Optimization of Colour Reduction in the Pharmaceutical Effluent by Response Surface Methodology

Ifeoma Maryjane Iloamaeke; Chineyelu Ijeamaka Egwuatu; Harry Alphonsus Onwumelu; Christian Elochukwu Nzoka-Okoye

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.14

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Optimization of Colour Reduction in the Pharmaceutical Effluent by Response Surface Methodology

Ifeoma Maryjane Iloamaeke, Chineyelu Ijeamaka Egwuatu, Harry Alphonsus Onwumelu, Christian Elochukwu Nzoka-Okoye

Received: 3 March 2020 Accepted: 24 March 2020 Published: 14 April 2020

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Abstract

This research deals with the reduction of colour in the pharmaceutical effluent by Treculia Africans seed coat (TA) as a coagulant using Box behnken design (BBD) from the response surface methodology (RSM). The pharmaceutical effluent was subjected to physicochemical analysis to determine the level of pollution. The coagulant was characterized by Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron micrograph (SEM). Result of the physicochemical analysis of the pharmaceutical effluent showed that the colour of the effluent is purple and its pH (8.11), Hardness (176 mg/L), phosphate 10.22 mg/L) and turbidity 560 mg/L) were found to be above WHO permissible limit of effluent disposal. BBD generated 17 experimental run in which coagulation-flocculation process was carried out. These experimental data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and was found to fit 2^nd order polynomial model (quadratic equation). The plot of predicted versus actual data confirmed that the model describe explicitly the colour reduction efficiency. The process parameters such as coagulant dosages (100-500 mg/L), settling time (10-50 minutes) and pH (2-10) were optimized to get the best treatment condition for colour reduction efficiency. The optimum colour reduction efficiency is 64.36% at coagulant dosage of 252.32 mg/L, settling time of 25.31 minutes and pH of 2.89. The SEM image after treatment suggested that pollutant has been removed from the pharmaceutical effluent since there is change in the surface morphology of the coagulant while FTIR analysis result after treatment proposed removal and addition of bonds due to interaction between the colloid particles of the pharmaceutical effluent and the coagulant. Hence, Treculia Africans seed coat (TA) can serve as alternative coagulant for reduction of colour from Pharmaceutical effluent.

DOI	10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.14
Published in	International Journal of Environmental Chemistry (Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2020) This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficiency Optimization of Pharmaceutical Effluent Treatment
Page(s)	28-37
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Pharmaceutical Effluent, Coagulant, Response Surface Methodology, Treculia Africans, Optimization

References

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APA Style

Ifeoma Maryjane Iloamaeke, Chineyelu Ijeamaka Egwuatu, Harry Alphonsus Onwumelu, Christian Elochukwu Nzoka-Okoye. (2020). Optimization of Colour Reduction in the Pharmaceutical Effluent by Response Surface Methodology. International Journal of Environmental Chemistry, 4(1), 28-37. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.14

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ACS Style

Ifeoma Maryjane Iloamaeke; Chineyelu Ijeamaka Egwuatu; Harry Alphonsus Onwumelu; Christian Elochukwu Nzoka-Okoye. Optimization of Colour Reduction in the Pharmaceutical Effluent by Response Surface Methodology. Int. J. Environ. Chem. 2020, 4(1), 28-37. doi: 10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.14

