable risk of infection and mortality. It also has negative implications for the use of a fistula for dialysis. In contrast, arteriovenous fistula is the most beneficial method, as it has a low risk of infection and mortality, and can ensure long-term functional access. Furthermore, there are three configurations of native arteriovenous fistula that can be used for haemodialysis providing flexibility of approach depending on risk factors of the individual patient.
Abstract: The efficiency of haemodialysis treatment relies on a functional status of vascular access. A vascular access makes life-saving haemodialysis treatments possible. The efficiency of haemodialysis treatment relies on a functional status of vascular access. The purpose of this review was to discuss the role of haemodialysis and vascular access in end ...
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Emerging Role of Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) in Therapeutics: An Appraisal
Raja Chakraverty,
Tatini Debnath
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, February 2017
Pages:
7-12
Received:
15 October 2016
Accepted:
12 January 2017
Published:
9 February 2017
Abstract: Antibody drug conjugates intends to pursue the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as the potent source of delivering cytotoxic drugs to more specific site which binds selectively to the antigen expressing tumor cells. Inspite of the facts, various other safety profile must be considered while designing and optimizing ADC such as selecting congruous target antigen and method of conjugation. Each and every component of the ADC i.e antibody, linker and the drug should be optimized to the extent of desirable targeted therapy which will ameliorate as well as enhance tolerability. The past decade had witnessed advances in newer cancer treatments with extremely selective small molecules targeting the specific genetic abnormality causing the disease. The approach of traditional cytotoxic agents in the treatment of cancer, unlike the target specificity, they affect both healthy as well as cancer cells. In order to build a powerful and more specific cytotoxic agent with target oriented mAb’s designing attributes would lead to pertinent and potential breakthrough in cancer treatments. Therefore ADC’s were developed with the intention that antibody would target the specific antigen of the tumor wherein the drug attached to it would induce its cytotoxicity. Developement of new techniques and methods in implementing new generation ADC’s in the past decades incorporated non-immunogenic monoclonal antibodies comprising linkers having equitable stability and distinctly potent cytotoxic agents. Newer challenges although remain but comprehensive clinical accomplishment is generating increased interest in this therapeutic class of drugs.
Abstract: Antibody drug conjugates intends to pursue the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as the potent source of delivering cytotoxic drugs to more specific site which binds selectively to the antigen expressing tumor cells. Inspite of the facts, various other safety profile must be considered while designing and optimizing ADC such as selecting congruous targe...
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Estimation of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) Prevalence in Adult Population in Western European Countries: A Systematic Review
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, February 2017
Pages:
13-18
Received:
16 January 2017
Accepted:
25 January 2017
Published:
16 February 2017
Abstract: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome or CTS has been recognized as an occupational disease in 9 out of 12 members countries of the EU as early as 2001. CTS is ranked 6th among the occupational diseases in Scandinavian countries and also outside EU. Increased prevalence of the disease is believed to have a link with several occupations where work involves exposure to high force and pressure and repetitive work using vibrating tools. Diabetic patients and pregnant women have a high prevalence rate of 30% and 20% consecutively. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) in 27 member countries of Western European (EUR A) by identifying published papers with suitable data. This study used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta Analysis (PRISMA) checklist for literature search, identification, data collection and evaluation of literatures to estimate prevalence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) in Adult Population in Western European Countries. Following the PRISMA protocol and guidelines for systematic review of quantitative literatures evaluation and tabulation of data was done. It has been confirmed through this study that Carpal Tunnel Syndrome remains as one of the most simple but frequently observed diseases among the adult population in this region. Despite high prevalence of CTS in this region any standard criteria for clinical diagnosis of this disease have not yet been established. There is also no consensus on whether CTS is a clinical or electro-physiologically diagnosed disease. But sufficient pathophysiological and epidemiological evidences are available for a causal relationship to be assumed between manual tasks and the occurrence of CTS. Industries can take actions to educate their workers about these work place safety practices to grow awareness against CTS. Furthermore, research to determine clear causal relation of CTS with occupation and to reach a consensus about the disease’s diagnostic criteria is needed.
Abstract: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome or CTS has been recognized as an occupational disease in 9 out of 12 members countries of the EU as early as 2001. CTS is ranked 6th among the occupational diseases in Scandinavian countries and also outside EU. Increased prevalence of the disease is believed to have a link with several occupations where work involves exposur...
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Infection by Helicobacter pylori in Nova Iguaçu City, Rio de Janeiro Province, Brazil
Pedro Vinhaes Braga da Silva,
Victoria Luiza Pacini,
Antonio Neres Norberg
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, February 2017
Pages:
19-23
Received:
19 January 2017
Accepted:
14 February 2017
Published:
1 March 2017
Abstract: Helicobacter pylori infection is an important factor in the development of gastric carcinogenesis, but only a fraction of infected patients will develop gastric cancer. The aim of this research is to investigate the prevalence of H. pylori infection among dyspeptic patients of Nova Iguaçu city, province of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The research design is observational, retrospective and cross-sectional. The universe consisted of 56 patients of both genders aged over 25 years. Between January 2015 and July 2016, fragments of the lesions suggestive of H. pylori infection were collected through digestive endoscopy. The biopsy specimens were analyzed in a pathological anatomy laboratory and the validation of the infection was confirmed by the morphotintorial characteristics of the bacteria and biological tests: arched Gram negative bacilli through anatomopathological examination and positive urease test. Among patients suspected of H. pylori infection, 12 (21.4%) were positive. The infection was confirmed in dyspeptic patients in the studied region. The prevalence is below the global values, where 50% of the population is a pathogenous carrier. There were no significant differences between infection and gender correlation. Positivity was higher in people between the ages of 41 and 50 years.
