Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Nworu Jerome Sunday; Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu; Nwabueze Elom; Okhifo Anthony; Peretomode Tekena Michael

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12

| Peer-Reviewed

Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Nworu Jerome Sunday, Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu, Nwabueze Elom, Okhifo Anthony, Peretomode Tekena Michael

Published in American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 6, Issue 5)

Received: 10 October 2018 Accepted: 24 October 2018 Published: 19 November 2018

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Animal bones have been used to produce carbon char for quality assessment of activated carbon over non activated carbon (used as sample control) as influenced by method of activations (acid and heat). In this study samples analyzed were carbonized in a closed crucible at 400°C and ground into powder after cooling. 200g of each of the crushed samples was activated using 250ml of 2 M Hydrochloric acid for one hour at 80°C and another 200g was activated by thermal method at 120°C for 3 hours. To obtain the optimum weight lost of the carbons, the carbonization period was varied from 0.5-3hours. From the result, increase in carbonization time caused an appreciable increase in the percentage weight loss, this reached a maximum value at a carbonization time of 2.5 hours for both carbon samples at a corresponding percentage weight lost of 63%, 58%, 54% and 62% for cow, donkey, chicken and horse bones respectively. The percentage of carbon yield of cow, donkey, chicken and horse bones upon acid activation are in increasing order of cow (48.92%) > horse (48.64%) > donkey (46.34%) > chicken (44.80%) bones and horse (37.03%) > cow (36.21) > donkey (34.96%) > chicken (30.18%) upon heat activation. Among the bone samples, chicken bone has the least ash content of 12.84%, 11.05% and 15.84% for acid, heat and non-activated samples respectively. The difference in bulk densities of acid activated and heat activated carbons are infinitesimal. The order of increasing bulk densities is cow (0.80g/m3) > donkey (0.78g/m3) = horse (0.78g/m3) > chicken (0.49g/m3). The heat activated carbons shows higher percentage of hardness than the acid activated and non-activated carbons. This study indicated that activated carbons from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse are effective as adsorbents with those obtained from chicken having better features of adsorbents.

Published in	American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 6, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12
Page(s)	169-174
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Charcoal, Activated Carbon, Carbonization, Adsorbent

