Chlorination is the most used technique of killing microorganisms’ in water through the potable water industry. Some outbreaks of water born disease, the definition of chlorine as a source of greatly toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs), and the appearance of recalcitrant microbes have conducted to revised regulation for the elimination of microorganisms and DBPs from potable water. Therefore, researching new disinfection techniques has been developed. Electrochemical disinfection or electrodisinfection (ED) has appeared as one of the more valuable alternatives to chlorination. Research employing a range of cell designs has illustrated ED to be efficient towards an interval of microbes. Nevertheless, in several cases, killing pathogens’ performance seems to be linked to the production of chlorine species. The obvious dominance of chlorine in the form of the pathway of killing microbes’ emerges the interrogation if ED is really more beneficial than chlorination in a matter of its demobilization performance and risk to generate DBPs. Convenient ED devices must be designed and monitored sophistically since the present state of non-monitored use of ED devices is not favorable in terms of hygienic and health risks considerations. Great works remain to be performed.
| Published in | Applied Engineering (Volume 3, Issue 1) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ae.20190301.12 |
| Page(s) | 13-19 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Electrodisinfection (ED), Chlorination, Monochloramination, Ozonation, Drinking Water, Disinfection By-products (DBPs), Reactive Oxygen Species (ROSs)
| [1] | D. Ghernaout, Environmental principles in the Holy Koran and the Sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, Am. J. Environ. Prot. 6 (2017) 75-79. |
| [2] | D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, Sweep flocculation as a second form of charge neutralisation – A review, Desalin. Water Treat. 44 (2012) 15-28. |
| [3] | H. Li, X. Zhu, J. Ni, Comparison of electrochemical method with ozonation, chlorination and monochloramination in drinking water disinfection, Electrochim. Acta 56 (2011) 9789-9796. |
| [4] | D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, On the concept of the future drinking water treatment plant: Algae harvesting from the algal biomass for biodiesel production––A Review, Desalin. Water Treat. 49 (2012) 1-18. |
| [5] | D. Ghernaout, A. Badis, G. Braikia, N. Matâam, M. Fekhar, B. Ghernaout, A. Boucherit, Enhanced coagulation for algae removal in a typical Algeria water treatment plant, Environ. Eng. Manag. J. 16 (2017) 2303-2315. |
| [6] | D. Ghernaout, The Holy Koran Revelation: Iron is a “sent down” metal, Am. J. Environ. Prot. 6 (2017) 101-104. |
| [7] | H. Bergmann, S. Koparal, The formation of chlorine dioxide in the electrochemical treatment of drinking water for disinfection, Electrochim. Acta 50 (2005) 5218-5228. |
| [8] | D. Ghernaout, A. Badis, B. Ghernaout, A. Kellil, Application of electrocoagulation in Escherichia Coli culture and two surface waters, Desalination 219 (2008) 118-125. |
| [9] | D. Ghernaout, Advanced oxidation phenomena in electrocoagulation process: A myth or a reality?, Desalin. Water Treat. 51 (2013) 7536-7554. |
| [10] | D. Ghernaout, M. Aichouni, A. Alghamdi, Applying Big Data (BD) in water treatment industry: A new era of advance, Int. J. Adv. Appl. Sci. 5 (2018) 89-97. |
| [11] | I. Kristiana, H. Gallard, C. Joll, J.-P. Croué, The formation of halogen-specific TOX from chlorination and chloramination of natural organic matter isolates, Water Res. 43 (2009) 4177-4186. |
| [12] | D. Ghernaout, M. W. Naceur, A. Aouabed, On the dependence of chlorine by-products generated species formation of the electrode material and applied charge during electrochemical water treatment, Desalination 270 (2011) 9-22. |
| [13] | D. Ghernaout, The best available technology of water/wastewater treatment and seawater desalination: Simulation of the open sky seawater distillation, Green Sustain. Chem. 3 (2013) 68-88. |
