Flavonoid-Rich Fraction of <i>Alstonia boonei</i> Leaves Attenuates Haematological and Biochemical Changes Induced by <i>Plasmodium berghei-</i>Infection

Osmund Chukwuma Enechi; Christian Chijioke Amah; Jacob Ikechukwu Okoro; Ursula Chidimma Obelenwa; Ernest Chinecherem Omeje; Thankgod Ugochukwu Nweke; Mary Chiamaka Uzochukwu; Sixtus Chidozie Ezimora; Perpetua Chidimma Ike; Lovelyn Ngozika Eze; Chidubem Francis Okoye

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ab.20221002.15

Flavonoid-Rich Fraction of Alstonia boonei Leaves Attenuates Haematological and Biochemical Changes Induced by Plasmodium berghei-Infection

Osmund Chukwuma Enechi, Christian Chijioke Amah, Jacob Ikechukwu Okoro, Ursula Chidimma Obelenwa, Ernest Chinecherem Omeje, Thankgod Ugochukwu Nweke, Mary Chiamaka Uzochukwu, Sixtus Chidozie Ezimora, Perpetua Chidimma Ike, Lovelyn Ngozika Eze, Chidubem Francis Okoye

Published in Advances in Biochemistry (Volume 10, Issue 2)

Received: 29 April 2022 Accepted: 14 May 2022 Published: 8 June 2022

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Abstract

Malaria has become a global scourge, particularly in the developing nations of the world. However, efforts to combat the malaria scourge have been hampered by the ability of plasmodium species to develop resistance to conventional anti-malarial drugs such as chloroquine and artemisinin. This necessitates the search for newer anti-malarial agents from other sources such as medicinal plants. This study investigated the anti-malarial activity of flavonoid-rich fraction of Alstonia boonei leaves (FRFABL) on haematological and various biochemical changes induced by plasmodium berghei-infected mice following a 5-day suppressive test. Forty eight (48) adult albino Wistar mice of average body weight of 30 ± 38 g were used for this study; 18 for the toxicity study while 30 mice consisting of six groups of five mice each were used for the anti-malarial study. Groups 4-6 were infected malaria and treated with 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight of FRFABL respectively; group 3 mice was infected malaria and treated with 140 mg/kg body weight of Coartem® (standard anti-malarial drug); group 2 was infected malaria and no treatment (positive control) while group 1 was not infected and served as normal control. Quantitative phytochemical screening of FRFABL revealed high amounts of phenols, alkaloids and flavoinoids. Tannins and terpenoids were detected in moderate amounts, whereas steroids and saponins were found in smaller amounts. After oral administration of 5000 mg/kg body weight, the toxicity test revealed that FRFABL was not toxic. It was observed that the percentage parasitemia of mice in Group 2 was significantly (p < 0.05) higher when compared to mice in parasitized and treated groups. When compared to the positive control (group 2), the treated groups showed significant (p < 0.05) increases in packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations, and red blood cell (RBC) count, but the white blood cell (WBC) count decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the treated groups when compared to the positive control (group 2). Similarly, FRFABL treatment of infected mice significantly (p < 0.05) restored some malaria-modified biochemical parameters of plasmodium berghei-infected mice. The results showed that FRFABL possesses good anti-malarial properties and will serve as an excellent anti-malarial agent.

Published in	Advances in Biochemistry (Volume 10, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ab.20221002.15
Page(s)	71-80
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

FRFABL, Malaria, Biochemical Parameters, FRFABL Plasmodium berghei

References

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Osmund Chukwuma Enechi, Christian Chijioke Amah, Jacob Ikechukwu Okoro, Ursula Chidimma Obelenwa, Ernest Chinecherem Omeje, et al. (2022). Flavonoid-Rich Fraction of Alstonia boonei Leaves Attenuates Haematological and Biochemical Changes Induced by Plasmodium berghei-Infection. Advances in Biochemistry, 10(2), 71-80. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ab.20221002.15

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Osmund Chukwuma Enechi; Christian Chijioke Amah; Jacob Ikechukwu Okoro; Ursula Chidimma Obelenwa; Ernest Chinecherem Omeje, et al. Flavonoid-Rich Fraction of Alstonia boonei Leaves Attenuates Haematological and Biochemical Changes Induced by Plasmodium berghei-Infection. Adv. Biochem. 2022, 10(2), 71-80. doi: 10.11648/j.ab.20221002.15