References

[1]	Gray, E., Marsh, H. and McLaren, M. (1982): A Short History of Gunpowder and the role Charcoal in its Manufacture. J. Mater. Sci., 17: 3385-3400.
[2]	Brown, R., del Campo, B., Boateng, A. A., Garcia-Perez, M. and Masek, O. (2015): Fundamentals of Biochar Production. In Biochar for Environmental Management: Science, Technology and Implementation; Lehmann, J. Joseph, S., Eds., Routledge: Oxford, UK. 1st Edition. Pp 23-25.
[3]	Dilect, C. and Oznuh, A. Y. (2008): Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Bituminous Coal through Chemical Activation. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 7(2): 3703-3710.
[4]	Ashford, R. D, (1994). Ashford’s Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, London: Wavelength Publisher Ltd. 2nd Edition. 1(2): 1011-1019.
[5]	Guo, J. and Lua, A. C. (2001): Characterisation of Adsorbents prepared from Oil Palm Shell by Thermal Activation for removal of Gaseous Pollutants. J. Material Sci. 55: 334-339.
[6]	Ecologix Environmental Systems (2008). Coconut-Shell and Wood Activated Carbon. Online. Http://www.ecologixsystem.com. Accessed on 12 May, 2009.
[7]	Hu, Z and Srinivasan, M. P. (2001): Mesoporous High Surface Area Activated Carbons. Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 34: 267-275.
[8]	Sang, C. K., In, K. H. and Kyung, A. P. (1997): Preparation and Performance of Briquette type Activated Carbon based Bituminous Coal. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 3(30): 218-222.
[9]	Ambedkar, G. and Muniyan, M. (2011): Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Selected Local Materials. Adv. App. Sci. Res. 2 (4): 283.
[10]	Sivakumar, P. and Palanisamy, N. (2010): Mechanistic Study of dye adsorption on to a novel non-conventional low-cost adsorbent. Adv. App. Sci. Res. 1(1): 58-65.
[11]	Renugadevi, N., Anisha, G. and Lalitha, P. (2010): Characterization of Activated Carbon from Bituminous Coal through Chemical Activation. Adv. App. Sci. Res. 1(2): 102.
[12]	Ajemba, R. O. (2012): Modification of the Physicochemical Properties of Udi Clay. Adv. App. Sci. Res. 3(4): 2042.
[13]	Agalya, A., Palanisamy, N. and Sivakumar, P. (2012). Studies on Adsorptive Removal of Cationic dyes using a Novel non-conventional Activated Carbon. Adv. App. Sci. Res. 3(3): 1220-1230.
[14]	Mane, P. C., Bhosle, A. B., Deshmukh, P. D. and Janagam, C. M. (2010). Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Bituminous Coal through Chemical Activation. Adv. App. Sci. Res. 1(3): 212.
[15]	Rakholiya, V. V., Puranik, S. A. et al., (2012): COD Reduction using modifying Industrial Effluent Treatment. Adv. App. Sci. Res. 3(3): 1279.
[16]	Shaarani, F. W. and Hameed, B. H. (2010). Ammonia-Modified Activated Carbon for the Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol. The Chemical Engineering Journal, 169(1): 180-185.
[17]	Yusuf, M. I., Ariahu, C. C. and Igbabul, B. D. (2012): Production and Characterisation of Activated Carbon from Selected Local Materials. Afr. J. Pure Appl. Chem. 6(9): 123-131.
[18]	Oyo, K. B. and Igbokwe, P. K. (2001): Production of Activated Carbon from Coconut-Shell. J. Chem. Soc. Niger., 33(1): 56-64.
[19]	Palnut, S. (2000): Production of Activated Carbon from Coconut Shells for Adsorption of Chromium (VI). Unpublished MSc Thesis in Chemical Engineering. Bangkok. King Mong University of Technology. Thombori. 5-80.
[20]	ASTM (2002): Activated Carbon Standards. American Society for Testing and Materials. Online. Fritz Publication Http://www.fritz.com. Accessed on Nov. 2002.
[21]	Aygum, A., Yenisoy, K. S. and Duman, I. (2003): Production of Granular Activated Carbon from Fruit Stones and Nutshells and Activation of their Physical, Chemical and Adsorption Properties. Microporous and Mesoporous Matter. 66: 189-195.
[22]	Abubakar, M., Alechenu, A. A., Manase, A. and Mohammed, J. (2012): A Comparative Analysis and Characterization of Animal bones as Adsorbent. Advances in Applied Science Research, 3(5): 3089-3096.
[23]	Calgon Carbon Corporation (2008): Activated Carbon, What is it, How does it work. Online Information Bulletin. www.calgoncarbon.com. Retrieved 2015-04-02.
[24]	Savova, D., Apak, E., Ekinci, E., Yardim, F., Petrov, N., Budinova, T., Razvigorova, M. and Minkovo, V. (2001): Biomass Conversion to Carbon Adsorbents and Gas. Biomass Bioenerg., 21: 133-142.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Nworu Jerome Sunday, Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu, Nwabueze Elom, Okhifo Anthony, Peretomode Tekena Michael. (2018). Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 6(5), 169-174. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Nworu Jerome Sunday; Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu; Nwabueze Elom; Okhifo Anthony; Peretomode Tekena Michael. Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2018, 6(5), 169-174. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Nworu Jerome Sunday, Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu, Nwabueze Elom, Okhifo Anthony, Peretomode Tekena Michael. Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Am J Appl Chem. 2018;6(5):169-174. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12,
  author = {Nworu Jerome Sunday and Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu and Nwabueze Elom and Okhifo Anthony and Peretomode Tekena Michael},
  title = {Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {6},
  number = {5},
  pages = {169-174},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20180605.12},
  abstract = {Animal bones have been used to produce carbon char for quality assessment of activated carbon over non activated carbon (used as sample control) as influenced by method of activations (acid and heat). In this study samples analyzed were carbonized in a closed crucible at 400°C and ground into powder after cooling. 200g of each of the crushed samples was activated using 250ml of 2 M Hydrochloric acid for one hour at 80°C and another 200g was activated by thermal method at 120°C for 3 hours. To obtain the optimum weight lost of the carbons, the carbonization period was varied from 0.5-3hours. From the result, increase in carbonization time caused an appreciable increase in the percentage weight loss, this reached a maximum value at a carbonization time of 2.5 hours for both carbon samples at a corresponding percentage weight lost of 63%, 58%, 54% and 62% for cow, donkey, chicken and horse bones respectively. The percentage of carbon yield of cow, donkey, chicken and horse bones upon acid activation are in increasing order of cow (48.92%) > horse (48.64%) > donkey (46.34%) > chicken (44.80%) bones and horse (37.03%) > cow (36.21) > donkey (34.96%) > chicken (30.18%) upon heat activation. Among the bone samples, chicken bone has the least ash content of 12.84%, 11.05% and 15.84% for acid, heat and non-activated samples respectively. The difference in bulk densities of acid activated and heat activated carbons are infinitesimal. The order of increasing bulk densities is cow (0.80g/m3) > donkey (0.78g/m3) = horse (0.78g/m3) > chicken (0.49g/m3). The heat activated carbons shows higher percentage of hardness than the acid activated and non-activated carbons. This study indicated that activated carbons from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse are effective as adsorbents with those obtained from chicken having better features of adsorbents.},
 year = {2018}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria
AU  - Nworu Jerome Sunday
AU  - Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu
AU  - Nwabueze Elom
AU  - Okhifo Anthony
AU  - Peretomode Tekena Michael
Y1  - 2018/11/19
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12
T2  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP  - 169
EP  - 174
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8745
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12
AB  - Animal bones have been used to produce carbon char for quality assessment of activated carbon over non activated carbon (used as sample control) as influenced by method of activations (acid and heat). In this study samples analyzed were carbonized in a closed crucible at 400°C and ground into powder after cooling. 200g of each of the crushed samples was activated using 250ml of 2 M Hydrochloric acid for one hour at 80°C and another 200g was activated by thermal method at 120°C for 3 hours. To obtain the optimum weight lost of the carbons, the carbonization period was varied from 0.5-3hours. From the result, increase in carbonization time caused an appreciable increase in the percentage weight loss, this reached a maximum value at a carbonization time of 2.5 hours for both carbon samples at a corresponding percentage weight lost of 63%, 58%, 54% and 62% for cow, donkey, chicken and horse bones respectively. The percentage of carbon yield of cow, donkey, chicken and horse bones upon acid activation are in increasing order of cow (48.92%) > horse (48.64%) > donkey (46.34%) > chicken (44.80%) bones and horse (37.03%) > cow (36.21) > donkey (34.96%) > chicken (30.18%) upon heat activation. Among the bone samples, chicken bone has the least ash content of 12.84%, 11.05% and 15.84% for acid, heat and non-activated samples respectively. The difference in bulk densities of acid activated and heat activated carbons are infinitesimal. The order of increasing bulk densities is cow (0.80g/m3) > donkey (0.78g/m3) = horse (0.78g/m3) > chicken (0.49g/m3). The heat activated carbons shows higher percentage of hardness than the acid activated and non-activated carbons. This study indicated that activated carbons from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse are effective as adsorbents with those obtained from chicken having better features of adsorbents.
VL  - 6
IS  - 5
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Nworu Jerome Sunday