| [14] | D. Ghernaout, S. Moulay, N. Ait Messaoudene, M. Aichouni, M. W. Naceur, A. Boucherit, Coagulation and chlorination of NOM and algae in water treatment: A review, Intern. J. Environ. Monit. Analy. 2 (2014) 23-34. |
| [15] | D. Ghernaout, Water treatment chlorination: An updated mechanistic insight review, Chem. Res. J. 2 (2017) 125-138. |
| [16] | D. Ghernaout, Water reuse (WR): The ultimate and vital solution for water supply issues, Intern. J. Sustain. Develop. Res. 3 (2017) 36-46. |
| [17] | D. Ghernaout, Increasing trends towards drinking water reclamation from treated wastewater, World J. Appl. Chem. 3 (2018) 1-9. |
| [18] | J. M. Symons, Denver, Factors affecting disinfection by-product formation during chloramination (90728), AWWA Research Foundation, Denver, 1998. |
| [19] | A. Boucherit, S. Moulay, D. Ghernaout, A. I. Al-Ghonamy, B. Ghernaout, M. W. Naceur, N. Ait Messaoudene, M. Aichouni, A. A. Mahjoubi, N. A. Elboughdiri, New trends in disinfection by-products formation upon water treatment, J. Res. Develop. Chem., 2015, DOI: 10.5171/2015.628833. |
| [20] | A. M. Driedger, J. L. Rennecker, B. J. Mariñas, Sequential inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone and free chlorine, Water Res. 34 (2000) 3591-3597. |
| [21] | P. Xu, M.-L. Janex, P. Savoye, A. Cockx, V. Lazarova, Wastewater disinfection by ozone: main parameters for process design, Water Res. 36 (2002) 1043-1055. |
| [22] | D. Ghernaout, Disinfection and DBPs removal in drinking water treatment: A perspective for a green technology, Int. J. Adv. Appl. Sci. 5 (2018) 108-117. |
| [23] | L. V. Venczel, M. Arrowood, M. Hurd, M. D. Sobsey, Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Clostridium perfringens spores by a mixed-oxidant disinfectant and by free chlorine, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63 (1997) 1598-1601. |
| [24] | D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, A. Kellil, Natural organic matter removal and enhanced coagulation as a link between coagulation and electrocoagulation, Desalin. Water Treat. 2 (2009) 209-228. |
| [25] | D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, A. Boucherit, M. W. Naceur, A. Khelifa, A. Kellil, Study on mechanism of electrocoagulation with iron electrodes in idealised conditions and electrocoagulation of humic acids solution in batch using aluminium electrodes, Desalin. Water Treat. 8 (2009) 91-99. |
| [26] | D. Belhout, D. Ghernaout, S. Djezzar-Douakh, A. Kellil, Electrocoagulation of Ghrib dam’s water (Algeria) in batch using iron electrodes, Desalin. Water Treat. 16 (2010) 1-9. |
| [27] | H. Li, X. Zhu, Y. Jiang, J. Ni, Comparative electrochemical degradation of phthalic acid esters using boron-doped diamond and Pt anodes, Chemosphere 80 (2010) 845-851. |
| [28] | A. M. Polcaro, A. Vacca, M. Mascia, S. Palmas, R. Pompei, S. Laconi, Characterization of a stirred tank electrochemical cell for water disinfection processes, Electrochim. Acta 52 (2007) 2595-2602. |
| [29] | D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, M. W. Naceur, Embodying the chemical water treatment in the green chemistry – A review, Desalination 271 (2011) 1-10. |
| [30] | D. Ghernaout, The hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio vs. dissolved organics removal by coagulation - A review, J. King Saud Univ. – Sci. 26 (2014) 169-180. |
| [31] | C. Feng, K. Suzuki, S. Zhao, N. Sugiura, S. Shimada, T. Maekawa, Water disinfection by electrochemical treatment, Bioresour. Technol. 94 (2004) 21-25. |
| [32] | D. Ghernaout, M. W. Naceur, Ferrate(VI): In situ generation and water treatment – A review, Desalin. Water Treat. 30 (2011) 319-332. |
| [33] | D. Ghernaout, Microorganisms’ electrochemical disinfection phenomena, EC Microbiol. 9 (2017) 160-169. |
| [34] | R. H. Waldemer, P. G. Tratnyek, Kinetics of contaminant degradation by permanganate, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006) 1055-1061. |
| [35] | M. K. Ramseier, U. von Gunten, P. Freihofer, F. Hammes, Kinetics of membrane damage to high (HNA) and low (LNA) nucleic acid bacterial clusters in drinking water by ozone, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, ferrate(VI), and permanganate, Water Res. 45 (2011) 1490-1500. |