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AMA Style

Osmund Chukwuma Enechi, Christian Chijioke Amah, Jacob Ikechukwu Okoro, Ursula Chidimma Obelenwa, Ernest Chinecherem Omeje, et al. Flavonoid-Rich Fraction of Alstonia boonei Leaves Attenuates Haematological and Biochemical Changes Induced by Plasmodium berghei-Infection. Adv Biochem. 2022;10(2):71-80. doi: 10.11648/j.ab.20221002.15

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@article{10.11648/j.ab.20221002.15,
  author = {Osmund Chukwuma Enechi and Christian Chijioke Amah and Jacob Ikechukwu Okoro and Ursula Chidimma Obelenwa and Ernest Chinecherem Omeje and Thankgod Ugochukwu Nweke and Mary Chiamaka Uzochukwu and Sixtus Chidozie Ezimora and Perpetua Chidimma Ike and Lovelyn Ngozika Eze and Chidubem Francis Okoye},
  title = {Flavonoid-Rich Fraction of Alstonia boonei Leaves Attenuates Haematological and Biochemical Changes Induced by Plasmodium berghei-Infection},
  journal = {Advances in Biochemistry},
  volume = {10},
  number = {2},
  pages = {71-80},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ab.20221002.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ab.20221002.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ab.20221002.15},
  abstract = {Malaria has become a global scourge, particularly in the developing nations of the world. However, efforts to combat the malaria scourge have been hampered by the ability of plasmodium species to develop resistance to conventional anti-malarial drugs such as chloroquine and artemisinin. This necessitates the search for newer anti-malarial agents from other sources such as medicinal plants. This study investigated the anti-malarial activity of flavonoid-rich fraction of Alstonia boonei leaves (FRFABL) on haematological and various biochemical changes induced by plasmodium berghei-infected mice following a 5-day suppressive test. Forty eight (48) adult albino Wistar mice of average body weight of 30 ± 38 g were used for this study; 18 for the toxicity study while 30 mice consisting of six groups of five mice each were used for the anti-malarial study. Groups 4-6 were infected malaria and treated with 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight of FRFABL respectively; group 3 mice was infected malaria and treated with 140 mg/kg body weight of Coartem® (standard anti-malarial drug); group 2 was infected malaria and no treatment (positive control) while group 1 was not infected and served as normal control. Quantitative phytochemical screening of FRFABL revealed high amounts of phenols, alkaloids and flavoinoids. Tannins and terpenoids were detected in moderate amounts, whereas steroids and saponins were found in smaller amounts. After oral administration of 5000 mg/kg body weight, the toxicity test revealed that FRFABL was not toxic. It was observed that the percentage parasitemia of mice in Group 2 was significantly (p plasmodium berghei-infected mice. The results showed that FRFABL possesses good anti-malarial properties and will serve as an excellent anti-malarial agent.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Flavonoid-Rich Fraction of Alstonia boonei Leaves Attenuates Haematological and Biochemical Changes Induced by Plasmodium berghei-Infection
AU  - Osmund Chukwuma Enechi
AU  - Christian Chijioke Amah
AU  - Jacob Ikechukwu Okoro
AU  - Ursula Chidimma Obelenwa
AU  - Ernest Chinecherem Omeje
AU  - Thankgod Ugochukwu Nweke
AU  - Mary Chiamaka Uzochukwu
AU  - Sixtus Chidozie Ezimora
AU  - Perpetua Chidimma Ike
AU  - Lovelyn Ngozika Eze
AU  - Chidubem Francis Okoye
Y1  - 2022/06/08
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ab.20221002.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ab.20221002.15
T2  - Advances in Biochemistry
JF  - Advances in Biochemistry
JO  - Advances in Biochemistry
SP  - 71
EP  - 80
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-0862
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ab.20221002.15
AB  - Malaria has become a global scourge, particularly in the developing nations of the world. However, efforts to combat the malaria scourge have been hampered by the ability of plasmodium species to develop resistance to conventional anti-malarial drugs such as chloroquine and artemisinin. This necessitates the search for newer anti-malarial agents from other sources such as medicinal plants. This study investigated the anti-malarial activity of flavonoid-rich fraction of Alstonia boonei leaves (FRFABL) on haematological and various biochemical changes induced by plasmodium berghei-infected mice following a 5-day suppressive test. Forty eight (48) adult albino Wistar mice of average body weight of 30 ± 38 g were used for this study; 18 for the toxicity study while 30 mice consisting of six groups of five mice each were used for the anti-malarial study. Groups 4-6 were infected malaria and treated with 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight of FRFABL respectively; group 3 mice was infected malaria and treated with 140 mg/kg body weight of Coartem® (standard anti-malarial drug); group 2 was infected malaria and no treatment (positive control) while group 1 was not infected and served as normal control. Quantitative phytochemical screening of FRFABL revealed high amounts of phenols, alkaloids and flavoinoids. Tannins and terpenoids were detected in moderate amounts, whereas steroids and saponins were found in smaller amounts. After oral administration of 5000 mg/kg body weight, the toxicity test revealed that FRFABL was not toxic. It was observed that the percentage parasitemia of mice in Group 2 was significantly (p plasmodium berghei-infected mice. The results showed that FRFABL possesses good anti-malarial properties and will serve as an excellent anti-malarial agent.
VL  - 10
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Osmund Chukwuma Enechi