Department of Chemistry, Nigeria Maritime University, Delta, Nigeria
Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu

Department of Industrial Chemistry, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
Nwabueze Elom

Department of Industrial Chemistry, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
Okhifo Anthony

Department of Chemistry, Nigeria Maritime University, Delta, Nigeria
Peretomode Tekena Michael

Department of Chemical Engineering, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Nworu Jerome Sunday, Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu, Nwabueze Elom, Okhifo Anthony, Peretomode Tekena Michael. (2018). Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 6(5), 169-174. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Nworu Jerome Sunday; Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu; Nwabueze Elom; Okhifo Anthony; Peretomode Tekena Michael. Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2018, 6(5), 169-174. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Nworu Jerome Sunday, Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu, Nwabueze Elom, Okhifo Anthony, Peretomode Tekena Michael. Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Am J Appl Chem. 2018;6(5):169-174. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12,
  author = {Nworu Jerome Sunday and Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu and Nwabueze Elom and Okhifo Anthony and Peretomode Tekena Michael},
  title = {Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {6},
  number = {5},
  pages = {169-174},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20180605.12},
  abstract = {Animal bones have been used to produce carbon char for quality assessment of activated carbon over non activated carbon (used as sample control) as influenced by method of activations (acid and heat). In this study samples analyzed were carbonized in a closed crucible at 400°C and ground into powder after cooling. 200g of each of the crushed samples was activated using 250ml of 2 M Hydrochloric acid for one hour at 80°C and another 200g was activated by thermal method at 120°C for 3 hours. To obtain the optimum weight lost of the carbons, the carbonization period was varied from 0.5-3hours. From the result, increase in carbonization time caused an appreciable increase in the percentage weight loss, this reached a maximum value at a carbonization time of 2.5 hours for both carbon samples at a corresponding percentage weight lost of 63%, 58%, 54% and 62% for cow, donkey, chicken and horse bones respectively. The percentage of carbon yield of cow, donkey, chicken and horse bones upon acid activation are in increasing order of cow (48.92%) > horse (48.64%) > donkey (46.34%) > chicken (44.80%) bones and horse (37.03%) > cow (36.21) > donkey (34.96%) > chicken (30.18%) upon heat activation. Among the bone samples, chicken bone has the least ash content of 12.84%, 11.05% and 15.84% for acid, heat and non-activated samples respectively. The difference in bulk densities of acid activated and heat activated carbons are infinitesimal. The order of increasing bulk densities is cow (0.80g/m3) > donkey (0.78g/m3) = horse (0.78g/m3) > chicken (0.49g/m3). The heat activated carbons shows higher percentage of hardness than the acid activated and non-activated carbons. This study indicated that activated carbons from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse are effective as adsorbents with those obtained from chicken having better features of adsorbents.},
 year = {2018}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Quantitative Characterization of Activated Carbon from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse Bones from Ezzangbo in Ebonyi State, Nigeria
AU  - Nworu Jerome Sunday
AU  - Ngele Sylvester Okechukwu
AU  - Nwabueze Elom
AU  - Okhifo Anthony
AU  - Peretomode Tekena Michael
Y1  - 2018/11/19
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12
T2  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP  - 169
EP  - 174
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8745
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20180605.12
AB  - Animal bones have been used to produce carbon char for quality assessment of activated carbon over non activated carbon (used as sample control) as influenced by method of activations (acid and heat). In this study samples analyzed were carbonized in a closed crucible at 400°C and ground into powder after cooling. 200g of each of the crushed samples was activated using 250ml of 2 M Hydrochloric acid for one hour at 80°C and another 200g was activated by thermal method at 120°C for 3 hours. To obtain the optimum weight lost of the carbons, the carbonization period was varied from 0.5-3hours. From the result, increase in carbonization time caused an appreciable increase in the percentage weight loss, this reached a maximum value at a carbonization time of 2.5 hours for both carbon samples at a corresponding percentage weight lost of 63%, 58%, 54% and 62% for cow, donkey, chicken and horse bones respectively. The percentage of carbon yield of cow, donkey, chicken and horse bones upon acid activation are in increasing order of cow (48.92%) > horse (48.64%) > donkey (46.34%) > chicken (44.80%) bones and horse (37.03%) > cow (36.21) > donkey (34.96%) > chicken (30.18%) upon heat activation. Among the bone samples, chicken bone has the least ash content of 12.84%, 11.05% and 15.84% for acid, heat and non-activated samples respectively. The difference in bulk densities of acid activated and heat activated carbons are infinitesimal. The order of increasing bulk densities is cow (0.80g/m3) > donkey (0.78g/m3) = horse (0.78g/m3) > chicken (0.49g/m3). The heat activated carbons shows higher percentage of hardness than the acid activated and non-activated carbons. This study indicated that activated carbons from Cow, Donkey, Chicken and Horse are effective as adsorbents with those obtained from chicken having better features of adsorbents.
VL  - 6
IS  - 5
ER  -

Copy | Download