Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Self Grooming Behavior of Male and Female Albino Rats

Shyngle Kolawole Balogun; Peter Oluwafemi Famakinde; Deborah Yetunde Adebayo; Godwin Atue

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajap.20200903.13

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Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Self Grooming Behavior of Male and Female Albino Rats

Shyngle Kolawole Balogun, Peter Oluwafemi Famakinde, Deborah Yetunde Adebayo, Godwin Atue

Published in American Journal of Applied Psychology (Volume 9, Issue 3)

Received: 20 May 2020 Accepted: 1 June 2020 Published: 17 June 2020

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Abstract

Rodent self-grooming comprises behaviors devoted to caring of the body surface; presentations that have apparent stereotyped and recurring characteristics which makes rodent grooming a appropriate translational tool for studying the effects of substance abuse in humans. Two opioids, codeine and tramadol, both used for the relief of mild to moderately severe pain but overtime has been abused by people to relieve emotional pain were considered in this study. 54 male and female albino rats (24 females and 30 males) with weight ranging from 120g-180g rats were assigned to three experimental groups (codeine, tramadol and combined group) and one control group. In the study, 6 rats were assigned per group. Rats in the codeine group were orally administered 8mg/kg of codeine while rats in the tramadol group were administered with 20mg/kg of tramadol. Rats in the combined group were administered both 8mg/kg of codeine and 10mg/kg of tramadol. Female rats exposed to chronic intake of Tramadol only (Mean =3.14) were found to significantly displayed more body licking grooming behavior compared to female rats administered Codeine only (Mean = 1.33), combination of Codeine and Tramadol (mean = .67) and the control (mean =1.79) (p < .001). Whereas, male rats in the control (mean = 4.23) significantly displayed more body licking grooming behavior compared to male rats administered Codeine only (mean = 3.01), Tramadol only (mean = 3.35), and the combination of Codeine and Tramadol (mean = 2.49) (p < .05). Also, female rats exposed to chronic intake of Codeine only (mean = 4.92), significantly displayed more daily face washing grooming behavior compared to female rats administered Tramadol only (mean = 3.33), combination of Codeine and Tramadol (mean = 3.29) and the control group (mean = 4.76) (p < .001). Whereas, male rats exposed to chronic intake of Codeine only (mean = 4.92), significantly displayed more daily face washing grooming behavior compared to male rats administered Tramadol only (mean = 3.33), combination of Codeine and Tramadol (mean = 3.29) and the control group (mean = 4.76) (p < .001). The findings demonstrated that chronic administration of opioids, codeine and tramadol affected grooming behaviors i.e. face washing and body licking behaviors which are related to possible deterioration of physical appearance and personal grooming habits in humans. Hence, the study suggests that further exploration to unravel the risks related to the consistent consumption of codeine and tramadol on other body systems be considered.

Published in	American Journal of Applied Psychology (Volume 9, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajap.20200903.13
Page(s)	66-76
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Codeine, Self-grooming, Tramadol, Wister Rats

References

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Shyngle Kolawole Balogun, Peter Oluwafemi Famakinde, Deborah Yetunde Adebayo, Godwin Atue. (2020). Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Self Grooming Behavior of Male and Female Albino Rats. American Journal of Applied Psychology, 9(3), 66-76. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20200903.13

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Shyngle Kolawole Balogun; Peter Oluwafemi Famakinde; Deborah Yetunde Adebayo; Godwin Atue. Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Self Grooming Behavior of Male and Female Albino Rats. Am. J. Appl. Psychol. 2020, 9(3), 66-76. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20200903.13

