Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses

Boadu Kwasi Opoku; Asiamah Isaac; Anang Akrofi Micheal; John Kwesi Bentum; Wanjala Paul Muyoma

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15

| Peer-Reviewed

Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses

Boadu Kwasi Opoku, Asiamah Isaac, Anang Akrofi Micheal, John Kwesi Bentum, Wanjala Paul Muyoma

Published in American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 9, Issue 3)

Received: 7 June 2021 Accepted: 23 June 2021 Published: 30 June 2021

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Chemically activated carbons generated from coconut (CS) and palm kernel (PKS) shells soaked with 1M solution of K₂CO₃ and NaHCO₃ at 1000°C using the Carbolite Muffle Furnace were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results from the FTIR analyses revealed that the coconut and palm kernel shells manufactured were successfully chemically activated. Several chemical compounds and functional groups, such as hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, ethers, alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic groups, were detected in chemically activated carbon produced from palm kernels and coconut shells as proof of the lignocellulose structure in them. Chemically activated carbon made from coconut shells exhibited nine distinct spectra, while palm kernel shells exhibited six distinct spectra. The pores were larger in the chemically activated carbons produced at a higher temperature (1000°C), demonstrating that temperature is an essential process parameter in the development of surface porosity in chemically activated carbons. The chemical carbonization activation methods used provided porosity, a large surface area, and precise morphology for absorption in both the coconut and palm kernel shells, indicating that they can be turned to high-performance adsorbents. Both organic and inorganic contaminants can be removed from the environment using the chemically activated carbons produced.

Published in	American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 9, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15
Page(s)	90-96
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

SEM and FTIR Analyses, Pollutants, Chemically Activated Carbons, Palm Kernel Shell and Coconut Shell