| [36] | A. M. Driedger, J. L. Rennecker, B. J. Mariñas, Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with ozone and monochloramine at low temperature, Water Res. 35 (2001) 41-48. |
| [37] | M. A. Larson, B. J. Mariñas, Inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores with ozone and monochloramine, Water Res. 37 (2003) 833-844. |
| [38] | S. M. Dow, B. Barbeau, U. von Gunten, M. Chandrakanth, G. Amy, M. Hernandez, The impact of selected water quality parameters on the inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores by monochloramine and ozone, Water Res. 40 (2006) 373-382. |
| [39] | M. Cho, J. Kim, J. Y. Kim, J. Yoon, J.-H. Kim, Mechanisms of Escherichia coli inactivation by several disinfectants, Water Res. 44 (2010) 3410-3418. |
| [40] | D. Ghernaout, M. W. Naceur, B. Ghernaout, A review of electrocoagulation as a promising coagulation process for improved organic and inorganic matters removal by electrophoresis and electroflotation, Desalin. Water Treat. 28 (2011) 287-320. |
| [41] | M. E. H. Bergmann, A. S. Koparal, Studies on electrochemical disinfectant production using anodes containing RuO2, J. Appl. Electrochem. 35 (2005) 1321-1329. |
| [42] | M. I. Kerwick, S. M. Reddy, A. H. L. Chamberlain, D. M. Holt, Electrochemical disinfection, an environmentally acceptable method of drinking water disinfection?, Electrochim. Acta 50 (2005) 5270-5277. |
| [43] | H. F. Diao, X. Y. Li, J. D. Gu, H. C. Shi, Z. M. Xie, Electron microscopic investigation of the bactericidal action of electrochemical disinfection in comparison with chlorination, ozonation and Fenton reaction, Process. Biochem. 39 (2004) 1421-1426. |
| [44] | X. Y. Li, H. F. Diao, F. X. J. Fan, J. D. Gu, F. Ding, A. S. F. Tong, Electrochemical wastewater disinfection: Identification of its principal germicidal actions, J. Environ. Eng. ASCE 130 (2004) 1217-1221. |
| [45] | D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, On the controversial effect of sodium sulphate as supporting electrolyte on electrocoagulation process: A review, Desalin. Water Treat. 27 (2011) 243-254. |
| [46] | M. E. H. Bergmann, A. T. Koparal, A. S. Koparal, F. Ehrig, The influence of products and by-products obtained by drinking water electrolysis on microorganisms, Microchem. J. 89 (2008) 98-107. |
| [47] | N. Nakajima, T. Nakano, F. Harada, H. Taniguchi, I. Yokoyama, E. Daikoku, K. Sano, Evaluation of disinfective potential of reactivated free chlorine in pooled tap water by electrolysis, J. Microbiol. Methods 57 (2004) 163-173. |
| [48] | Y. Delaedt, A. Daneels, P. Declerck, J. Behets, J. Ryckeboer, E. Peters, F. Ollevier, The impact of electrochemical disinfection on Escherichia coli and Legionella pneumophila in tap water, Microbiol. Res. 163 (2008) 192-199. |
| [49] | H. Junli, R. Nanqiand, M. A. Fang, Disinfection effect of chlorine dioxide on bacteria in water, Water Res. 31 (1997) 607-613. |
| [50] | S. A. Tyrrell, S. R. Rippey, W. D. Watkins, Inactivation of bacterial and viral indicators in secondary sewage effluents, using chlorine and ozone, Water Res. 29 (1995) 2483-2490. |
| [51] | D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, From chemical disinfection to electrodisinfection: The obligatory itinerary?, Desalin. Water Treat. 16 (2010) 156-175. |
| [52] | G. Patermarakis, E. Fountoukidis, Disinfection of water by electrochemical treatment, Water Res. 24 (1990) 1491-1496. |
| [53] | D. Ghernaout, M. Touahmia, M. Aichouni, Disinfecting water: Electrocoagulation as an efficient process, Appl. Eng. 3 (2019) 1-12. |
| [54] | D. Ghernaout, M. Aichouni, M. Touahmia, Mechanistic insight into disinfection by electrocoagulation - A review, Desalin. Water Treat. 141 (2019) 68-81. |
| [55] | E. Anfruns-Estrada, C. Bruguera-Casamada, H. Salvadó, E. Brillas, I. Sirés, R. M. Araujo, Inactivation of microbiota from urban wastewater by single and sequential electrocoagulation and electro-Fenton treatments, Water Res. 126 (2017) 450-459. |
APA Style
