Estimation of Dietary Intake Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Carcinogens from <i>Tilapia zilli</i> Commercially Available from Escravos River, Nigeria

Nworu Jerome Sunday; Oti Wilberforce; Enemose Edith Ajirioghene

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajasr.20190504.11

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Estimation of Dietary Intake Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Carcinogens from Tilapia zilli Commercially Available from Escravos River, Nigeria

Nworu Jerome Sunday, Oti Wilberforce, Enemose Edith Ajirioghene

Received: 24 October 2019 Accepted: 14 November 2019 Published: 25 November 2019

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Abstract

The Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the organs of a commonly consumed Tilapia zilli from Escravos River in Delta State, Nigeria were evaluated to ascertain the level of their bioaccumulation and the possible human health risks associated with their consumption. Samples were analysed with a Gas Chromatographic Flame Ionization Detector system and results were subjected to a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to test for the significant level of the parameters across the groups. The level of significance was above 95% and the results were presented as mean ± standard error. The values of PAHs reported followed different trends. The muscle had the highest average concentration (313.43±1.64 mg/kg) followed by kidney (266.72±0.36 mg/kg) and the liver (266.17±0.81 mg/kg) while the gills had the lowest average concentration (192.96±1.09 mg/kg). The average concentrations of PAH reported in this research are highly above the EU recommended benchmark (2 µg/kg). The reported ailments from the communities cut across Escravos river could be traced to long term exposure of humans to these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sea foods which are transferred into their food chain because of their high level of dependency for protein source.

DOI	10.11648/j.ajasr.20190504.11
Published in	American Journal of Applied Scientific Research (Volume 5, Issue 4, December 2019)
Page(s)	62-67
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Dietary Intake, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon, Total Aliphatic Hydrocarbon, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, Tilapia Zilli, Carcinogen, Escravos River

References

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[2]	CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment). (2010). Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines for Potentially Carcinogenic and other PAHs: Scientific Criteria Document. CCME: Winnipeg: 214p.
[3]	Anyakora, C., Ogbeche, K. A., Uyimadu, J., Olayinka, K., Alani, R. A., and, Alo, B. I. (2004). Determination of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water Sample of the Lagos lagoon. The Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy, 35: 53-89.
[4]	Ibitola, M. P. (2009). The Hydrodynamic Fluxes of the Escravos and Forcados Rivers: Implications for Transport and Circulation Patterns off the Western Niger Delta. 22-41.
[5]	Schwab, A. P; Su, J., Wetze, L. S; Pekarek, S. and Banks, M. K. (1999). Extraction of Petroleum Hydrocarbons from Soil by Mechanical Shaking. Environmental and Hydraulic Engineering, 33: 1940-1945.
[6]	Nacci, D. E.; Kohan, M. P and George, E. (2002). “Effects of Benzo [a] pyrene Exposure on a Fish Population Resistant to the Toxic Effects of Dioxin-like Compounds,” Aquatic Toxicology. 57 (4): 203–215.
[7]	Armstrong, B.; Hutchinson, E., Unwin, J and Fletcher, T. (2004). “Lung Cancer Risk after Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Review and Meta-Analysis,” Environmental Health Perspectives. 112 (9): 970–978.
[8]	US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1993). Provisional Guidance for Quantitative Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 4 (3): 24-54.
[9]	Olaji, E. D., Nwogu, N. A., Yakubu, A. F. and Olaji, C. O. (2014). Assessment of Total Hydrocarbon Concentration in Four Fish Species of Degele Community, Nigeria and Their Dietary Intake in the Populace. Advances in Research 2 (2): 109-118.
[10]	Boehm, P. D., Page, D. S., Brown, J. S., Neff, J. M., Bragg, J. R. and Atlas R. M. (2008). Distribution and Weathering of Crude Oil Residues on Shorelines 18 Years After the Exxon Valdez Spill. Environmental Science and Technology, 42 (24): 9210–9216.
[11]	Faust, R. A., (1991). Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chemical Hazard Evaluation Group. Toxicity Summary for Anthracene. 38-44.
[12]	Mohanraj, R., Dhanakumar, S. and Solaraj, G. (2012). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bound to PM2.5 in urban Coimbatore, India with emphasis on source apportionment. Sci World J, 12 (4): 312-320.
[13]	EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute). (2000). Literature Review of Background Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Final report; 2 (1): 15-24.

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APA Style

Nworu Jerome Sunday, Oti Wilberforce, Enemose Edith Ajirioghene. (2019). Estimation of Dietary Intake Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Carcinogens from Tilapia zilli Commercially Available from Escravos River, Nigeria. American Journal of Applied Scientific Research, 5(4), 62-67. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20190504.11

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Nworu Jerome Sunday; Oti Wilberforce; Enemose Edith Ajirioghene. Estimation of Dietary Intake Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Carcinogens from Tilapia zilli Commercially Available from Escravos River, Nigeria. Am. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2019, 5(4), 62-67. doi: 10.11648/j.ajasr.20190504.11

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AMA Style

Nworu Jerome Sunday, Oti Wilberforce, Enemose Edith Ajirioghene. Estimation of Dietary Intake Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Carcinogens from Tilapia zilli Commercially Available from Escravos River, Nigeria. Am J Appl Sci Res. 2019;5(4):62-67. doi: 10.11648/j.ajasr.20190504.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajasr.20190504.11,
  author = {Nworu Jerome Sunday and Oti Wilberforce and Enemose Edith Ajirioghene},
  title = {Estimation of Dietary Intake Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Carcinogens from Tilapia zilli Commercially Available from Escravos River, Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Scientific Research},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {62-67},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajasr.20190504.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20190504.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajasr.20190504.11},
  abstract = {The Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the organs of a commonly consumed Tilapia zilli from Escravos River in Delta State, Nigeria were evaluated to ascertain the level of their bioaccumulation and the possible human health risks associated with their consumption. Samples were analysed with a Gas Chromatographic Flame Ionization Detector system and results were subjected to a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to test for the significant level of the parameters across the groups. The level of significance was above 95% and the results were presented as mean ± standard error. The values of PAHs reported followed different trends. The muscle had the highest average concentration (313.43±1.64 mg/kg) followed by kidney (266.72±0.36 mg/kg) and the liver (266.17±0.81 mg/kg) while the gills had the lowest average concentration (192.96±1.09 mg/kg). The average concentrations of PAH reported in this research are highly above the EU recommended benchmark (2 µg/kg). The reported ailments from the communities cut across Escravos river could be traced to long term exposure of humans to these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sea foods which are transferred into their food chain because of their high level of dependency for protein source.},
 year = {2019}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Estimation of Dietary Intake Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Carcinogens from Tilapia zilli Commercially Available from Escravos River, Nigeria
AU  - Nworu Jerome Sunday
AU  - Oti Wilberforce
AU  - Enemose Edith Ajirioghene
Y1  - 2019/11/25
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DO  - 10.11648/j.ajasr.20190504.11
T2  - American Journal of Applied Scientific Research
JF  - American Journal of Applied Scientific Research
JO  - American Journal of Applied Scientific Research
SP  - 62
EP  - 67
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2471-9730
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20190504.11
AB  - The Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the organs of a commonly consumed Tilapia zilli from Escravos River in Delta State, Nigeria were evaluated to ascertain the level of their bioaccumulation and the possible human health risks associated with their consumption. Samples were analysed with a Gas Chromatographic Flame Ionization Detector system and results were subjected to a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to test for the significant level of the parameters across the groups. The level of significance was above 95% and the results were presented as mean ± standard error. The values of PAHs reported followed different trends. The muscle had the highest average concentration (313.43±1.64 mg/kg) followed by kidney (266.72±0.36 mg/kg) and the liver (266.17±0.81 mg/kg) while the gills had the lowest average concentration (192.96±1.09 mg/kg). The average concentrations of PAH reported in this research are highly above the EU recommended benchmark (2 µg/kg). The reported ailments from the communities cut across Escravos river could be traced to long term exposure of humans to these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sea foods which are transferred into their food chain because of their high level of dependency for protein source.
VL  - 5
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Author Information