References

[1]	Hidayu, A. R. N. M. (2016). Preparation and characterization of impregnated activated carbon from palm kernel shell coconut shell for CO2 capture. Procedia Engineering, pp. 148, 106– 113.
[2]	Arami-Niya, A., Daud, W. M. A. W., Mjalli, F. S., Abnisa, F., & Shafeeyan, M. S. (2012). Production of microporous palm shell-based activated carbon for methane adsorption: modelling and optimization using response surface methodology. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, pp. 776–784.
[3]	Andi IkhtiarBakti, and Paulus Lobo Gareso, (2018). Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Fisika Al-BiRuNi 07 (1) pp. 33-39 DOI: 10.24042/jipfalbiruni.v7i1.2459.
[4]	N. S. Nasri, M. Jibril, M. A. A. Zaini, R. Mohsin, U. D. Hamza, A. M. Musa, (2014). Synthesis and characterization of green porous carbons with large surface area by two-step chemical activation with KOH, J. Teknologi (Sci. & Eng.), 67 (4), pp 25–28.
[5]	Promdee, K., Chanvidhwatanakit, J., Satitkune, S., Boonmee, C., Kawichai, T., Jarernprasert, S. & Vitidsant, T. (2017). Characterization of carbon materials and differences from activated carbon particle (ACP) and coal briquettes product (CBP) derived from coconut shell via rotary kiln. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, pp. 75 1175–1186
[6]	Tan, K. L. and Hameed, B. H. (2017). Insight into the adsorption kinetics models for the removal of contaminants from aqueous solutions, Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, pp. 1-24, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2017.01.024
[7]	N. S. Nasri, U. D. Hamza, S. N. Ismail, M. M. Ahmed, R. Mohsin (2014). Assessment of porous carbons derived from sustainable palm solid waste for carbon dioxide capture, J. Clean. Prod. pp. 71 148–157
[8]	Boadu, K. O; Joel, O. F; Essumang, D. K; Evbuomwan, B. O, (2018); Comparative Studies of the Physicochemical Properties and Heavy Metals Adsorption Capacity of Chemical Activated Carbon from Palm Kernel, Coconut and Groundnut Shells, J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. Vol. 22 (11) pp. 1833–1839.
[9]	ASTM-D2862, (2016): Standard Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Granular Activated Carbon, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, www.astm.org
[10]	Yashim, M. M., Razali, N., Saadon, N. and Rahman, N. A. (2016). Effect of Activation Temperature on Properties of Activated Carbon Prepared from Oil Palm Kernel Shell (Opks). Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 11 (10), Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN), Pp. 6389-6392.
[11]	Boadu Kwasi Opoku, Joel Ogbonna Friday, Essumang David Kofi, Evbuomwan Benson Osa (2020). Adsorption of Heavy Metals Contaminants in Used Lubricating Oil Using Palm Kernel and Coconut Shells Activated Carbons. American Journal of Chemical Engineering. Vol. 8, No. 1, 2020, pp. 11-18. DOI: 10.11648/j.ajche.20200801.13.
[12]	Tripathi, M., Sahu, J. N., Ganesan, P., Jewaratnam, J. (2016). Thermophysical characterization of oil palm shell (OPS) and OPS char synthesized by the microwave pyrolysis of OPS. Appl. Thermal Eng. Vol. 105, pp. 605–612.
[13]	Saleh T. A, Muhammad A. M, Ali S. A. (2016). Synthesis of hydrophobic cross-linked polyzwitterionic acid for simultaneous sorption of Eriochrome black T and chromium ions from binary hazardous waters. J Colloid Interface Sci; 468: pp. 324–333.
[14]	Jain, A.; Balasubramanian, R.; Srinivasan, M. P. (2016). Hydrothermal conversion of biomass waste to activated carbon with high porosity: A review. Chem. Eng. J., 283, pp. 789–805.
[15]	Jalani NF, Aziz AA, Wahab NA, Hassan WH, Zainal NH. (2016). Application of Palm Kernel Shell Activated Carbon for the Removal of Pollutant and Color in Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment. J Earth Environ Health Sci, 2, pp. 15-20.
[16]	Pathania, D., Sharma, S., and Singh, P. (2017). Removal of methylene blue by adsorption onto activated carbon developed from Ficus carica bast. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 10, pp. S1445-S1451.
[17]	Kumar, V. B., Borenstein, A., Markovsky, B., Aurbach, D., Gedanken, A., Talianker, M., and Porat, Z. (2016). Activated Carbon Modified with Carbon Nanodots as Novel Electrode Material for Supercapacitors. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 120 (25), 13406–13413.
[18]	García, J. R., Sedran, U., Abbas, M., Zaini, A., and García, J. R. (2017). Preparation, characterization, and dye removal study of activated carbon prepared from palm kernel shell. Environ Sci Pollut Res, pp. 1-10.
[19]	Fan F, Li H, Xu Y, Liu Y, Zheng Z, Kan H. 2018 Thermal behaviour of walnut shells by thermogravimetry with gas chromatography –mass spectrometry analysis. R. Soc. open sci. 5 (9), 180331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180331
[20]	Ghalibaf, A., C, T. R. K., and Pyrolytic, R. (2019). This is a self-archived version of an original article. This version may differ from the original in pagination and typographic details. Copyright: Rights: Rights URL: Please cite the original version: Pyrolytic behaviour of lignocellulosic-based pol. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 137 (1), 121–131.
[21]	Cao, J., Xiao, G., Xu, X., Shen, D., and Jin, B. (2013). Study on carbonization of lignin by TG-FTIR and high-temperature carbonization reactor. Fuel Processing Technology, 106, 41–47.
[22]	Nb, O., Shamsuddin, N., and Uemura, Y. (2016). Activated Carbon of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB); Core and Shaggy. Procedia Engineering, 148, 758–764.
[23]	Osman, D. I., Attia, S. K., and Taman, A. R. (2017). Recycling of used engine oil by different solvent. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, Vol. 27 (2), pp. 221-225.
[24]	Das, D., Samal, D. P., and BC, M. (2015). Preparation of Activated Carbon from Green Coconut Shell and its Characterization. Journal of Chemical Engineering and Process Technology, 06 (05).
