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Efficacy of Plant-based Repellents Against Anopheles Mosquitoes: A Systematic Review

Received: Jun. 10, 2020    Accepted: Jun. 20, 2020    Published: Jul. 04, 2020
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Abstract

Mosquitoes are usually targeted using insecticides, insect growth regulators, and microbial agents. Indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets. However, these strategies have negative effects on human health, the environment and induce resistance in a number of species. Eco-friendly tools have been recently implemented against mosquito vectors, including plant-based insecticides. To date few studies have adopted World Health Organization (WHO) Pesticide Evaluation Scheme guidelines for repellent testing against mosquitoes. This review presents a summary of recent information on development, and efficacy of plant-based repellents against Anopheles mosquitoes as well as promising new advances in the field. All eligible studies published up to April 2020 were systematically searched in several databases, namely PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Google scholar. The outcomes of interest were percentage repellency, protection time and additional properties identified in repellent compounds. A total of 27 trials met the inclusion criteria. The highest repellency effect against mosquitoes was conferred by citronella, followed by Ligusticum sinense extract, pine, Dalbergia sissoo, and Rhizophora mucronata oils with 100% protection for 8 to 14 hours. Furthermore, essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, and C. longa also showed >90% repellency within 8 hours against different species of Anopheles. Therefore, the review showed, essential oils and extracts of some plants could be formulated for the development of eco-friendly repellents against Anopheles species. Plant oils may serve as suitable alternatives to synthetic repellents in the future as they are relatively safe, inexpensive, and are readily available in many parts of the world.

DOI 10.11648/j.bs.20200603.11
Published in Biomedical Sciences ( Volume 6, Issue 3, September 2020 )
Page(s) 44-51
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Plant, Plant Extract, Repellent, Repellency Index, Anopheles, Essential Oil

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Cite This Article
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    Laura Nyawira Wangai, Kenny Kimani Kamau, Godwil Munyekenye, David Nderu, Eva Maina, et al. (2020). Efficacy of Plant-based Repellents Against Anopheles Mosquitoes: A Systematic Review. Biomedical Sciences, 6(3), 44-51. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bs.20200603.11

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    Laura Nyawira Wangai; Kenny Kimani Kamau; Godwil Munyekenye; David Nderu; Eva Maina, et al. Efficacy of Plant-based Repellents Against Anopheles Mosquitoes: A Systematic Review. Biomed. Sci. 2020, 6(3), 44-51. doi: 10.11648/j.bs.20200603.11

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    AMA Style

    Laura Nyawira Wangai, Kenny Kimani Kamau, Godwil Munyekenye, David Nderu, Eva Maina, et al. Efficacy of Plant-based Repellents Against Anopheles Mosquitoes: A Systematic Review. Biomed Sci. 2020;6(3):44-51. doi: 10.11648/j.bs.20200603.11

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  • @article{10.11648/j.bs.20200603.11,
      author = {Laura Nyawira Wangai and Kenny Kimani Kamau and Godwil Munyekenye and David Nderu and Eva Maina and William Gitau and Mary Murigi and Susan Kamau and Mercy Njuguna and Joseph Gichuki and Fredrick Otieno},
      title = {Efficacy of Plant-based Repellents Against Anopheles Mosquitoes: A Systematic Review},
      journal = {Biomedical Sciences},
      volume = {6},
      number = {3},
      pages = {44-51},
      doi = {10.11648/j.bs.20200603.11},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bs.20200603.11},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.bs.20200603.11},
      abstract = {Mosquitoes are usually targeted using insecticides, insect growth regulators, and microbial agents. Indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets. However, these strategies have negative effects on human health, the environment and induce resistance in a number of species. Eco-friendly tools have been recently implemented against mosquito vectors, including plant-based insecticides. To date few studies have adopted World Health Organization (WHO) Pesticide Evaluation Scheme guidelines for repellent testing against mosquitoes. This review presents a summary of recent information on development, and efficacy of plant-based repellents against Anopheles mosquitoes as well as promising new advances in the field. All eligible studies published up to April 2020 were systematically searched in several databases, namely PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Google scholar. The outcomes of interest were percentage repellency, protection time and additional properties identified in repellent compounds. A total of 27 trials met the inclusion criteria. The highest repellency effect against mosquitoes was conferred by citronella, followed by Ligusticum sinense extract, pine, Dalbergia sissoo, and Rhizophora mucronata oils with 100% protection for 8 to 14 hours. Furthermore, essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, and C. longa also showed >90% repellency within 8 hours against different species of Anopheles. Therefore, the review showed, essential oils and extracts of some plants could be formulated for the development of eco-friendly repellents against Anopheles species. Plant oils may serve as suitable alternatives to synthetic repellents in the future as they are relatively safe, inexpensive, and are readily available in many parts of the world.},
     year = {2020}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Efficacy of Plant-based Repellents Against Anopheles Mosquitoes: A Systematic Review
    AU  - Laura Nyawira Wangai
    AU  - Kenny Kimani Kamau
    AU  - Godwil Munyekenye
    AU  - David Nderu
    AU  - Eva Maina
    AU  - William Gitau
    AU  - Mary Murigi
    AU  - Susan Kamau
    AU  - Mercy Njuguna
    AU  - Joseph Gichuki
    AU  - Fredrick Otieno
    Y1  - 2020/07/04
    PY  - 2020
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bs.20200603.11
    DO  - 10.11648/j.bs.20200603.11
    T2  - Biomedical Sciences
    JF  - Biomedical Sciences
    JO  - Biomedical Sciences
    SP  - 44
    EP  - 51
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2575-3932
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.bs.20200603.11
    AB  - Mosquitoes are usually targeted using insecticides, insect growth regulators, and microbial agents. Indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets. However, these strategies have negative effects on human health, the environment and induce resistance in a number of species. Eco-friendly tools have been recently implemented against mosquito vectors, including plant-based insecticides. To date few studies have adopted World Health Organization (WHO) Pesticide Evaluation Scheme guidelines for repellent testing against mosquitoes. This review presents a summary of recent information on development, and efficacy of plant-based repellents against Anopheles mosquitoes as well as promising new advances in the field. All eligible studies published up to April 2020 were systematically searched in several databases, namely PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Google scholar. The outcomes of interest were percentage repellency, protection time and additional properties identified in repellent compounds. A total of 27 trials met the inclusion criteria. The highest repellency effect against mosquitoes was conferred by citronella, followed by Ligusticum sinense extract, pine, Dalbergia sissoo, and Rhizophora mucronata oils with 100% protection for 8 to 14 hours. Furthermore, essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, and C. longa also showed >90% repellency within 8 hours against different species of Anopheles. Therefore, the review showed, essential oils and extracts of some plants could be formulated for the development of eco-friendly repellents against Anopheles species. Plant oils may serve as suitable alternatives to synthetic repellents in the future as they are relatively safe, inexpensive, and are readily available in many parts of the world.
    VL  - 6
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • School of Health Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Kutus, Kenya

  • School of Health Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Kutus, Kenya

  • School of Health Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Kutus, Kenya

  • School of Health Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Kutus, Kenya

  • School of Health Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Kutus, Kenya

  • School of Health Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Kutus, Kenya

  • School of Health Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Kutus, Kenya

  • School of Health Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Kutus, Kenya

  • School of Health Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Kutus, Kenya

  • School of Health Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Kutus, Kenya

  • School of Health Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Kutus, Kenya

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