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AMA Style

Ifeoma Maryjane Iloamaeke, Chineyelu Ijeamaka Egwuatu, Harry Alphonsus Onwumelu, Christian Elochukwu Nzoka-Okoye. Optimization of Colour Reduction in the Pharmaceutical Effluent by Response Surface Methodology. Int J Environ Chem. 2020;4(1):28-37. doi: 10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.14,
  author = {Ifeoma Maryjane Iloamaeke and Chineyelu Ijeamaka Egwuatu and Harry Alphonsus Onwumelu and Christian Elochukwu Nzoka-Okoye},
  title = {Optimization of Colour Reduction in the Pharmaceutical Effluent by Response Surface Methodology},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Chemistry},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {28-37},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijec.20200401.14},
  abstract = {This research deals with the reduction of colour in the pharmaceutical effluent by Treculia Africans seed coat (TA) as a coagulant using Box behnken design (BBD) from the response surface methodology (RSM). The pharmaceutical effluent was subjected to physicochemical analysis to determine the level of pollution. The coagulant was characterized by Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron micrograph (SEM). Result of the physicochemical analysis of the pharmaceutical effluent showed that the colour of the effluent is purple and its pH (8.11), Hardness (176 mg/L), phosphate 10.22 mg/L) and turbidity 560 mg/L) were found to be above WHO permissible limit of effluent disposal. BBD generated 17 experimental run in which coagulation-flocculation process was carried out. These experimental data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and was found to fit 2nd order polynomial model (quadratic equation). The plot of predicted versus actual data confirmed that the model describe explicitly the colour reduction efficiency. The process parameters such as coagulant dosages (100-500 mg/L), settling time (10-50 minutes) and pH (2-10) were optimized to get the best treatment condition for colour reduction efficiency. The optimum colour reduction efficiency is 64.36% at coagulant dosage of 252.32 mg/L, settling time of 25.31 minutes and pH of 2.89. The SEM image after treatment suggested that pollutant has been removed from the pharmaceutical effluent since there is change in the surface morphology of the coagulant while FTIR analysis result after treatment proposed removal and addition of bonds due to interaction between the colloid particles of the pharmaceutical effluent and the coagulant. Hence, Treculia Africans seed coat (TA) can serve as alternative coagulant for reduction of colour from Pharmaceutical effluent.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Optimization of Colour Reduction in the Pharmaceutical Effluent by Response Surface Methodology
AU  - Ifeoma Maryjane Iloamaeke
AU  - Chineyelu Ijeamaka Egwuatu
AU  - Harry Alphonsus Onwumelu
AU  - Christian Elochukwu Nzoka-Okoye
Y1  - 2020/04/14
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.14
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
SP  - 28
EP  - 37
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1460
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.14
AB  - This research deals with the reduction of colour in the pharmaceutical effluent by Treculia Africans seed coat (TA) as a coagulant using Box behnken design (BBD) from the response surface methodology (RSM). The pharmaceutical effluent was subjected to physicochemical analysis to determine the level of pollution. The coagulant was characterized by Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron micrograph (SEM). Result of the physicochemical analysis of the pharmaceutical effluent showed that the colour of the effluent is purple and its pH (8.11), Hardness (176 mg/L), phosphate 10.22 mg/L) and turbidity 560 mg/L) were found to be above WHO permissible limit of effluent disposal. BBD generated 17 experimental run in which coagulation-flocculation process was carried out. These experimental data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and was found to fit 2nd order polynomial model (quadratic equation). The plot of predicted versus actual data confirmed that the model describe explicitly the colour reduction efficiency. The process parameters such as coagulant dosages (100-500 mg/L), settling time (10-50 minutes) and pH (2-10) were optimized to get the best treatment condition for colour reduction efficiency. The optimum colour reduction efficiency is 64.36% at coagulant dosage of 252.32 mg/L, settling time of 25.31 minutes and pH of 2.89. The SEM image after treatment suggested that pollutant has been removed from the pharmaceutical effluent since there is change in the surface morphology of the coagulant while FTIR analysis result after treatment proposed removal and addition of bonds due to interaction between the colloid particles of the pharmaceutical effluent and the coagulant. Hence, Treculia Africans seed coat (TA) can serve as alternative coagulant for reduction of colour from Pharmaceutical effluent.
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Ifeoma Maryjane Iloamaeke

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
Chineyelu Ijeamaka Egwuatu

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
Harry Alphonsus Onwumelu

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
Christian Elochukwu Nzoka-Okoye

Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria

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APA Style

Ifeoma Maryjane Iloamaeke, Chineyelu Ijeamaka Egwuatu, Harry Alphonsus Onwumelu, Christian Elochukwu Nzoka-Okoye. (2020). Optimization of Colour Reduction in the Pharmaceutical Effluent by Response Surface Methodology. International Journal of Environmental Chemistry, 4(1), 28-37. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.14

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ACS Style

Ifeoma Maryjane Iloamaeke; Chineyelu Ijeamaka Egwuatu; Harry Alphonsus Onwumelu; Christian Elochukwu Nzoka-Okoye. Optimization of Colour Reduction in the Pharmaceutical Effluent by Response Surface Methodology. Int. J. Environ. Chem. 2020, 4(1), 28-37. doi: 10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.14