[25]	Mahamad, M. N., Zaini, M. A. A., and Zakaria, Z. A. (2015). Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from pineapple waste biomass for dye removal. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 102, 274–280.
[26]	Hamza, U. D., Nasri, N. S., Amin, N. S., Mohammed, J., and Zain, H. M. (2015). Characteristics of oil palm shell biochar and activated carbon prepared at different carbonization times. Desalination and Water Treatment, Vol. 57 (17). pp. 7999-8006'.
[27]	Keey, R., Lun, W., Yee, M., Yee, X., Huan, M., Nai, P., Shiung, S. (2017). Oil palm waste: An abundant and promising feedstock for microwave pyrolysis conversion into good quality biochar with potential multi-applications. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 115, 57–69.
[28]	Cazetta, A. L., Vargas, A. M. M., Nogami, E. M., Kunita, M. H., Guilherme, M. R., Martins, A. C., … Almeida, V. C. (2011). NaOH-activated carbon of high surface area produced from coconut shell: Kinetics and equilibrium studies from the methylene blue adsorption, Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 174 (1), pp. 117–125.
[29]	Angalaeeswari, K., and Kamaludeen, S. (2017). Production and characterization of coconut shell and mesquite wood biochar. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 5 (4), 442–446.
[30]	Din, A. T. M., Hameed, B. H., and Ahmad, A. L. (2009). Batch adsorption of phenol onto physiochemical-activated coconut shell, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 161, pp. 1522–1529.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Boadu Kwasi Opoku, Asiamah Isaac, Anang Akrofi Micheal, John Kwesi Bentum, Wanjala Paul Muyoma. (2021). Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 9(3), 90-96. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Boadu Kwasi Opoku; Asiamah Isaac; Anang Akrofi Micheal; John Kwesi Bentum; Wanjala Paul Muyoma. Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2021, 9(3), 90-96. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Boadu Kwasi Opoku, Asiamah Isaac, Anang Akrofi Micheal, John Kwesi Bentum, Wanjala Paul Muyoma. Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses. Am J Appl Chem. 2021;9(3):90-96. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15,
  author = {Boadu Kwasi Opoku and Asiamah Isaac and Anang Akrofi Micheal and John Kwesi Bentum and Wanjala Paul Muyoma},
  title = {Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {90-96},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20210903.15},
  abstract = {Chemically activated carbons generated from coconut (CS) and palm kernel (PKS) shells soaked with 1M solution of K2CO3 and NaHCO3 at 1000°C using the Carbolite Muffle Furnace were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results from the FTIR analyses revealed that the coconut and palm kernel shells manufactured were successfully chemically activated. Several chemical compounds and functional groups, such as hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, ethers, alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic groups, were detected in chemically activated carbon produced from palm kernels and coconut shells as proof of the lignocellulose structure in them. Chemically activated carbon made from coconut shells exhibited nine distinct spectra, while palm kernel shells exhibited six distinct spectra. The pores were larger in the chemically activated carbons produced at a higher temperature (1000°C), demonstrating that temperature is an essential process parameter in the development of surface porosity in chemically activated carbons. The chemical carbonization activation methods used provided porosity, a large surface area, and precise morphology for absorption in both the coconut and palm kernel shells, indicating that they can be turned to high-performance adsorbents. Both organic and inorganic contaminants can be removed from the environment using the chemically activated carbons produced.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses
AU  - Boadu Kwasi Opoku
AU  - Asiamah Isaac
AU  - Anang Akrofi Micheal
AU  - John Kwesi Bentum
AU  - Wanjala Paul Muyoma
Y1  - 2021/06/30
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15
T2  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP  - 90
EP  - 96
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8745
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15
AB  - Chemically activated carbons generated from coconut (CS) and palm kernel (PKS) shells soaked with 1M solution of K2CO3 and NaHCO3 at 1000°C using the Carbolite Muffle Furnace were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results from the FTIR analyses revealed that the coconut and palm kernel shells manufactured were successfully chemically activated. Several chemical compounds and functional groups, such as hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, ethers, alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic groups, were detected in chemically activated carbon produced from palm kernels and coconut shells as proof of the lignocellulose structure in them. Chemically activated carbon made from coconut shells exhibited nine distinct spectra, while palm kernel shells exhibited six distinct spectra. The pores were larger in the chemically activated carbons produced at a higher temperature (1000°C), demonstrating that temperature is an essential process parameter in the development of surface porosity in chemically activated carbons. The chemical carbonization activation methods used provided porosity, a large surface area, and precise morphology for absorption in both the coconut and palm kernel shells, indicating that they can be turned to high-performance adsorbents. Both organic and inorganic contaminants can be removed from the environment using the chemically activated carbons produced.
VL  - 9
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Boadu Kwasi Opoku