Djamel Ghernaout, Abdulaziz Alghamdi, Badiaa Ghernaout. (2019). Microorganisms’ Killing: Chemical Disinfection vs. Electrodisinfection. Applied Engineering, 3(1), 13-19. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ae.20190301.12
ACS Style
Djamel Ghernaout; Abdulaziz Alghamdi; Badiaa Ghernaout. Microorganisms’ Killing: Chemical Disinfection vs. Electrodisinfection. Appl. Eng. 2019, 3(1), 13-19. doi: 10.11648/j.ae.20190301.12
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ae.20190301.12,
author = {Djamel Ghernaout and Abdulaziz Alghamdi and Badiaa Ghernaout},
title = {Microorganisms’ Killing: Chemical Disinfection vs. Electrodisinfection},
journal = {Applied Engineering},
volume = {3},
number = {1},
pages = {13-19},
doi = {10.11648/j.ae.20190301.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ae.20190301.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ae.20190301.12},
abstract = {Chlorination is the most used technique of killing microorganisms’ in water through the potable water industry. Some outbreaks of water born disease, the definition of chlorine as a source of greatly toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs), and the appearance of recalcitrant microbes have conducted to revised regulation for the elimination of microorganisms and DBPs from potable water. Therefore, researching new disinfection techniques has been developed. Electrochemical disinfection or electrodisinfection (ED) has appeared as one of the more valuable alternatives to chlorination. Research employing a range of cell designs has illustrated ED to be efficient towards an interval of microbes. Nevertheless, in several cases, killing pathogens’ performance seems to be linked to the production of chlorine species. The obvious dominance of chlorine in the form of the pathway of killing microbes’ emerges the interrogation if ED is really more beneficial than chlorination in a matter of its demobilization performance and risk to generate DBPs. Convenient ED devices must be designed and monitored sophistically since the present state of non-monitored use of ED devices is not favorable in terms of hygienic and health risks considerations. Great works remain to be performed.},
year = {2019}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Microorganisms’ Killing: Chemical Disinfection vs. Electrodisinfection AU - Djamel Ghernaout AU - Abdulaziz Alghamdi AU - Badiaa Ghernaout Y1 - 2019/03/05 PY - 2019 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ae.20190301.12 DO - 10.11648/j.ae.20190301.12 T2 - Applied Engineering JF - Applied Engineering JO - Applied Engineering SP - 13 EP - 19 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2994-7456 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ae.20190301.12 AB - Chlorination is the most used technique of killing microorganisms’ in water through the potable water industry. Some outbreaks of water born disease, the definition of chlorine as a source of greatly toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs), and the appearance of recalcitrant microbes have conducted to revised regulation for the elimination of microorganisms and DBPs from potable water. Therefore, researching new disinfection techniques has been developed. Electrochemical disinfection or electrodisinfection (ED) has appeared as one of the more valuable alternatives to chlorination. Research employing a range of cell designs has illustrated ED to be efficient towards an interval of microbes. Nevertheless, in several cases, killing pathogens’ performance seems to be linked to the production of chlorine species. The obvious dominance of chlorine in the form of the pathway of killing microbes’ emerges the interrogation if ED is really more beneficial than chlorination in a matter of its demobilization performance and risk to generate DBPs. Convenient ED devices must be designed and monitored sophistically since the present state of non-monitored use of ED devices is not favorable in terms of hygienic and health risks considerations. Great works remain to be performed. VL - 3 IS - 1 ER -
Information
Email: