The Progress of Pregnancy and Labor and the Management to Reduce Neonatal Asphyxia in Primigravidas and Primiparas Aged 35 or Older

Un-Son Paek; Yong-Chol Hong; Hui-Song Chang

doi:doi:10.11648/j.pam.20170202.14

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The Progress of Pregnancy and Labor and the Management to Reduce Neonatal Asphyxia in Primigravidas and Primiparas Aged 35 or Older

Un-Son Paek, Yong-Chol Hong, Hui-Song Chang

Received: 24 February 2017 Accepted: 1 April 2017 Published: 2 June 2017

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Abstract

The study was performed to confirm the progress of pregnancy and labor in relation to maternal age and find the factors related to neonatal asphyxia in primigravidas and primiparas aged 35 or older and determine way of delivery to reduce neonatal asphyxia in older women with such factors. Background: Primigravidas and primiparas aged 35 and older have higher risks compared with younger women. With aging of the mother, maternal mortality rate is higher, incidence of pregnancy complications such as placenta previa, abruption, preterm delivery, low birth weight and hypertension are higher compared with that of younger women. Therefore it is important to manage well such high risk pregnancies. Objects and methods: 272 primigravidas and primiparas over 35 years of age and 491 women less than 35 years were studied. χ² test, T - test and Odds Ratio - test (OR - test) and 95% - confidence interval (95% CI) were applied for analysis. Results: Incidences of severe pregnancy-induced hypertension, a grade 3 placenta, abnormal Nonstress Test (NST), positive Contraction Stress Test (CST), neonatal asphyxia in primigravidas and primiparas aged 35 or older were significantly higher compared with that of younger women and labor time in women over 35 years of age was significantly longer than younger women. And the factors related to neonatal asphyxia in primigravidas and primiparas aged 35 or older were severe pregnancy-induced hypertension, a grade 3 placenta, abnormal NST and positive CST, and rate of neonatal asphyxia could be reduced by 2.1% by cesarean section in older women with such factors.

DOI	10.11648/j.pam.20170202.14
Published in	Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (Volume 2, Issue 2, June 2017)
Page(s)	44-48
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Primigravidas, Primiparas, Aged 35 or Older, Neonatal Asphyxia, Cesarean Section, Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension

References

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[2]	F. Gary Cunningham, MD et al.; William’s obstetrics, McGraw-Hill Companies, 2014; 397~399.
[3]	John C. Hobbins, MD. Obstetric Ultrasound: Artistry in Practice, Blackwell Publishing, 2008; 16
[4]	Kanungo J, James A, McMillan D, et al. Advanced maternal age and the outcomes of preterm neonates: a social paradox? Obstet Gynecol 2011; 118: 872.
[5]	Richards MK, Flanagan MR, Littman AJ, et al. Primary cesarean section and adverse delivery outcomes among women of very advanced maternal age. J Perinatol 2016; 36: 272.
[6]	Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists; “Induction of labour in older mothers may reduce risk of stillbirth, say experts”. 2013.
[7]	Walker, K. F., G. J. Bugg, M. Macpherson, et al.; “Randomized trial of labor induction in women 35 years of age or older.” N Engl J Med 374 (9): 2016; 813-822.
[8]	Walker K. F., Malin G, et al.; Induction of labour versus expectant management at term by subgroups of maternal age: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 197: 1.
[9]	Zaki MN, Hibbard JU, Kominiarek MA. Contemporary labor patterns and maternal age. Obstet Gynecol 2013; 122: 1018.
[10]	Terence T. Lao, Daljit S. Sahota, Yvonne K. Y. Cheng, Lai Wa Law & Tak Yeung Leung; Advanced maternal age and postpartum hemorrhage ? risk factor or red herring?. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 27(3): 2014; 243-246.
[11]	A. T. Abu-Heija, M. F. Jallad & F. Abukteish; Obstetrics and perinatal outcome of pregnancies after the age of 45. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 19(5): 1999; 486-488.