Industrial Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
Asiamah Isaac

Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
Anang Akrofi Micheal

Industrial Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
John Kwesi Bentum

Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
Wanjala Paul Muyoma

Bomet University College, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Bomet County, Kenya

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Boadu Kwasi Opoku, Asiamah Isaac, Anang Akrofi Micheal, John Kwesi Bentum, Wanjala Paul Muyoma. (2021). Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 9(3), 90-96. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Boadu Kwasi Opoku; Asiamah Isaac; Anang Akrofi Micheal; John Kwesi Bentum; Wanjala Paul Muyoma. Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2021, 9(3), 90-96. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Boadu Kwasi Opoku, Asiamah Isaac, Anang Akrofi Micheal, John Kwesi Bentum, Wanjala Paul Muyoma. Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses. Am J Appl Chem. 2021;9(3):90-96. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15,
  author = {Boadu Kwasi Opoku and Asiamah Isaac and Anang Akrofi Micheal and John Kwesi Bentum and Wanjala Paul Muyoma},
  title = {Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {90-96},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20210903.15},
  abstract = {Chemically activated carbons generated from coconut (CS) and palm kernel (PKS) shells soaked with 1M solution of K2CO3 and NaHCO3 at 1000°C using the Carbolite Muffle Furnace were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results from the FTIR analyses revealed that the coconut and palm kernel shells manufactured were successfully chemically activated. Several chemical compounds and functional groups, such as hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, ethers, alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic groups, were detected in chemically activated carbon produced from palm kernels and coconut shells as proof of the lignocellulose structure in them. Chemically activated carbon made from coconut shells exhibited nine distinct spectra, while palm kernel shells exhibited six distinct spectra. The pores were larger in the chemically activated carbons produced at a higher temperature (1000°C), demonstrating that temperature is an essential process parameter in the development of surface porosity in chemically activated carbons. The chemical carbonization activation methods used provided porosity, a large surface area, and precise morphology for absorption in both the coconut and palm kernel shells, indicating that they can be turned to high-performance adsorbents. Both organic and inorganic contaminants can be removed from the environment using the chemically activated carbons produced.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses
AU  - Boadu Kwasi Opoku
AU  - Asiamah Isaac
AU  - Anang Akrofi Micheal
AU  - John Kwesi Bentum
AU  - Wanjala Paul Muyoma
Y1  - 2021/06/30
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15
T2  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP  - 90
EP  - 96
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8745
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15
AB  - Chemically activated carbons generated from coconut (CS) and palm kernel (PKS) shells soaked with 1M solution of K2CO3 and NaHCO3 at 1000°C using the Carbolite Muffle Furnace were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results from the FTIR analyses revealed that the coconut and palm kernel shells manufactured were successfully chemically activated. Several chemical compounds and functional groups, such as hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, ethers, alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic groups, were detected in chemically activated carbon produced from palm kernels and coconut shells as proof of the lignocellulose structure in them. Chemically activated carbon made from coconut shells exhibited nine distinct spectra, while palm kernel shells exhibited six distinct spectra. The pores were larger in the chemically activated carbons produced at a higher temperature (1000°C), demonstrating that temperature is an essential process parameter in the development of surface porosity in chemically activated carbons. The chemical carbonization activation methods used provided porosity, a large surface area, and precise morphology for absorption in both the coconut and palm kernel shells, indicating that they can be turned to high-performance adsorbents. Both organic and inorganic contaminants can be removed from the environment using the chemically activated carbons produced.
VL  - 9
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download