Nworu Jerome Sunday

Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Science, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Delta State, Nigeria
Oti Wilberforce

Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
Enemose Edith Ajirioghene

Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Science, Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko, Delta State, Nigeria

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APA Style

Nworu Jerome Sunday, Oti Wilberforce, Enemose Edith Ajirioghene. (2019). Estimation of Dietary Intake Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Carcinogens from Tilapia zilli Commercially Available from Escravos River, Nigeria. American Journal of Applied Scientific Research, 5(4), 62-67. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20190504.11

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ACS Style

Nworu Jerome Sunday; Oti Wilberforce; Enemose Edith Ajirioghene. Estimation of Dietary Intake Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Carcinogens from Tilapia zilli Commercially Available from Escravos River, Nigeria. Am. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2019, 5(4), 62-67. doi: 10.11648/j.ajasr.20190504.11

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AMA Style

Nworu Jerome Sunday, Oti Wilberforce, Enemose Edith Ajirioghene. Estimation of Dietary Intake Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Carcinogens from Tilapia zilli Commercially Available from Escravos River, Nigeria. Am J Appl Sci Res. 2019;5(4):62-67. doi: 10.11648/j.ajasr.20190504.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajasr.20190504.11,
  author = {Nworu Jerome Sunday and Oti Wilberforce and Enemose Edith Ajirioghene},
  title = {Estimation of Dietary Intake Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Carcinogens from Tilapia zilli Commercially Available from Escravos River, Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Scientific Research},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {62-67},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajasr.20190504.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20190504.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajasr.20190504.11},
  abstract = {The Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the organs of a commonly consumed Tilapia zilli from Escravos River in Delta State, Nigeria were evaluated to ascertain the level of their bioaccumulation and the possible human health risks associated with their consumption. Samples were analysed with a Gas Chromatographic Flame Ionization Detector system and results were subjected to a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to test for the significant level of the parameters across the groups. The level of significance was above 95% and the results were presented as mean ± standard error. The values of PAHs reported followed different trends. The muscle had the highest average concentration (313.43±1.64 mg/kg) followed by kidney (266.72±0.36 mg/kg) and the liver (266.17±0.81 mg/kg) while the gills had the lowest average concentration (192.96±1.09 mg/kg). The average concentrations of PAH reported in this research are highly above the EU recommended benchmark (2 µg/kg). The reported ailments from the communities cut across Escravos river could be traced to long term exposure of humans to these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sea foods which are transferred into their food chain because of their high level of dependency for protein source.},
 year = {2019}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Estimation of Dietary Intake Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Carcinogens from Tilapia zilli Commercially Available from Escravos River, Nigeria
AU  - Nworu Jerome Sunday
AU  - Oti Wilberforce
AU  - Enemose Edith Ajirioghene
Y1  - 2019/11/25
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20190504.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajasr.20190504.11
T2  - American Journal of Applied Scientific Research
JF  - American Journal of Applied Scientific Research
JO  - American Journal of Applied Scientific Research
SP  - 62
EP  - 67
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2471-9730
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajasr.20190504.11
AB  - The Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the organs of a commonly consumed Tilapia zilli from Escravos River in Delta State, Nigeria were evaluated to ascertain the level of their bioaccumulation and the possible human health risks associated with their consumption. Samples were analysed with a Gas Chromatographic Flame Ionization Detector system and results were subjected to a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to test for the significant level of the parameters across the groups. The level of significance was above 95% and the results were presented as mean ± standard error. The values of PAHs reported followed different trends. The muscle had the highest average concentration (313.43±1.64 mg/kg) followed by kidney (266.72±0.36 mg/kg) and the liver (266.17±0.81 mg/kg) while the gills had the lowest average concentration (192.96±1.09 mg/kg). The average concentrations of PAH reported in this research are highly above the EU recommended benchmark (2 µg/kg). The reported ailments from the communities cut across Escravos river could be traced to long term exposure of humans to these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sea foods which are transferred into their food chain because of their high level of dependency for protein source.
VL  - 5
IS  - 4
ER  -

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