International Journal of Law and Society

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Immigration Control, Citizenship, the Interplay of Sovereignty and the Vicissitudes of the Hostile Environment in the United Kingdom

Received: Mar. 10, 2020    Accepted: Mar. 30, 2020    Published: May 12, 2020
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Abstract

In so far as individual States can maintain sovereignty over its internal affairs, they are nonetheless accountable to upholding certain principles and standards in the exercise of sovereignty, thereby calling for a reconciliation of sovereignty with universality of human rights law. In essence, international human rights obligations require States to comply with their treaty obligations regarding the treatment of aliens in their territory. A further implication of the international legal order is that International Bill of Rights is generally insistent on the inclusive applicability and the erosion of distinctions based on citizenship simply for the purpose of rights protection. This paper however finds that international human rights protection has been challenged by the hostile environment policy in the area of rights protection, racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and intolerance. This paper further finds that behind the veil of the hostile environment are the ideologies of the Far Right and New Right which incubates, elucidates and implements the hostile policy in such an inexplicable way. The implication is that the adumbration of the hostile environment by these ideologies across Europe and the United States has implication for the respect of international human rights law from the time of the codification of the UN Charter to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Bill of Rights in general. As it has been shown, a hostile environment ostensibly created for and formally restricted to irregular immigrants, is in effect, a hostile environment for all racial and ethnic communities and individuals in the UK.

DOI 10.11648/j.ijls.20200302.12
Published in International Journal of Law and Society ( Volume 3, Issue 2, June 2020 )

This article belongs to the Special Issue Immigration Control, Citizenship, the Interplay of Sovereignty and the Vicissitudes of the Hostile Environment

Page(s) 47-59
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Sovereignty, Nationality, Immigration, Hostile Environment, New Right, Far Right, International Human Rights Law, Inclusion and Exclusion