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APA Style

Un-Son Paek, Yong-Chol Hong, Hui-Song Chang. (2017). The Progress of Pregnancy and Labor and the Management to Reduce Neonatal Asphyxia in Primigravidas and Primiparas Aged 35 or Older. Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 2(2), 44-48. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pam.20170202.14

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ACS Style

Un-Son Paek; Yong-Chol Hong; Hui-Song Chang. The Progress of Pregnancy and Labor and the Management to Reduce Neonatal Asphyxia in Primigravidas and Primiparas Aged 35 or Older. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 2017, 2(2), 44-48. doi: 10.11648/j.pam.20170202.14

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AMA Style

Un-Son Paek, Yong-Chol Hong, Hui-Song Chang. The Progress of Pregnancy and Labor and the Management to Reduce Neonatal Asphyxia in Primigravidas and Primiparas Aged 35 or Older. Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2017;2(2):44-48. doi: 10.11648/j.pam.20170202.14

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@article{10.11648/j.pam.20170202.14,
  author = {Un-Son Paek and Yong-Chol Hong and Hui-Song Chang},
  title = {The Progress of Pregnancy and Labor and the Management to Reduce Neonatal Asphyxia in Primigravidas and Primiparas Aged 35 or Older},
  journal = {Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {44-48},
  doi = {10.11648/j.pam.20170202.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pam.20170202.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.pam.20170202.14},
  abstract = {The study was performed to confirm the progress of pregnancy and labor in relation to maternal age and find the factors related to neonatal asphyxia in primigravidas and primiparas aged 35 or older and determine way of delivery to reduce neonatal asphyxia in older women with such factors. Background: Primigravidas and primiparas aged 35 and older have higher risks compared with younger women. With aging of the mother, maternal mortality rate is higher, incidence of pregnancy complications such as placenta previa, abruption, preterm delivery, low birth weight and hypertension are higher compared with that of younger women. Therefore it is important to manage well such high risk pregnancies. Objects and methods: 272 primigravidas and primiparas over 35 years of age and 491 women less than 35 years were studied. χ2 test, T - test and Odds Ratio - test (OR - test) and 95% - confidence interval (95% CI) were applied for analysis. Results: Incidences of severe pregnancy-induced hypertension, a grade 3 placenta, abnormal Nonstress Test (NST), positive Contraction Stress Test (CST), neonatal asphyxia in primigravidas and primiparas aged 35 or older were significantly higher compared with that of younger women and labor time in women over 35 years of age was significantly longer than younger women. And the factors related to neonatal asphyxia in primigravidas and primiparas aged 35 or older were severe pregnancy-induced hypertension, a grade 3 placenta, abnormal NST and positive CST, and rate of neonatal asphyxia could be reduced by 2.1% by cesarean section in older women with such factors.},
 year = {2017}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Progress of Pregnancy and Labor and the Management to Reduce Neonatal Asphyxia in Primigravidas and Primiparas Aged 35 or Older
AU  - Un-Son Paek
AU  - Yong-Chol Hong
AU  - Hui-Song Chang
Y1  - 2017/06/02
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pam.20170202.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.pam.20170202.14
T2  - Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine
JF  - Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine
JO  - Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine
SP  - 44
EP  - 48
PB  - Science Publishing Group
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pam.20170202.14
AB  - The study was performed to confirm the progress of pregnancy and labor in relation to maternal age and find the factors related to neonatal asphyxia in primigravidas and primiparas aged 35 or older and determine way of delivery to reduce neonatal asphyxia in older women with such factors. Background: Primigravidas and primiparas aged 35 and older have higher risks compared with younger women. With aging of the mother, maternal mortality rate is higher, incidence of pregnancy complications such as placenta previa, abruption, preterm delivery, low birth weight and hypertension are higher compared with that of younger women. Therefore it is important to manage well such high risk pregnancies. Objects and methods: 272 primigravidas and primiparas over 35 years of age and 491 women less than 35 years were studied. χ2 test, T - test and Odds Ratio - test (OR - test) and 95% - confidence interval (95% CI) were applied for analysis. Results: Incidences of severe pregnancy-induced hypertension, a grade 3 placenta, abnormal Nonstress Test (NST), positive Contraction Stress Test (CST), neonatal asphyxia in primigravidas and primiparas aged 35 or older were significantly higher compared with that of younger women and labor time in women over 35 years of age was significantly longer than younger women. And the factors related to neonatal asphyxia in primigravidas and primiparas aged 35 or older were severe pregnancy-induced hypertension, a grade 3 placenta, abnormal NST and positive CST, and rate of neonatal asphyxia could be reduced by 2.1% by cesarean section in older women with such factors.
VL  - 2
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Author Information

Un-Son Paek

Pyongyang Medical College, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Yong-Chol Hong

Pyongyang Medical College, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Hui-Song Chang

Pyongyang Medical College, Kim Il Sung University, Pyongyang, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

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APA Style

Un-Son Paek, Yong-Chol Hong, Hui-Song Chang. (2017). The Progress of Pregnancy and Labor and the Management to Reduce Neonatal Asphyxia in Primigravidas and Primiparas Aged 35 or Older. Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 2(2), 44-48. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pam.20170202.14