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AMA Style

Shyngle Kolawole Balogun, Peter Oluwafemi Famakinde, Deborah Yetunde Adebayo, Godwin Atue. Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Self Grooming Behavior of Male and Female Albino Rats. Am J Appl Psychol. 2020;9(3):66-76. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20200903.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajap.20200903.13,
  author = {Shyngle Kolawole Balogun and Peter Oluwafemi Famakinde and Deborah Yetunde Adebayo and Godwin Atue},
  title = {Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Self Grooming Behavior of Male and Female Albino Rats},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Psychology},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {66-76},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajap.20200903.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20200903.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajap.20200903.13},
  abstract = {Rodent self-grooming comprises behaviors devoted to caring of the body surface; presentations that have apparent stereotyped and recurring characteristics which makes rodent grooming a appropriate translational tool for studying the effects of substance abuse in humans. Two opioids, codeine and tramadol, both used for the relief of mild to moderately severe pain but overtime has been abused by people to relieve emotional pain were considered in this study. 54 male and female albino rats (24 females and 30 males) with weight ranging from 120g-180g rats were assigned to three experimental groups (codeine, tramadol and combined group) and one control group. In the study, 6 rats were assigned per group. Rats in the codeine group were orally administered 8mg/kg of codeine while rats in the tramadol group were administered with 20mg/kg of tramadol. Rats in the combined group were administered both 8mg/kg of codeine and 10mg/kg of tramadol. Female rats exposed to chronic intake of Tramadol only (Mean =3.14) were found to significantly displayed more body licking grooming behavior compared to female rats administered Codeine only (Mean = 1.33), combination of Codeine and Tramadol (mean = .67) and the control (mean =1.79) (p p p p < .001). The findings demonstrated that chronic administration of opioids, codeine and tramadol affected grooming behaviors i.e. face washing and body licking behaviors which are related to possible deterioration of physical appearance and personal grooming habits in humans. Hence, the study suggests that further exploration to unravel the risks related to the consistent consumption of codeine and tramadol on other body systems be considered.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Self Grooming Behavior of Male and Female Albino Rats
AU  - Shyngle Kolawole Balogun
AU  - Peter Oluwafemi Famakinde
AU  - Deborah Yetunde Adebayo
AU  - Godwin Atue
Y1  - 2020/06/17
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20200903.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajap.20200903.13
T2  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
JF  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
JO  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
SP  - 66
EP  - 76
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5672
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20200903.13
AB  - Rodent self-grooming comprises behaviors devoted to caring of the body surface; presentations that have apparent stereotyped and recurring characteristics which makes rodent grooming a appropriate translational tool for studying the effects of substance abuse in humans. Two opioids, codeine and tramadol, both used for the relief of mild to moderately severe pain but overtime has been abused by people to relieve emotional pain were considered in this study. 54 male and female albino rats (24 females and 30 males) with weight ranging from 120g-180g rats were assigned to three experimental groups (codeine, tramadol and combined group) and one control group. In the study, 6 rats were assigned per group. Rats in the codeine group were orally administered 8mg/kg of codeine while rats in the tramadol group were administered with 20mg/kg of tramadol. Rats in the combined group were administered both 8mg/kg of codeine and 10mg/kg of tramadol. Female rats exposed to chronic intake of Tramadol only (Mean =3.14) were found to significantly displayed more body licking grooming behavior compared to female rats administered Codeine only (Mean = 1.33), combination of Codeine and Tramadol (mean = .67) and the control (mean =1.79) (p p p p < .001). The findings demonstrated that chronic administration of opioids, codeine and tramadol affected grooming behaviors i.e. face washing and body licking behaviors which are related to possible deterioration of physical appearance and personal grooming habits in humans. Hence, the study suggests that further exploration to unravel the risks related to the consistent consumption of codeine and tramadol on other body systems be considered.
VL  - 9
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Shyngle Kolawole Balogun

Department of Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Peter Oluwafemi Famakinde

Department of Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Deborah Yetunde Adebayo

Department of Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Godwin Atue

Department of Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

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Shyngle Kolawole Balogun, Peter Oluwafemi Famakinde, Deborah Yetunde Adebayo, Godwin Atue. (2020). Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Self Grooming Behavior of Male and Female Albino Rats. American Journal of Applied Psychology, 9(3), 66-76. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20200903.13

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ACS Style

Shyngle Kolawole Balogun; Peter Oluwafemi Famakinde; Deborah Yetunde Adebayo; Godwin Atue. Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Self Grooming Behavior of Male and Female Albino Rats. Am. J. Appl. Psychol. 2020, 9(3), 66-76. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20200903.13