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AMA Style

Ifeoma Maryjane Iloamaeke, Chineyelu Ijeamaka Egwuatu, Harry Alphonsus Onwumelu, Christian Elochukwu Nzoka-Okoye. Optimization of Colour Reduction in the Pharmaceutical Effluent by Response Surface Methodology. Int J Environ Chem. 2020;4(1):28-37. doi: 10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.14,
  author = {Ifeoma Maryjane Iloamaeke and Chineyelu Ijeamaka Egwuatu and Harry Alphonsus Onwumelu and Christian Elochukwu Nzoka-Okoye},
  title = {Optimization of Colour Reduction in the Pharmaceutical Effluent by Response Surface Methodology},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Chemistry},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {28-37},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijec.20200401.14},
  abstract = {This research deals with the reduction of colour in the pharmaceutical effluent by Treculia Africans seed coat (TA) as a coagulant using Box behnken design (BBD) from the response surface methodology (RSM). The pharmaceutical effluent was subjected to physicochemical analysis to determine the level of pollution. The coagulant was characterized by Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron micrograph (SEM). Result of the physicochemical analysis of the pharmaceutical effluent showed that the colour of the effluent is purple and its pH (8.11), Hardness (176 mg/L), phosphate 10.22 mg/L) and turbidity 560 mg/L) were found to be above WHO permissible limit of effluent disposal. BBD generated 17 experimental run in which coagulation-flocculation process was carried out. These experimental data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and was found to fit 2nd order polynomial model (quadratic equation). The plot of predicted versus actual data confirmed that the model describe explicitly the colour reduction efficiency. The process parameters such as coagulant dosages (100-500 mg/L), settling time (10-50 minutes) and pH (2-10) were optimized to get the best treatment condition for colour reduction efficiency. The optimum colour reduction efficiency is 64.36% at coagulant dosage of 252.32 mg/L, settling time of 25.31 minutes and pH of 2.89. The SEM image after treatment suggested that pollutant has been removed from the pharmaceutical effluent since there is change in the surface morphology of the coagulant while FTIR analysis result after treatment proposed removal and addition of bonds due to interaction between the colloid particles of the pharmaceutical effluent and the coagulant. Hence, Treculia Africans seed coat (TA) can serve as alternative coagulant for reduction of colour from Pharmaceutical effluent.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Optimization of Colour Reduction in the Pharmaceutical Effluent by Response Surface Methodology
AU  - Ifeoma Maryjane Iloamaeke
AU  - Chineyelu Ijeamaka Egwuatu
AU  - Harry Alphonsus Onwumelu
AU  - Christian Elochukwu Nzoka-Okoye
Y1  - 2020/04/14
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.14
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
SP  - 28
EP  - 37
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-1460
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20200401.14
AB  - This research deals with the reduction of colour in the pharmaceutical effluent by Treculia Africans seed coat (TA) as a coagulant using Box behnken design (BBD) from the response surface methodology (RSM). The pharmaceutical effluent was subjected to physicochemical analysis to determine the level of pollution. The coagulant was characterized by Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron micrograph (SEM). Result of the physicochemical analysis of the pharmaceutical effluent showed that the colour of the effluent is purple and its pH (8.11), Hardness (176 mg/L), phosphate 10.22 mg/L) and turbidity 560 mg/L) were found to be above WHO permissible limit of effluent disposal. BBD generated 17 experimental run in which coagulation-flocculation process was carried out. These experimental data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and was found to fit 2nd order polynomial model (quadratic equation). The plot of predicted versus actual data confirmed that the model describe explicitly the colour reduction efficiency. The process parameters such as coagulant dosages (100-500 mg/L), settling time (10-50 minutes) and pH (2-10) were optimized to get the best treatment condition for colour reduction efficiency. The optimum colour reduction efficiency is 64.36% at coagulant dosage of 252.32 mg/L, settling time of 25.31 minutes and pH of 2.89. The SEM image after treatment suggested that pollutant has been removed from the pharmaceutical effluent since there is change in the surface morphology of the coagulant while FTIR analysis result after treatment proposed removal and addition of bonds due to interaction between the colloid particles of the pharmaceutical effluent and the coagulant. Hence, Treculia Africans seed coat (TA) can serve as alternative coagulant for reduction of colour from Pharmaceutical effluent.
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
ER  -

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