Abstract: Helicobacter pylori infection is an important factor in the development of gastric carcinogenesis, but only a fraction of infected patients will develop gastric cancer. The aim of this research is to investigate the prevalence of H. pylori infection among dyspeptic patients of Nova Iguaçu city, province of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The research desig...
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Comparative Analyses of Effects of Posture Variations on Neuromuscular Efficiency of Para-vertebral Muscles in Patients with Low Back Pain
Onigbinde Ayodele Teslim,
Ayanlade Osuolale Basiru,
Olaoye Ayoola Olumide,
Ibikunle Adeoye Folorunsho
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, February 2017
Pages:
24-33
Received:
30 September 2016
Accepted:
15 October 2016
Published:
2 March 2017
Abstract: This study investigated the neuromuscular efficiency of patients with Low Back Pain (LBP) at different spinal postures using electromyographic indices [Spinal Muscle Electrical Activities (SMEA) and Root Mean Square (RMS)]. This was with the view to establishing if there would be significant differences between SMEA of patients with Low Back Pain (LBP) and that of apparently healthy participants at different spinal postures. Thirty (30) patients with non – specific low back pain and 32 apparently healthy participants were recruited using purposive sampling technique. The SMEA and RMS at different spinal postures (erect standing, 30°, 45°, 90° spinal flexions and 30° spinal extension) were measured with a portable electromyography machine (MyoTrac infiniti System T 9800). Spinalflexion was measured with universal goniometer while pain intensity was measured using Numeric Pain Rating Scale. Disposable pregelled, tripolar, self-adhesive Ag/Agcl electrodes were placed in pairs with distance of 2cm from each other and parallel to the Longissimusdorsi and multifidus muscle fibers. The Spinal Muscle Electrical Activities were recorded for each participant at each of the postures while maintaining maximum voluntary contraction for 10 seconds. Descriptive statistics, Student t-test and Analysis of Variance were used to analyze the data. The level of significance was set at ≤ 0.05. There were significant differences in SMEA and RMS at different spinal postures among patients with LBP (F = 29.20, p = 0.001; F = 40.55 respectively, p = 0.001). The SMEA of patients with LBP were significantly lower at all postures compared to that of the age matched apparently healthy participants excluding at 30° spinal extension (t = 2.04, p = 0.05; t = -0.20; p = 0.84). Also, there were significant differences between the RMS of patients with LBP and the age matched apparently healthy participants at 30°, 45° and 90°spinal flexion (t = 2-79, p = 0.01; t = 2.61, p = 0.01; t = 5.19; p = 0.001 respectively). It was concluded that different postures affected neuromuscular efficiency of patients with low back pain. Also, neuromuscular efficiency at the para-vertebral muscles of low back pain patients for most spinal postures were significantly lower than that of the apparently healthy participants.
Abstract: This study investigated the neuromuscular efficiency of patients with Low Back Pain (LBP) at different spinal postures using electromyographic indices [Spinal Muscle Electrical Activities (SMEA) and Root Mean Square (RMS)]. This was with the view to establishing if there would be significant differences between SMEA of patients with Low Back Pain (...
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Psidium Guajava Leaf Extracts Fed to Mono-sex Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus Enhance Immune Response Against Pseudomonas fluorescens
Jannatul Ferdous,
Md. Mer Mosharraf Hossain,
Md. Hasan Uj Jaman,
Ariful Haque Rupom,
Nafisa Islam Tonny,
Ahmed Jaman
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, February 2017
Pages:
34-42
Received:
28 January 2017
Accepted:
15 February 2017
Published:
2 March 2017
Abstract: Plants are being explored as a major source of medicinal compounds. The present study was intended to explore the efficacy of dietary doses of Psidium guajava leaf extracts mixed with Maize bran (control) on growth performance, immunological parameters and disease resistance against Pseudomonas fluorescens infection in mono-sex Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fishes (average weight 16.5±1.5) were fed five different doses of herbal diets for four weeks which prepared with 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% of P. guajava leaf extracts where maize bran used as control (0%). Growth performance and immunological parameters including bacterial activity and phagocyt activity were investigated. Among those doses 8% showed highest significant responses in phagocytic activity, specific growth rate, specific and non-specific immune responses on week 2 and 4 compared to control diet whereas the changes did not manifest on first week. Further the P. guajava leaf extracts enriched diet at 8% level resulted in lowest mortality (20%) indicating highest protection (Relative Percent Survival 76.5%) from P. fluorescens infection than 2%, 4% and 6% doses diets that resulted 60%, 45% and 25% mortalities respectively. Eight percent (8%) dose also showed highest growth (36g) compare to other doses. The results are suggested that the dietary supplementation of P. guajava leaf extracts act as immunostimulants, reduce mortality and disease resistance in O. niloticus against P. fluorescens.
Abstract: Plants are being explored as a major source of medicinal compounds. The present study was intended to explore the efficacy of dietary doses of Psidium guajava leaf extracts mixed with Maize bran (control) on growth performance, immunological parameters and disease resistance against Pseudomonas fluorescens infection in mono-sex Nile tilapia, Oreoch...
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