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ACS Style

Un-Son Paek; Yong-Chol Hong; Hui-Song Chang. The Progress of Pregnancy and Labor and the Management to Reduce Neonatal Asphyxia in Primigravidas and Primiparas Aged 35 or Older. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 2017, 2(2), 44-48. doi: 10.11648/j.pam.20170202.14

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AMA Style

Un-Son Paek, Yong-Chol Hong, Hui-Song Chang. The Progress of Pregnancy and Labor and the Management to Reduce Neonatal Asphyxia in Primigravidas and Primiparas Aged 35 or Older. Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2017;2(2):44-48. doi: 10.11648/j.pam.20170202.14

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.pam.20170202.14,
  author = {Un-Son Paek and Yong-Chol Hong and Hui-Song Chang},
  title = {The Progress of Pregnancy and Labor and the Management to Reduce Neonatal Asphyxia in Primigravidas and Primiparas Aged 35 or Older},
  journal = {Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {44-48},
  doi = {10.11648/j.pam.20170202.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pam.20170202.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.pam.20170202.14},
  abstract = {The study was performed to confirm the progress of pregnancy and labor in relation to maternal age and find the factors related to neonatal asphyxia in primigravidas and primiparas aged 35 or older and determine way of delivery to reduce neonatal asphyxia in older women with such factors. Background: Primigravidas and primiparas aged 35 and older have higher risks compared with younger women. With aging of the mother, maternal mortality rate is higher, incidence of pregnancy complications such as placenta previa, abruption, preterm delivery, low birth weight and hypertension are higher compared with that of younger women. Therefore it is important to manage well such high risk pregnancies. Objects and methods: 272 primigravidas and primiparas over 35 years of age and 491 women less than 35 years were studied. χ2 test, T - test and Odds Ratio - test (OR - test) and 95% - confidence interval (95% CI) were applied for analysis. Results: Incidences of severe pregnancy-induced hypertension, a grade 3 placenta, abnormal Nonstress Test (NST), positive Contraction Stress Test (CST), neonatal asphyxia in primigravidas and primiparas aged 35 or older were significantly higher compared with that of younger women and labor time in women over 35 years of age was significantly longer than younger women. And the factors related to neonatal asphyxia in primigravidas and primiparas aged 35 or older were severe pregnancy-induced hypertension, a grade 3 placenta, abnormal NST and positive CST, and rate of neonatal asphyxia could be reduced by 2.1% by cesarean section in older women with such factors.},
 year = {2017}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Progress of Pregnancy and Labor and the Management to Reduce Neonatal Asphyxia in Primigravidas and Primiparas Aged 35 or Older
AU  - Un-Son Paek
AU  - Yong-Chol Hong
AU  - Hui-Song Chang
Y1  - 2017/06/02
PY  - 2017
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pam.20170202.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.pam.20170202.14
T2  - Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine
JF  - Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine
JO  - Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine
SP  - 44
EP  - 48
PB  - Science Publishing Group
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pam.20170202.14
AB  - The study was performed to confirm the progress of pregnancy and labor in relation to maternal age and find the factors related to neonatal asphyxia in primigravidas and primiparas aged 35 or older and determine way of delivery to reduce neonatal asphyxia in older women with such factors. Background: Primigravidas and primiparas aged 35 and older have higher risks compared with younger women. With aging of the mother, maternal mortality rate is higher, incidence of pregnancy complications such as placenta previa, abruption, preterm delivery, low birth weight and hypertension are higher compared with that of younger women. Therefore it is important to manage well such high risk pregnancies. Objects and methods: 272 primigravidas and primiparas over 35 years of age and 491 women less than 35 years were studied. χ2 test, T - test and Odds Ratio - test (OR - test) and 95% - confidence interval (95% CI) were applied for analysis. Results: Incidences of severe pregnancy-induced hypertension, a grade 3 placenta, abnormal Nonstress Test (NST), positive Contraction Stress Test (CST), neonatal asphyxia in primigravidas and primiparas aged 35 or older were significantly higher compared with that of younger women and labor time in women over 35 years of age was significantly longer than younger women. And the factors related to neonatal asphyxia in primigravidas and primiparas aged 35 or older were severe pregnancy-induced hypertension, a grade 3 placenta, abnormal NST and positive CST, and rate of neonatal asphyxia could be reduced by 2.1% by cesarean section in older women with such factors.
VL  - 2
IS  - 2
ER  -

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