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Production of Biodiesel from Garcinia Kola Seeds Using Trans-Esterification Reaction

Received: Oct. 20, 2018    Accepted: Oct. 31, 2018    Published: Jan. 29, 2019
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Abstract

Plants are important in our everyday existence. They provide our foods, produce the oxygen we breathe, and serve as raw materials for many industrial products such as clothes, foot wears and so many others. Plants also provide raw materials for our buildings and in the manufacture of biofuels, dyes, perfumes, pesticides and drugs. In this research, Garcinia kola seeds were purchased locally and the seeds were deshelled, washed and allowed to dry. The extraction of oil was done using soxhlet extraction technique (hot method). After the extraction, Biodiesel was then produced from the oil using the Trans-esterification process. The already produced Oil and biodiesel were characterized for its physicochemical properties and the result compared to standards. The bitter kola biodiesel was also exposed to FTIR analysis to determine the functional groups and organic compounds inherent in the biodiesel produced. From the experimental result obtained, the produced were found to meet the ASTM standards for biodiesel. The results obtained from analysis of biodiesel from Garcinia kola include free fatty acid: 0.822%; acid value: 1.635mgKOH/g; specific gravity: 0.9; kinematic velocity: 1.714Cst; flash point: 45°C; pour point: 93°C; water content: 5.75%. Thus, the values obtained met with the ASTM standard. The percentage yield of oil from the Bitter kola seed is 34% and then the percentage yield from the bitter kola oil to the biodiesel is 62%. This shows that the poor yield of biodiesel from the seed would affect its usage as a Biofuel and this makes it not suitable to be used as a Biofuel. This research has shown that Garcinia kola seeds and oils are not good sources of Biodiesel. Therefore research should be on and going into more cheap and available materials in the production of biodiesel.

DOI 10.11648/j.cm.20180202.13
Published in Composite Materials ( Volume 2, Issue 2, December 2018 )
Page(s) 55-60
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Garcinia Kola, Biodiesel, Trans-esterification, Percentage Yield, Physiochemical

References
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[2] Adebayo, S. E., Orhevba, B. A., Adeoye, P. A., Musa, J. J., and Fase, O. J. (2012). Solvent Extraction and Characterization of Oil from African Star Apple (ChrysophyllumAlbidum) Seeds. Academic Research International Journal, 3(2); 178-182.
[3] Adegoke, A. G. (2012). Characterization, evaluation of sprout suppressant and anti-microbial activities of essential oils on two kolanut(Cola nitida and Cola acuminata) Species, Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 3(6): 68-72.
[4] Adesanwo, J. K., Ogundele, S. B., Akinpelu, D. A., and McDonald, A. G. (2017). Chemical Analyses, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activities of extracts from Cola nitida seed, Journal of exploratory research in pharmacology, 2(3): 67-77.
[5] Adesuyi, A. O., Elumm, I. K., Adaramola, F. B., and Nwokoch, A. G. M. (2012). Nutritional and phytochemical screening of Garcinia kola. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 4(1): 9-14, 20.
[6] AOCS (1998). Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists Society-. Champaign, IL.
[7] ASTM international (2002), standard test methods for biodiesel (B 100) analysis. Annual book of standards, D 6571. ASTM international west Conshohocken, pp. 734-738.
[8] Bello, E. I., and Agge, M. (2012). Biodiesel Production from Ground Nut Oil. Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 3(2): 276-280.
[9] Biodiesel handling and user guide, (2009), 4th edition, National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL, pp. 1-13.
[10] Dah-Nouvlessounon, D., Adjanohoun, A., Sina, H., Noumavo, P. A., Diarrasouba, N., Parkouda, C., Madodé, Y. E., Dicko, M. H. and Baba-Moussa, L. (2015). Nutritional and Anti-Nutrient Composition of Three Bitter kolas (Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola) Produced in Benin. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 6(1), 1395-1407.
[11] Eze, S. O. (2012). Physico-chemical properties of oil from some selected underutilized oil seeds available for biodiesel preparation. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(42): 10003-10007.
[12] Filemon A. U. (2010), Biofuel from plants oil, National Academy of science technology, Government of Japan, pp. 47-48.
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[14] Fukuda, H., Kondo, A., and Noda, H. (2001), Biodiesel fuel production by Transesterification of oils, Journal of Bioscience and Engineering. 92: 405-416.
[15] Habibullah, M., Masjuki, H. H., Kalam, M. A., Ashrafur R. S. M., Mofijur, M., Mobarak, H. M., andAshraful, A. M. (2015). Potential of biodiesel as a renewable energy source in Bangladesh. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50(1): 819-834.
[16] Humphrey, I., Nsikan, I. O., and Michael A., Chendo, C. (2015). Comparative Studies on Some Edible Oils for Biodiesel Production in Nigeria. British Biotechnology Journal, 5(2): 72-83.
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[20] Knothe, G. (2001). Analytical methods used in the production and fuel quality assessment of biodiesel, American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 44(2): 193-200.
[21] Parthiban, K. T., et al., (2011), physicochemical characterization of seed oil from jatrophacurcasgenetic resources, Journal of Ecological and NaturalEnvironment. 3(5): 163-167.
[22] Shannon D. S., James M. W., Parag S. S., Claudia W, Marlen A. V. and Glen, R. M. (2009), Feedstock and biodiesel characteristics Report, Renewable energy group Inc., 416 S. Avenue, pp. 11-88.
[23] Singh, S. P., and Singh, D. (2010), Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of biodiesel: A review: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 14: 200- 216.
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Iwuozor Kingsley Ogemdi, Ekpunobi Emmanuel Chidubem, Emuobosa Gold. (2019). Production of Biodiesel from Garcinia Kola Seeds Using Trans-Esterification Reaction. Composite Materials, 2(2), 55-60. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20180202.13