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AMA Style

Shyngle Kolawole Balogun, Peter Oluwafemi Famakinde, Deborah Yetunde Adebayo, Godwin Atue. Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Self Grooming Behavior of Male and Female Albino Rats. Am J Appl Psychol. 2020;9(3):66-76. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20200903.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajap.20200903.13,
  author = {Shyngle Kolawole Balogun and Peter Oluwafemi Famakinde and Deborah Yetunde Adebayo and Godwin Atue},
  title = {Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Self Grooming Behavior of Male and Female Albino Rats},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Psychology},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {66-76},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajap.20200903.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20200903.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajap.20200903.13},
  abstract = {Rodent self-grooming comprises behaviors devoted to caring of the body surface; presentations that have apparent stereotyped and recurring characteristics which makes rodent grooming a appropriate translational tool for studying the effects of substance abuse in humans. Two opioids, codeine and tramadol, both used for the relief of mild to moderately severe pain but overtime has been abused by people to relieve emotional pain were considered in this study. 54 male and female albino rats (24 females and 30 males) with weight ranging from 120g-180g rats were assigned to three experimental groups (codeine, tramadol and combined group) and one control group. In the study, 6 rats were assigned per group. Rats in the codeine group were orally administered 8mg/kg of codeine while rats in the tramadol group were administered with 20mg/kg of tramadol. Rats in the combined group were administered both 8mg/kg of codeine and 10mg/kg of tramadol. Female rats exposed to chronic intake of Tramadol only (Mean =3.14) were found to significantly displayed more body licking grooming behavior compared to female rats administered Codeine only (Mean = 1.33), combination of Codeine and Tramadol (mean = .67) and the control (mean =1.79) (p p p p < .001). The findings demonstrated that chronic administration of opioids, codeine and tramadol affected grooming behaviors i.e. face washing and body licking behaviors which are related to possible deterioration of physical appearance and personal grooming habits in humans. Hence, the study suggests that further exploration to unravel the risks related to the consistent consumption of codeine and tramadol on other body systems be considered.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Self Grooming Behavior of Male and Female Albino Rats
AU  - Shyngle Kolawole Balogun
AU  - Peter Oluwafemi Famakinde
AU  - Deborah Yetunde Adebayo
AU  - Godwin Atue
Y1  - 2020/06/17
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20200903.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajap.20200903.13
T2  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
JF  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
JO  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
SP  - 66
EP  - 76
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5672
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20200903.13
AB  - Rodent self-grooming comprises behaviors devoted to caring of the body surface; presentations that have apparent stereotyped and recurring characteristics which makes rodent grooming a appropriate translational tool for studying the effects of substance abuse in humans. Two opioids, codeine and tramadol, both used for the relief of mild to moderately severe pain but overtime has been abused by people to relieve emotional pain were considered in this study. 54 male and female albino rats (24 females and 30 males) with weight ranging from 120g-180g rats were assigned to three experimental groups (codeine, tramadol and combined group) and one control group. In the study, 6 rats were assigned per group. Rats in the codeine group were orally administered 8mg/kg of codeine while rats in the tramadol group were administered with 20mg/kg of tramadol. Rats in the combined group were administered both 8mg/kg of codeine and 10mg/kg of tramadol. Female rats exposed to chronic intake of Tramadol only (Mean =3.14) were found to significantly displayed more body licking grooming behavior compared to female rats administered Codeine only (Mean = 1.33), combination of Codeine and Tramadol (mean = .67) and the control (mean =1.79) (p p p p < .001). The findings demonstrated that chronic administration of opioids, codeine and tramadol affected grooming behaviors i.e. face washing and body licking behaviors which are related to possible deterioration of physical appearance and personal grooming habits in humans. Hence, the study suggests that further exploration to unravel the risks related to the consistent consumption of codeine and tramadol on other body systems be considered.
VL  - 9
IS  - 3
ER  -

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