Pharamacological Biochemistry Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Christian Chijioke Amah

Pharamacological Biochemistry Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Jacob Ikechukwu Okoro

Medical Parasitology, Toxicology and Drug Development Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Ursula Chidimma Obelenwa

Department of Microbiology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Nigeria
Ernest Chinecherem Omeje

Pharamacological Biochemistry Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Thankgod Ugochukwu Nweke

Pharamacological Biochemistry Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Mary Chiamaka Uzochukwu

Pharamacological Biochemistry Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Sixtus Chidozie Ezimora

Pharamacological Biochemistry Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Perpetua Chidimma Ike

Pharamacological Biochemistry Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Lovelyn Ngozika Eze

Pharamacological Biochemistry Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Chidubem Francis Okoye

Pharamacological Biochemistry Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

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Osmund Chukwuma Enechi, Christian Chijioke Amah, Jacob Ikechukwu Okoro, Ursula Chidimma Obelenwa, Ernest Chinecherem Omeje, et al. (2022). Flavonoid-Rich Fraction of Alstonia boonei Leaves Attenuates Haematological and Biochemical Changes Induced by Plasmodium berghei-Infection. Advances in Biochemistry, 10(2), 71-80. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ab.20221002.15

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Osmund Chukwuma Enechi; Christian Chijioke Amah; Jacob Ikechukwu Okoro; Ursula Chidimma Obelenwa; Ernest Chinecherem Omeje, et al. Flavonoid-Rich Fraction of Alstonia boonei Leaves Attenuates Haematological and Biochemical Changes Induced by Plasmodium berghei-Infection. Adv. Biochem. 2022, 10(2), 71-80. doi: 10.11648/j.ab.20221002.15

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Osmund Chukwuma Enechi, Christian Chijioke Amah, Jacob Ikechukwu Okoro, Ursula Chidimma Obelenwa, Ernest Chinecherem Omeje, et al. Flavonoid-Rich Fraction of Alstonia boonei Leaves Attenuates Haematological and Biochemical Changes Induced by Plasmodium berghei-Infection. Adv Biochem. 2022;10(2):71-80. doi: 10.11648/j.ab.20221002.15