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    ACS Style

    Iwuozor Kingsley Ogemdi; Ekpunobi Emmanuel Chidubem; Emuobosa Gold. Production of Biodiesel from Garcinia Kola Seeds Using Trans-Esterification Reaction. Compos. Mater. 2019, 2(2), 55-60. doi: 10.11648/j.cm.20180202.13

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    AMA Style

    Iwuozor Kingsley Ogemdi, Ekpunobi Emmanuel Chidubem, Emuobosa Gold. Production of Biodiesel from Garcinia Kola Seeds Using Trans-Esterification Reaction. Compos Mater. 2019;2(2):55-60. doi: 10.11648/j.cm.20180202.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.cm.20180202.13,
      author = {Iwuozor Kingsley Ogemdi and Ekpunobi Emmanuel Chidubem and Emuobosa Gold},
      title = {Production of Biodiesel from Garcinia Kola Seeds Using Trans-Esterification Reaction},
      journal = {Composite Materials},
      volume = {2},
      number = {2},
      pages = {55-60},
      doi = {10.11648/j.cm.20180202.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20180202.13},
      eprint = {https://download.sciencepg.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cm.20180202.13},
      abstract = {Plants are important in our everyday existence. They provide our foods, produce the oxygen we breathe, and serve as raw materials for many industrial products such as clothes, foot wears and so many others. Plants also provide raw materials for our buildings and in the manufacture of biofuels, dyes, perfumes, pesticides and drugs. In this research, Garcinia kola seeds were purchased locally and the seeds were deshelled, washed and allowed to dry. The extraction of oil was done using soxhlet extraction technique (hot method). After the extraction, Biodiesel was then produced from the oil using the Trans-esterification process. The already produced Oil and biodiesel were characterized for its physicochemical properties and the result compared to standards. The bitter kola biodiesel was also exposed to FTIR analysis to determine the functional groups and organic compounds inherent in the biodiesel produced. From the experimental result obtained, the produced were found to meet the ASTM standards for biodiesel. The results obtained from analysis of biodiesel from Garcinia kola include free fatty acid: 0.822%; acid value: 1.635mgKOH/g; specific gravity: 0.9; kinematic velocity: 1.714Cst; flash point: 45°C; pour point: 93°C; water content: 5.75%. Thus, the values obtained met with the ASTM standard. The percentage yield of oil from the Bitter kola seed is 34% and then the percentage yield from the bitter kola oil to the biodiesel is 62%. This shows that the poor yield of biodiesel from the seed would affect its usage as a Biofuel and this makes it not suitable to be used as a Biofuel. This research has shown that Garcinia kola seeds and oils are not good sources of Biodiesel. Therefore research should be on and going into more cheap and available materials in the production of biodiesel.},
     year = {2019}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Production of Biodiesel from Garcinia Kola Seeds Using Trans-Esterification Reaction
    AU  - Iwuozor Kingsley Ogemdi
    AU  - Ekpunobi Emmanuel Chidubem
    AU  - Emuobosa Gold
    Y1  - 2019/01/29
    PY  - 2019
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20180202.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.cm.20180202.13
    T2  - Composite Materials
    JF  - Composite Materials
    JO  - Composite Materials
    SP  - 55
    EP  - 60
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2994-7103
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cm.20180202.13
    AB  - Plants are important in our everyday existence. They provide our foods, produce the oxygen we breathe, and serve as raw materials for many industrial products such as clothes, foot wears and so many others. Plants also provide raw materials for our buildings and in the manufacture of biofuels, dyes, perfumes, pesticides and drugs. In this research, Garcinia kola seeds were purchased locally and the seeds were deshelled, washed and allowed to dry. The extraction of oil was done using soxhlet extraction technique (hot method). After the extraction, Biodiesel was then produced from the oil using the Trans-esterification process. The already produced Oil and biodiesel were characterized for its physicochemical properties and the result compared to standards. The bitter kola biodiesel was also exposed to FTIR analysis to determine the functional groups and organic compounds inherent in the biodiesel produced. From the experimental result obtained, the produced were found to meet the ASTM standards for biodiesel. The results obtained from analysis of biodiesel from Garcinia kola include free fatty acid: 0.822%; acid value: 1.635mgKOH/g; specific gravity: 0.9; kinematic velocity: 1.714Cst; flash point: 45°C; pour point: 93°C; water content: 5.75%. Thus, the values obtained met with the ASTM standard. The percentage yield of oil from the Bitter kola seed is 34% and then the percentage yield from the bitter kola oil to the biodiesel is 62%. This shows that the poor yield of biodiesel from the seed would affect its usage as a Biofuel and this makes it not suitable to be used as a Biofuel. This research has shown that Garcinia kola seeds and oils are not good sources of Biodiesel. Therefore research should be on and going into more cheap and available materials in the production of biodiesel.
    VL  - 2
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

  • Department of Microbiology, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria

  • Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

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