References
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[28] See s 40 of the British Nationality Act 1981 (as amended); see also s 66 of the Immigration Act 2014, which came into effect on 28 July 2014, see Melanie Gower, ‘Deprivation of British Citizenship and the withdrawal of passport facilities’ (House of Commons Library 2014) 1-2 accessed 25 November 2019.
[29] Nottebohm case (Liechtensen v Guatemala) [1955] ICJ Rep.
[30] Collin Harvey, ‘Time for Reform? Refugees, Asylum-Seekers, and Protection Under International Human Rights Law’ (2015) 34 Refugee Survey Quarterly 43, 44.
[31] Maria-Teresa Gil-Bazo, ‘Refugee Protection under International Human Rights Law: From Non-Refoulement to Residence and Citizenship’ (2015) 34 Refugee Survey Quarterly 11, 33-34.
[32] See HRC, Stewart v Canada (1996) Communication No. 538/1993; Nystrom v Australia (2011) Communication No 1557/2007; Beldjoudi v France App No 12083/86 (ECtHR, 26 March 1992); Boujlifa v France App No 122/1996/741/940 (ECtHR 21 October 1997).
[33] Home Office, Immigration Rules Part 7 (Consolidated version of the current Immigration Rules) accessed 25 March 2018.
[34] Bosadi (paragraph 276ADE; suitability; ties) [2015] UKUT 00042 (IAC).
[35] Dube (ss. 117A-117D) [2015] UKUT 00090 (IAC), see the Headnote.
[36] UNGA Res 61/165 (19 December 2006) UN Doc A/Res/61/165, para 7; see also Amuur v France (1996) 22 EHRR 533, para 41.
[37] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171 (ICCPR) Art 12.
[38] Julian Lehman, Rights at the Frontier: Border Control and Human Rights Protection of Irregular International Migrants’ (2011) 3 Goettingen Journal of International Law 733, 742.
[39] Mark Salter, ‘When the exception becomes the rule: Borders, Sovereignty, and Citizenship’ (2008) 12 Citizenship Studies 365, 375.
[40] P Nyers, ‘Abject Cosmopolitanism: the politics of protection in the anti-deportation movement’ (2003) 24 Third World Quarterly 1069, 1093; for further discussion on this issue, see Mark Salter, ‘Governmentalities of an Airport: heterotopia and confession’ (2007) 1 International Political Sociology 49, 50-67; S Taylor, ‘Sovereign power at the border’ (2005) Public Law Review 16, 55-77.
[41] Bridget Anderson, “Illegal Immigrant”: victim or villain (2008) 64 ESRC Centre on Migration and Policy Working Paper 7.
[42] Christian Joppke, ‘Why Liberal States Accept Unwanted Immigration’ (1998) 50 (2) World Politics 266, 268.
[43] Matthew Gibney and Randall Hansen (2003) 'Deportation and the liberal state: the forcible return of asylum seekers and unlawful migrants in Canada, Germany and the United Kingdom' New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper No. 77, 1.
[44] Winston P. Nagan & Craig Hammer, ‘The Changing Character of Sovereignty in International Law and International Relations’ (2004) 43 Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 141, 177
[45] Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1973) 278.
[46] Alice Bloch, Nando Sigona and Roger Zetter, ‘Migration Routes and Strategies of young undocumented Migrants in England: a qualitative perspective’ (2011) 34 Ethnic and Racial Studies 1287, 1287.
[47] Gina Clayton, ‘Transparent and Trusted: The Immigration Rules in 2009?’ (2008) 14 Immigration Law Digest 2, 7; see also Christopher Vincenzi, ‘Aliens and the judicial review of Immigration Law’ (1985) Public Law 93, 114.
[48] See Immigration Act 1971, s 3 (2).
[49] Gina Clayton, Textbook on Immigration and Asylum Law (4edn, OUP 2010) 7.
[50] Duran Seddon, Immigration, nationality and Refugee Law (JCW1 2006) 1.
[51] Alison Park and others, British Social Attitudes 29 (eds) (2012 edn, 29th Report, NatCen Social Research) 27 accessed 30 March 2019.
[52] John L Hammond, ‘Immigration Control as a (False) Security Measure’ (2011) 37 Critical Sociology 739, 740.
[53] Proclamations of Accession of English and British Sovereigns (1547-1952)< http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/brit-proclamations.htm> accessed 04 April 2018.
[54] The Proclamations of Edward and Elizabeth Proclamations of Accession of English and British Sovereigns (1547-1952)< http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/brit-proclamations.htm> accessed 04 April 2018.
[55] Helena Wray, ‘The Aliens Act 1905 and the Immigration Dilemma’ (2006) 33 Journal of Law and Society 302, 303; for further information about this Act see the following Ann Dummet and Andrew Nicol, Subjects, Citizens, Aliens and Others: Nationality and Immigration Law (Weidenfield and Nicolson 1990) 27; T. W. E Roche, The Key in the Lock: A History of Immigration Control in England from 1066 to the Present Day (1st edn, John Murray Publishers Ltd 1969) introductory pages; Robert Winder, Bloody Foreigners: The Story of Immigration to Britain (Little Brown 2004) 1-15, 192.
[56] Theresa Hayter, Open Borders: The Case Against Immigration Controls (Pluto Press 2000) 39; see also Jill Pellew, ‘The Home Office and the Aliens Act of 1905’ (1989) 32 Historical Journal 369, 371.
[57] Alice Bloch & Liza Schuster, ‘At the extremes of exclusion: Deportation, Detention and Dispersal’ (2005) 28 Ethnic and Racial Studies 491, 493-494.
[58] Alison Bashford and Jane McAdam, ‘The Right to Asylum: Britain’s 1905 Aliens Act and the Evolution of Refugee Law’ (2014) 32 (2) Law and History Review 218, 311; see generally John Garrard, The English and Immigration 1880-1910 (OUP 1971), Bernard Gainer, The Alien Invasion: The Origins of the Aliens Act of 1905 (Heinemann Education 1972), Helena Wray, ‘The Aliens Act 1905 and the Immigration Act Dilemma’ (2006) 33 Journal of Law and Society 302, 303.
[59] Atle Grahl-Madsen, The Status of Refugees in International Law, vol 1 (A W Sijthoff 1966) 11.
[60] See for instance the Aliens Order Act 1920.
[61] Milena Chimenti, ‘Mobilization of Irregular Migrants in Europe: a comparative analysis’ (2011) 34 Ethnic and Racial Studies 1338, 1342, cf R Hansen, Citizenship and Immigration in Post-war Britain (OUP 2000) 207.
[62] Fiorella Dell’ Olio, ‘The Redefinition of the Concept of Nationality in the UK: Between Historical Responsibility and Normative Challenges’ (2002) 22 Politics 9, 10.
[63] Padfield v Minister of Agriculture [1968] AC 997.
[64] R v Environmental Secretary ex parte Spath Holme Limited [2001] 2 AC (Lord Nichols); see also Ukus (discretion: when reviewable) [2012] UKUT 307, Headnote; Maurice A Roberts, ‘The Exercise of Administrative Discretion Under the Immigration Laws’ (1975-76) 13 San Diego Law Review 144, 145.
[65] Global Justice, ‘The hostile environment for immigrants’ (February 2018) accessed 18 February 2020.
[66] Matthew Evans, ‘Operation Nexus and the Hostile Environment: Challenging the Hostile Environment’ ILPA Monthly (June 2018).
[67] Colin Yeo, ‘Briefing: what is the hostile environment, where does it come from, who does it affect?’ (01 May 2018) accessed 19 February 2020, see also Alan Travis, ‘Post-Brexit Immigration White Paper Delayed Until Late Autumn’, Guardian, 2 October 2017.
[68] Liam Kirkaldy, ‘How hostile environment immigration policy reaches into every area of UK society’ Holyrood (17 January 2019).
[69] House of Lords Library Briefing, ‘Impact of ‘Hostile Environment Policy Debate on 14 June 2018’ accessed 19 February 2020.
[70] House of Commons Home Affairs Committee, Immigration Policy: Basis for Building Consensus, 15 January 2018, HC 500 of session 2017–19, p 20., see also House of Lords, ‘Written Question: ‘Undocumented Migrants’, 4 May 2018, HL7145.
[71] United Nations, ‘End of Mission Statement of the Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance at the Conclusion of Her Mission to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland’, 11 May 2018.
[72] Martin A Schain, ‘Shifting Tides: Radical-Right Populism and Immigration Policy in Europe and the United States’ (2018) Migration Policy Institute 1; see also Pippa Norris, Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market (CUP 2005) 8.
[73] Lizzie Dearden, ‘French Elections: Marine Le Pen Vows to Suspend Immigration to ‘Protect France’’ Independent, 18 April 2017, see also Jorg Michael Dostal, ‘The German Federal Election of 2017: How the Wedge Issue of Refugees and Migration Took the Shine Chancellor Merkel and Transformed the Party System’ (2017) 88 The Political Quarterly 4.
[74] Geertje Lucassen and Marcel Lubbers, ‘Who Fears What? Explaining Far-Right Wing Preferences in Europe by Distinguished Perceived Cultural and Economic Threats; (2011) 45 (5) Comparative Political Studies 547, 74.
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  • APA Style