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@article{10.11648/j.ab.20221002.15,
  author = {Osmund Chukwuma Enechi and Christian Chijioke Amah and Jacob Ikechukwu Okoro and Ursula Chidimma Obelenwa and Ernest Chinecherem Omeje and Thankgod Ugochukwu Nweke and Mary Chiamaka Uzochukwu and Sixtus Chidozie Ezimora and Perpetua Chidimma Ike and Lovelyn Ngozika Eze and Chidubem Francis Okoye},
  title = {Flavonoid-Rich Fraction of Alstonia boonei Leaves Attenuates Haematological and Biochemical Changes Induced by Plasmodium berghei-Infection},
  journal = {Advances in Biochemistry},
  volume = {10},
  number = {2},
  pages = {71-80},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ab.20221002.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ab.20221002.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ab.20221002.15},
  abstract = {Malaria has become a global scourge, particularly in the developing nations of the world. However, efforts to combat the malaria scourge have been hampered by the ability of plasmodium species to develop resistance to conventional anti-malarial drugs such as chloroquine and artemisinin. This necessitates the search for newer anti-malarial agents from other sources such as medicinal plants. This study investigated the anti-malarial activity of flavonoid-rich fraction of Alstonia boonei leaves (FRFABL) on haematological and various biochemical changes induced by plasmodium berghei-infected mice following a 5-day suppressive test. Forty eight (48) adult albino Wistar mice of average body weight of 30 ± 38 g were used for this study; 18 for the toxicity study while 30 mice consisting of six groups of five mice each were used for the anti-malarial study. Groups 4-6 were infected malaria and treated with 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight of FRFABL respectively; group 3 mice was infected malaria and treated with 140 mg/kg body weight of Coartem® (standard anti-malarial drug); group 2 was infected malaria and no treatment (positive control) while group 1 was not infected and served as normal control. Quantitative phytochemical screening of FRFABL revealed high amounts of phenols, alkaloids and flavoinoids. Tannins and terpenoids were detected in moderate amounts, whereas steroids and saponins were found in smaller amounts. After oral administration of 5000 mg/kg body weight, the toxicity test revealed that FRFABL was not toxic. It was observed that the percentage parasitemia of mice in Group 2 was significantly (p plasmodium berghei-infected mice. The results showed that FRFABL possesses good anti-malarial properties and will serve as an excellent anti-malarial agent.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Flavonoid-Rich Fraction of Alstonia boonei Leaves Attenuates Haematological and Biochemical Changes Induced by Plasmodium berghei-Infection
AU  - Osmund Chukwuma Enechi
AU  - Christian Chijioke Amah
AU  - Jacob Ikechukwu Okoro
AU  - Ursula Chidimma Obelenwa
AU  - Ernest Chinecherem Omeje
AU  - Thankgod Ugochukwu Nweke
AU  - Mary Chiamaka Uzochukwu
AU  - Sixtus Chidozie Ezimora
AU  - Perpetua Chidimma Ike
AU  - Lovelyn Ngozika Eze
AU  - Chidubem Francis Okoye
Y1  - 2022/06/08
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ab.20221002.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ab.20221002.15
T2  - Advances in Biochemistry
JF  - Advances in Biochemistry
JO  - Advances in Biochemistry
SP  - 71
EP  - 80
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-0862
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ab.20221002.15
AB  - Malaria has become a global scourge, particularly in the developing nations of the world. However, efforts to combat the malaria scourge have been hampered by the ability of plasmodium species to develop resistance to conventional anti-malarial drugs such as chloroquine and artemisinin. This necessitates the search for newer anti-malarial agents from other sources such as medicinal plants. This study investigated the anti-malarial activity of flavonoid-rich fraction of Alstonia boonei leaves (FRFABL) on haematological and various biochemical changes induced by plasmodium berghei-infected mice following a 5-day suppressive test. Forty eight (48) adult albino Wistar mice of average body weight of 30 ± 38 g were used for this study; 18 for the toxicity study while 30 mice consisting of six groups of five mice each were used for the anti-malarial study. Groups 4-6 were infected malaria and treated with 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight of FRFABL respectively; group 3 mice was infected malaria and treated with 140 mg/kg body weight of Coartem® (standard anti-malarial drug); group 2 was infected malaria and no treatment (positive control) while group 1 was not infected and served as normal control. Quantitative phytochemical screening of FRFABL revealed high amounts of phenols, alkaloids and flavoinoids. Tannins and terpenoids were detected in moderate amounts, whereas steroids and saponins were found in smaller amounts. After oral administration of 5000 mg/kg body weight, the toxicity test revealed that FRFABL was not toxic. It was observed that the percentage parasitemia of mice in Group 2 was significantly (p plasmodium berghei-infected mice. The results showed that FRFABL possesses good anti-malarial properties and will serve as an excellent anti-malarial agent.
VL  - 10
IS  - 2
ER  -

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