    Cosmas Ukachukwu Ikegwuruka. (2020). Immigration Control, Citizenship, the Interplay of Sovereignty and the Vicissitudes of the Hostile Environment in the United Kingdom. International Journal of Law and Society, 3(2), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20200302.12

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    Cosmas Ukachukwu Ikegwuruka. Immigration Control, Citizenship, the Interplay of Sovereignty and the Vicissitudes of the Hostile Environment in the United Kingdom. Int. J. Law Soc. 2020, 3(2), 47-59. doi: 10.11648/j.ijls.20200302.12

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    AMA Style

    Cosmas Ukachukwu Ikegwuruka. Immigration Control, Citizenship, the Interplay of Sovereignty and the Vicissitudes of the Hostile Environment in the United Kingdom. Int J Law Soc. 2020;3(2):47-59. doi: 10.11648/j.ijls.20200302.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ijls.20200302.12,
      author = {Cosmas Ukachukwu Ikegwuruka},
      title = {Immigration Control, Citizenship, the Interplay of Sovereignty and the Vicissitudes of the Hostile Environment in the United Kingdom},
      journal = {International Journal of Law and Society},
      volume = {3},
      number = {2},
      pages = {47-59},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ijls.20200302.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijls.20200302.12},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijls.20200302.12},
      abstract = {In so far as individual States can maintain sovereignty over its internal affairs, they are nonetheless accountable to upholding certain principles and standards in the exercise of sovereignty, thereby calling for a reconciliation of sovereignty with universality of human rights law. In essence, international human rights obligations require States to comply with their treaty obligations regarding the treatment of aliens in their territory. A further implication of the international legal order is that International Bill of Rights is generally insistent on the inclusive applicability and the erosion of distinctions based on citizenship simply for the purpose of rights protection. This paper however finds that international human rights protection has been challenged by the hostile environment policy in the area of rights protection, racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and intolerance. This paper further finds that behind the veil of the hostile environment are the ideologies of the Far Right and New Right which incubates, elucidates and implements the hostile policy in such an inexplicable way. The implication is that the adumbration of the hostile environment by these ideologies across Europe and the United States has implication for the respect of international human rights law from the time of the codification of the UN Charter to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Bill of Rights in general. As it has been shown, a hostile environment ostensibly created for and formally restricted to irregular immigrants, is in effect, a hostile environment for all racial and ethnic communities and individuals in the UK.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

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    AB  - In so far as individual States can maintain sovereignty over its internal affairs, they are nonetheless accountable to upholding certain principles and standards in the exercise of sovereignty, thereby calling for a reconciliation of sovereignty with universality of human rights law. In essence, international human rights obligations require States to comply with their treaty obligations regarding the treatment of aliens in their territory. A further implication of the international legal order is that International Bill of Rights is generally insistent on the inclusive applicability and the erosion of distinctions based on citizenship simply for the purpose of rights protection. This paper however finds that international human rights protection has been challenged by the hostile environment policy in the area of rights protection, racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and intolerance. This paper further finds that behind the veil of the hostile environment are the ideologies of the Far Right and New Right which incubates, elucidates and implements the hostile policy in such an inexplicable way. The implication is that the adumbration of the hostile environment by these ideologies across Europe and the United States has implication for the respect of international human rights law from the time of the codification of the UN Charter to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Bill of Rights in general. As it has been shown, a hostile environment ostensibly created for and formally restricted to irregular immigrants, is in effect, a hostile environment for all racial and ethnic communities and individuals in the UK.
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Author Information
  • Almond Legals-immigration, Asylum and Human Rights Lawyers & Researchers, London, UK

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